DR.

BABASAHEB AMBEDKAR MARATHWADA

UNIVERSITY, AURANGABAD.

(NAAC Accredited with ‘A’ Grade)

FACULTY OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

2 Years P.G. Programme in Science

(M.Sc.)

Course Structure and Curriculum

(Outcome Based Credit System)

For affiliated colleges and Institutions

As Per National Education Policy 2020
(To be implemented from Academic Year 2023-24)

For

Subject: --Biotechnology

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 Preamble: Postgraduate Courses in Biotechnology
Welcome to the postgraduate courses in Biotechnology! Our programs are designed
with a clear vision to foster holistic development, encourage interdisciplinary learning, and
equip students with the skills and knowledge needed to excel in the dynamic field of
biotechnology. By embracing the principles and objectives of the National Education Policy
(NEP) 2020, our courses strive to create a transformative and inclusive educational
experience that prepares students for a successful, responsible, and adaptable future. At the
core of our courses lies a commitment to nurturing well-rounded individuals with a deep
understanding of the principles, applications, and ethical dimensions of biotechnology. We
embrace the ethos of holistic development, combining rigorous theoretical knowledge with
practical skills, and hands-on experiences. Through interactive lectures, laboratory sessions,
and real-world case studies, students are encouraged to explore the connections between
diverse subject areas, fostering a spirit of interdisciplinary thinking. Our courses emphasize
skill development and research, equipping students with cutting-edge techniques and
innovative approaches to address global challenges in biotechnology. By engaging in
research-based projects and cultivating an entrepreneurial mindset, students are empowered
to contribute to advancements in the field and make a positive impact on society. Inclusivity
and diversity are fundamental to our courses. We celebrate the richness of ideas and
experiences brought by each student, ensuring equal opportunities for all to excel. Our
teaching methodologies cater to diverse learning styles, inspiring curiosity, critical thinking,
and ethical conduct. The global relevance of our courses is amplified through international
perspectives, emerging trends, and best practices in biotechnology. By incorporating digital
literacy and sustainability consciousness, we prepare students to navigate the digital age
responsibly and contribute to a greener future. As educators, we encourage continuous
evaluation and foster a culture of lifelong learning. Our commitment extends beyond the
classroom, inspiring students to seek knowledge beyond the curriculum and embrace self-
directed learning. With a focus on employability, our courses equip students with the skills to
thrive in the competitive job market or embark on entrepreneurial ventures. We aim to
nurture professionals who can drive positive change and address societal needs through
biotechnological innovations.

The courses emphasize a strong foundation in theoretical principles and the latest
advancements in biotechnology. Graduates are well-prepared to contribute to the expanding
body of scientific knowledge in the field and drive progress through research and innovation.
Biotechnology has the potential to address pressing global challenges, such as food security,
healthcare, environmental sustainability, and renewable energy. Through specialized courses
and practical experiences, students gain insights into how biotechnological applications can
contribute to solving these challenges. Biopharmaceutical courses provide students with
expertise in drug development and personalized medicine, allowing them to contribute to the
discovery and production of life-saving medications and therapies. Courses on animal and
plant biotechnology equip students to develop improved crop varieties, disease-resistant
livestock, and sustainable agricultural practices, ultimately contributing to enhanced food
production and agricultural sustainability. The courses focus on environmental
consciousness, green technologies, and bioenergy production. Graduates are empowered to
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contribute to sustainable practices and reduce the environmental impact of industrial
processes. Regulatory affairs courses provide students with the knowledge and skills to
navigate complex regulations and ethical considerations in the biotechnology industry.
Graduates can ensure compliance and ethical practice in biotechnological research and
applications. Courses on biopharmaceuticals and genomic technologies prepare students to
work on precision medicine approaches, allowing them to contribute to treatments tailored to
individual patients' needs. The courses cultivate an entrepreneurial mindset, empowering
graduates to create start-ups or lead biotechnology-related ventures, thus contributing to
economic growth and job creation. The interdisciplinary nature of the courses encourages
collaboration across various fields, leading to more inclusive research and diverse
perspectives in solving complex challenges. The courses inspire a culture of lifelong learning,
encouraging graduates to stay updated with the latest advancements in biotechnology and
continuously improve their skills and knowledge. Overall, the design of these courses
prepares students to become well-rounded professionals capable of making meaningful
contributions to biotechnology's goals for mankind. Whether through scientific discoveries,
novel therapies, sustainable solutions, or ethical practices, graduates can play a crucial role in
shaping a better future for humanity through biotechnological advancements.

Some of the key areas of focus of the curriculum include Protein Expression and
Engineering, Formulation and Drug Discovery, Pharmacology and Toxicology,
Biopharmaceutical Production, Analytical Techniques, Quality Control, International
Regulatory Framework, Drug Approval Processes, Biotechnology Regulations, Embryonic
Development, Stem Cell Culture, Tissue Engineering, Reproductive Biotechnology,
Transgenic Animals, Animal Cloning, Enzyme Assays, Cellular Respiration and Biofuel
Production. By incorporating these advanced aspects into the courses, students are exposed to
the forefront of biotechnological research and applications. The focus on cutting-edge
techniques and emerging trends prepares them to be future leaders in the field and make
significant contributions to scientific advancements and industry innovations.

In conclusion, our postgraduate courses in Biotechnology are founded on the

principles of the NEP 2020, with a mission to nurture versatile, socially responsible, and
globally aware biotechnologists. We are excited to embark on this educational journey
together, empowering you to shape the future of biotechnology and make a meaningful
difference in the world.

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 Course Structure
Two-Year Post-graduate Program
Course and Credits Distribution of Two years PG/Master’s Degree Program with Entry
& Exit Option
Faculty of Science & Technology
Year Sem. Major subject RM OJT /FP RP Credits Degree
/ level DSC Core DSE
Mandatory (Elective)
First I 3(4) +2=14 4 4 22 PG Diploma
year (after 3 years
6.0 II 3(4) +2=14 4 4 22 degree)
Complete
during
summer
break
Cum. Cr. For 28 08 4 4 44
PG Diploma
Exit option with Post-graduate Diploma (44 credits) after first year or two semester with completion of courses
equivalent to 44 credits

Second III 3(4)+2=14 4 4 22 PG Degree

Year
after 3 years
6.5 IV 3(4)=12 4 6 22
UG or
Cum. Cr. For 26 8 10 44 PG Degree
1 year PG
Degree after 4 years UG
Cum. Cr. For 54 16 4 4 10 88
2 years PG
Degree

2 Years -4 sem.PG Degree (88 credits) after three year UG Degree or 1 Year
-2 sem. PG Degree (44 credits) after four year UG degree

ABBREVIATION:
Major: A course, which should compulsorily be studied by the student as
requirement of core or major subject is termed as a core course.
DSE: Generally, a course which can be chosen from a pool of course and
which may be very specific or specialized or advanced or supportive to the
discipline/subject of study or which provides an extended scope or which
enables an exposure to some other discipline/subject/domain or nurtures the
candidates proficiency/skill is called as elective course.
OJT: On-the- Job Training
FP: Field Project/Internship/Apprenticeship (Corresponding to the Major
(Core) Subject
RP:-Research Project Corresponding to the Major (Core) Subject
Note- Master Programme is based on DSC Specialization

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Vision
Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad plans to bring
about radical changes in the curriculum, teaching and evaluation. The vision of the
university is to groom the finest breed of citizens equipped with knowledge and talent
to serve the society. The university aspires to march forward to achieve benchmarking
of our academic practices against world class standards.

Mission

Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad adopted with

the new educational reforms of NEP 2020 is to empower future generations through a
holistic and inclusive education. It aims to revolutionize the educational landscape by
equipping students with knowledge, skills, and values to thrive in a rapidly changing
world. The key pillars of this mission include universal access and equity, promoting
lifelong learning and skill development, fostering a multidisciplinary and flexible
curriculum, embracing technology for personalized learning, empowering teachers,
promoting inclusivity and diversity, encouraging research and innovation, and
integrating sustainable development and environmental consciousness. By uniting
stakeholders, NEP 2020 envisions a transformative educational landscape that
empowers future generations to contribute positively to society and build a brighter
future.

5
 AS PER NEP 2020

Illustrative Credit distribution structure for Two Years PG Programme with Multiple
Entry and Exit options.
Class: M.Sc. First Year
Semester: First Semester Subject: Biotechnology
Credits
Teaching
Course Assigned Total
Course Code Course Name Scheme
Training credits
type (Hrs./ week)
Hrs/week
Practi Theor Practic
Theory
cal y al
Microbiology and Virology
BIOT/MJ/500-T 2 - 2 -
Lab Course Based On
BIOT/MJ/500-P
BIOT/MJ/500- T
- 4 - 2
Mandatory

Biomolecules and Bioenergetics

Major

DSC

BIOT/MJ/501-T 2 - 2 -
Lab Course Based On
BIOT/MJ/501-P
BIOT/MJ/501- T
- 4 - 2
4+4+4
BIOT/MJ/502-T Inheritance Biology 2 - 2 -
+2=14
Lab Course Based On
BIOT/MJ/502-T
BIOT/MJ/502- T
- 4 - 2
BIOT/MJ/503-P Skills In Biotechnology I 2 - 2 -
BIOT/DSE/504 -AT
Techniques In Biotechnology
(Choose any one from pool of courses)

Lab Course Based On

BIOT/MJ/504- AP
BIOT/MJ/504- A
BIOT/DSE/504-BT
Plant Biotechnology
BIOT/DSE/504-BP Lab Course Based On
BIOT/MJ/504- BT
BIOT/DSE/504-CT Bioinformatics and BIG Data
DSE

analysis 2 4 2 2 4
BIOT/DSE/504-CP Lab Course Based On
BIOT/MJ/504- CT
BIOT/DSE/504-DT
Biopharmaceuticals Science
BIOT/DSE/504-DP Lab Course Based On
BIOT/MJ/504- DP
( MOOC Course) Or any Online
BIOT/DSE/504-E certification course from NPTEL
/SWAYM /MOOC of equivalent
credits { with biology basis }

BIOT/RM/505 Research Methodology 4 - 4 - 4

RM

22
14 12 14 08
credits
EXPLAINATION OF CODE:

BIOT=BIOTECHNOLOGY, MJ=Discipline Specific Core, Major/Mandatory; RM= RESEARCH

METHADOTOGY; T= THEORY, P= PRACTICAL; 500-549- COURSE CODE AS PER GUIDELINE
6
 AS PER NEP 2020
Illustrative Credit distribution structure for Two Years PG Programme with Multiple
Entry and Exit options –
Class: M.Sc. First Year
Semester: Second Semester Subject: Biotechnology

Teaching Credits Assigned

Course Total
Course Code Course Name Scheme Training
credits
type (Hrs./ week) Hrs/week
Practic Practi
Theory Theory
al cal
Immunology
BIOT/MJ/550-T 2 - 2 -
Lab Course Based On
BIOT/MJ/550-P
BIOT/MJ/550- T
- 4 - 2
Mandatory

Enzyme Technology
BIOT/MJ/551-T 2 - 2 -
Major

DSC

Lab Course Based On 4+4+4

BIOT/MJ/551-P
BIOT/MJ/551- T
- 4 - 2
Molecular Biology +2=14
BIOT/MJ/552-T 2 - 2 -
Lab Course Based On
BIOT/MJ/552-P
BIOT/MJ/552- T
- 4 - 2

BIOT/MJ/553-T Skills In Biotechnology II 2 - 2 -

BIOT/DSE/554-AT Cell & Developmental

Biology
BIOT/DSE/554-AP Lab course based on
(Choose any one from pool of courses)

BIOT/DSE/554-AT
BIOT/DSE/554-BT Genomics and data
Sciences
BIOT/DSE/554-BP Lab course based on
BIOT/DSE/554-BT
BIOT/DSE/554-CT
Animal Biotechnology
DSE

BIOT/DSE/554-CP Lab course based on 2 4 2 2 4

BIOT/DSE/554-CT
Drug Discovery and
BIOT/DSE/554-DT
Development

BIOT/DSE/554-DP Lab course based on

BIOT/DSE/554-DT
( MOOC Course) Or any
Online certification course
BIOT/DSE/554-E
from NPTEL /SWAYM
/MOOC of equivalent
credits with biology basis
On The Job Training/Field
BIOT/ OJT/FP /555 4 - 4 - 4
Project
22
14 12 14 08
credits
EXPLAINATION OF CODE:
BIOT=BIOTECHNOLOGY, MJ=Discipline Specific core, Major/Mandatory; RM= RESEARCH METHADOTOGY; T= THEORY, P=
PRACTICAL; 550-600 - COURSE CODE AS PER GUIDELINES

7
 M.Sc. Biotechnology
Semester I

Type of Course : DSC Major / Mandatory Major course

Course Code: BIOT/MJ/500-T
Course Title : Microbiology and Virology
Teaching method: Classroom lectures
Teaching Scheme : (Hrs./ Week) 2
Contact Hours: 30
Credits Assigned : 2

Course Title: Microbiology and Virology

Key Objectives:

 To provide students with a comprehensive understanding of microorganisms,

including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa, and their relevance in biotechnology,
medicine, and industry.
 To introduce students to the principles of microbial physiology, genetics, and ecology,
and their role in biotechnological applications.
 To familiarize students with the molecular and cellular mechanisms of viral
replication, pathogenesis, and their impact on human health.
 To explore the latest advancements in microbiology and virology research, including
antimicrobial resistance, virotherapy, and vaccine development.
Intended Outcomes:

 Students will gain a deep understanding of microbial diversity, structure, and

function, enabling them to identify and characterize different microorganisms in
various environments.
 Graduates will be proficient in explaining microbial growth kinetics, nutrient
utilization, and their applications in biotechnological processes, such as fermentation
and bioremediation.
 Students will be capable of analyzing viral life cycles, including attachment, entry,
replication, and release, and their implications in viral diseases and antiviral
strategies.

Unit I: Basics of Microbiology –

History of Microbiology and theories of Spontaneous generation. Differences between

prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Types of Microorganisms: Protozoa, Algae, Fungi, Bacteria,
Viruses. Stain and staining: Classification of stains, Staining Techniques, Negative,
Monochrome and Differential techniques (Gram, capsule spore & acid-Fast staining).

8
Bacterial taxonomy: conventional and molecular approaches, including ribotyping, rRNA
sequencing. Identification of microbial communities by metagenome analysis.

Unit II: Microbial Diversity, Growth, and Control - 0.5 credits

Introduction to diversity among Microorganisms. Biogeochemical cycles and microbial

involvement (e.g., Sulphate reducers & Sulfur oxidizers). Extremophiles: Survival
mechanisms and importance (thermophiles, psychrophiles, methanogens, alkalophiles,
acidophiles, halophiles). Role of microorganisms in agriculture, human and animal health,
industries, food processing, and bioremediation. Definition of growth, bacterial cell division,
generation time, specific growth rate. Mathematical expression of growth and growth curves.
Effect of environmental factors on microbial growth. Control of microorganisms by physical
& chemical agents, antimicrobial chemotherapy. Pure culture techniques, microbial nutrition,
culture media, culture collection, and sporulation.

Unit III: General Virology & Bacteriophage-

Classification, Nomenclature, General Properties, Morphology, and Ultra Structure of

Viruses. Cultivation, Purification & Enumeration of Viruses, Viriods & Prions. Structure &
Organization of Bacteriophage. Genome Organization, Infection, Multiplication, and
Replication of T4 Phage, λ Phage, M13 Phage, Mu Phage. Genetic Switch of λ Phage.

References:
1. Stenier R.Y et al., General microbiology Mc Millan Press. Inc.
2. Pelczar., Reid et al., Microbiology, TMH Publication.
3. Madigan M.T.,et al Brock biology of microorganisms J prenctice hall Inc.
4. Johri B.N Extremeophiles. Springer Verlag, NY
5. Talaro; Foundations in Microbiology.
6. Ananthanarayan; Textbook of microbiology. Orient Longman Delhi
7. Cappucinno; Microbilogy – a laboratory manual. 4th ed.
8. Harrigan W.E., Laboratory methods in Food Microbiology, AcademicPress
9. Toratora, Funke & Care Microbiology: An Introduction
10. Salley A.J Fundamental Principles of Bacteriology
11. Atlas R.M. Principles of Microbiology
12. Methods in Microbiology series
13. Bergys Manual Vol 1-4

9
Type of Course : DSC Major / Mandatory Major course
Course Code: BIOT/MJ/500-P
Course Title : M.Sc. Biotechnology
Microbiology and Virology
Teaching method: Semester I
Laboratory Practical
Contact Hours 60
Teaching Scheme : 4 Hrs./ Week
Credits Assigned : 2

Unit I: Microbial Techniques

1. Microscopic Examination:
- Preparation and observation of microbial specimens using light microscopy.
- Phase contrast microscopy for visualizing unstained living cells.
2. Microbial Staining Techniques:
- Gram staining and observation of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
- Acid-fast staining for detecting acid-fast bacteria.
- Capsule staining and visualization of bacterial capsules.
- Spore staining to identify bacterial spores.
3. Pure Culture Techniques:
- Isolation of microorganisms using streak plate and pour plate methods.
- Sub-culturing and maintenance of pure cultures.
4. Biochemical Characterization:
- Performing biochemical tests to identify and differentiate bacteria.

Unit II: Microbial Growth and Control

1. Measurement of Microbial Growth:
- Determination of bacterial growth curve through viable cell count and turbidity
measurements.
- Calculation of generation time and specific growth rate.
2. Effect of Environmental Factors on Microbial Growth:
- Investigating the influence of temperature, pH, osmolarity, and oxygen on microbial
growth.
3. Antimicrobial Sensitivity Testing:
- Performing disk diffusion or broth dilution methods to assess antibiotic susceptibility.
4. Antimicrobial Control:
- Evaluating the effectiveness of physical and chemical agents in microbial control.

Unit III: Virology and Bacteriophage Techniques

1. Viral Cultivation and Enumeration:
- Enumeration of viruses by plaque assay or other methods.
2. Bacteriophage Techniques:
- Isolation and identification of bacteriophages from environmental samples.
- Characterization of bacteriophages, including host range determination.

10
References:

1. Benson's Microbiological Applications: Laboratory Manual in General Microbiology

by Alfred E. Brown and Heidi Smith: This lab manual provides a comprehensive set
of experiments and exercises covering various aspects of microbiology, including
microscopy, staining techniques, pure culture techniques, biochemical
characterization, and more.
2. A Photographic Atlas for the Microbiology Laboratory by Michael J. Leboffe and
Burton E. Pierce: This lab manual features high-quality photographs and detailed
instructions for numerous practical exercises in microbiology, including microscopy,
staining techniques, and microbial culture methods.
3. Microbiology: Laboratory Theory & Application by Michael J. Leboffe and Burton E.
Pierce: This lab manual is designed to accompany a general microbiology course and
includes a wide range of practical experiments covering microbial techniques, growth,
and control.
4. Microbiology: A Laboratory Manual by James G. Cappuccino and Natalie Sherman:
This lab manual offers a diverse selection of experiments that allow students to
explore different aspects of microbiology, including culture techniques, biochemical
tests, and virology.
5. Brock Biology of Microorganisms by Michael T. Madigan, Kelly S. Bender, Daniel
H. Buckley, W. Matthew Sattley, and David A. Stahl: While not a lab manual, this
textbook includes practical applications and examples relevant to microbiology and
virology, providing students with a comprehensive understanding of the subject.
6. Laboratory Exercises in Microbiology by John P. Harley: This lab manual offers a
wide range of practical exercises, including those related to microbial growth, control,
virology, and bacteriophage techniques.
7. Microbiology Laboratory Manual by Cappuccino and Sherman: Another lab manual
by the same authors with practical exercises in microbiology and virology suitable for
a postgraduate course.
8. Experiments in Microbiology, Plant Pathology, and Biotechnology by K. R. Aneja:
This lab manual covers various microbiology and biotechnology experiments,
including virology techniques.

11
 M.Sc. Biotechnology
Semester I
Type of Course : DSC Major / Mandatory Major course
Course Code: BIOT/MJ/500-T
Course Title : Biomolecules and Bioenergetics
Teaching method: Classroom lectures
Teaching Scheme : (Hrs./ Week) 2
Contact Hours: 30
Credits Assigned : 2

Key Objectives:

 To provide students with a comprehensive understanding of the structure, functions,

and properties of biomolecules in biotechnological applications.
 To introduce students to the principles of bioenergetics and metabolic pathways
involved in cellular processes.
 To familiarize students with the role of biomolecules and bioenergetics in various
biotechnological processes, including biopharmaceutical production, biofuel
generation, and metabolic engineering.
 To explore the latest advancements and emerging trends in biomolecular research and
bioenergetics in the context of biotechnology.
Intended Outcomes:

 Students will gain a deep understanding of the fundamental biomolecules, including

proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids, and their relevance in
biotechnological research and applications.
 Graduates will be proficient in explaining the structure-function relationships of
biomolecules and their significance in biochemical reactions and cellular processes.
 Students will be able to identify and analyze metabolic pathways and energy
conversion mechanisms involved in biotechnological processes.

Unit 1: Introduction to Biomolecules (0.5 credits)

Biomolecules: Definition, classification, and relevance in biotechnology applications.

Structure and function of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins with biotechnological
significance. Overview of biomolecules used in biotechnological processes.

Unit 2: Bioenergetics and Metabolic Engineering (0.5 credits)

Cellular energy metabolism in the context of biotechnological applications. Metabolic

engineering approaches to enhance energy production and biomolecule synthesis.

Biomolecules in Biopharmaceuticals (0.5 credits): Role of biomolecules in the

development of biopharmaceutical products. Production and purification of recombinant
proteins and therapeutic antibodies. Biotechnological applications of nucleic acids in gene
therapy: Small interfering RNA (siRNA) and microRNA (miRNA) in gene silencing

12
Unit 3: Photosynthesis and Bioenergy (0.5 credits)

Harnessing photosynthesis for sustainable bioenergy production. Bioenergy crops and genetic
modification for improved energy yield. Biotechnological advancements in algal biofuel
production. Plant metabolic Engineering: enhancement of plant secondary metabolites or the
production of high-value compounds in crops

References

1. Berg, J. M., Tymoczko, J. L., Gatto, G. J. (2019). Biochemistry (9th ed.). W. H. Freeman.
- This comprehensive biochemistry textbook covers biomolecules and their relevance in
biological processes.

2. Nelson, D. L., Cox, M. M. (2019). Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry (7th ed.). W. H.

Freeman.
- Another excellent textbook that covers biomolecules, bioenergetics, and their importance
in cellular processes.

3. Alberts, B., Johnson, A., Lewis, J., Raff, M., Roberts, K., & Walter, P. (2002). Molecular
Biology of the Cell (4th ed.). Garland Science.
- This cell biology textbook includes topics on bioenergetics and cellular energy
metabolism.

4. Voet, D., Voet, J. G., Pratt, C. W. (2016). Fundamentals of Biochemistry: Life at the
Molecular Level (5th ed.). Wiley.
- A comprehensive biochemistry textbook that covers biomolecules, enzymology, and
bioenergetics.

5. Nielsen, J. (2017). Systems Biology for Biotechnologists. CRC Press.

- This book focuses on the application of systems biology principles in biotechnological
processes.

6. Wong, D. C. J., Gibson, S. I. (2018). Plant Sugar Signaling: Methods and Protocols.
Springer.
- A reference book with methods and protocols related to biomolecules in plants, including
sugars and bioenergetics.

13
 M.Sc. Biotechnology
Semester I

Type of Course : DSC Major / Mandatory Major course

Course Code: BIOT/MJ/501-P
Course Title : Biomolecules and Bioenergetics
Teaching method: Laboratory Practical
Contact Hours 60
Teaching Scheme : 4 Hrs./ Week
Credits Assigned : 2
Course Title: Practical in Biomolecules and Bioenergetics
Key Objectives:
 To provide students with hands-on experience in enzyme assays, cellular respiration,
and biofuel production.
 To familiarize students with advanced analytical techniques for biomolecule analysis
and bioenergetics studies.
 To develop practical skills in designing and conducting experiments related to
biomolecules and bioenergetics.
Intended Outcomes:
 Students will gain practical proficiency in conducting enzyme activity assays and
analyzing bioenergetic processes.
 Graduates will be skilled in using advanced analytical instruments for biomolecule
analysis and characterization.
 Students will be prepared to contribute to research in biotechnology, bioenergy, and
metabolic engineering.

1. Qualitative analysis of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids using

biochemical tests.
2. Quantitative estimation of biomolecules using spectrophotometric assays.
3. Gel electrophoresis of biomolecules for size separation and identification.
4. Enzyme activity assays: Measuring enzymatic reactions using colorimetric or
fluorescence-based methods.
5. Investigating the effect of temperature and pH on enzyme activity.
6. Studying the kinetics of enzyme-catalyzed reactions.
7. Isolation of mitochondria from cells and assessment of respiratory activity.
8. Measurement of ATP production during cellular respiration using luminescence-based
assays.
9. Determining photosynthetic rates using oxygen evolution or carbon dioxide uptake
assays.
10. Evaluating the efficiency of bioenergy production from different sources (e.g., algae,
biofuel crops).

14
References

1. Nelson, D. L., Cox, M. M. (2019). Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry (7th ed.). W. H.

Freeman.
2. Smith, P. K., Krohn, R. I., Hermanson, G. T., Mallia, A. K., Gartner, F. H., Provenzano,
M. D., ... & Klenk, D. C. (1985). Measurement of protein using bicinchoninic acid.
Analytical Biochemistry, 150(1), 76-85.
3. Bergmeyer, H. U. (1983). Methods of Enzymatic Analysis (3rd ed.). Verlag Chemie.
4. Johnson, M. L., & Knapp, D. W. (1982). Enzyme kinetics. Biochemistry, 21(19), 4523-
4528.
5. Scaduto Jr, R. C., & Grotyohann, L. W. (1999). Measurement of mitochondrial
membrane potential using fluorescent rhodamine derivatives. Biophysical Journal,
76(1), 469-477.
6. Zhao, J., Li, R., & Ackerman, C. M. (2016). Genome-scale carbon and energy
metabolism reconstruction for the model diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum.
Frontiers in Plant Science, 7, 131.
7. Blankenship, R. E., Tiede, D. M., Barber, J., Brudvig, G. W., Fleming, G., Ghirardi, M.,
... & Fleming, G. R. (2011). Comparing photosynthetic and photovoltaic efficiencies
and recognizing the potential for improvement. Science, 332(6031), 805-809.
8. Singh, J., Sharma, N., Sharma, M. S., & Kumar, R. (2018). Biotechnological approach
of algae to generate bioenergy-a review. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology,
13, 100-109.

15
 M.Sc. Biotechnology
Semester I

Type of Course : DSC Major / Mandatory Major course

Course Code: BIOT/MJ/502-T
Course Title : Inheritance Biology
Teaching method: Classroom lectures
Contact Hours: 30
Teaching Scheme : (Hrs./ Week) 2
Credits Assigned : 2
Key Objectives:

 To provide students with a comprehensive understanding of the principles of

inheritance and genetic variation in organisms.
 To introduce students to the molecular basis of inheritance, including DNA structure,
replication, transcription, and translation.
 To familiarize students with the mechanisms of Mendelian and non-Mendelian
inheritance, gene regulation, and genetic disorders.
Intended Outcomes:

 Students will gain a deep understanding of the principles of Mendelian genetics,

including Punnett squares, pedigree analysis, and genetic inheritance patterns.
 Graduates will be proficient in explaining the molecular basis of DNA replication,
transcription, and translation, and the regulation of gene expression.
 Students will be capable of analyzing genetic disorders, chromosomal aberrations, and
the inheritance of complex traits.

Unit 1: Introduction to Mendelian Genetics

The historical background of genetics: Mendel's experiments and laws. Patterns of
inheritance: Monohybrid and dihybrid crosses. Extensions of Mendelian genetics: Incomplete
dominance, codominance, and multiple alleles.

Unit 2: Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Genes and chromosomes: Linkage, recombination, and gene mapping. Mutation and its role
in genetic variation: Types of mutations, Molecular mechanisms of mutation, Role of
mutation in genetic variation and evolution, Mutations and single gene disorders, Mutations
in non-coding regions, Role of mutations in complex traits and polygenic inheritance.

Unit 3: Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

Chromosome structure and behavior during mitosis and meiosis. Sex determination and sex-
linked inheritance. Genetic disorders related to chromosomal abnormalities. Population
Genetics and Evolution (0.5 credits): Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and factors affecting
genetic equilibrium. Microevolution: Natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow, and
mutation. Macroevolution: Speciation and patterns of evolution.

16
References

Unit 1: Introduction to Mendelian Genetics

Reference: Mendel, G. (1866). Versuche über Pflanzen-Hybriden. Verhandlungen des
naturforschenden Vereines in Brünn, Bd. IV für das Jahr, 3-47.
Book: Snustad, D. P., & Simmons, M. J. (2015). Principles of Genetics (6th ed.). Wiley.

Unit 2: Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Reference: Watson, J. D., & Crick, F. H. (1953). Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A
Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid. Nature, 171(4356), 737-738.
Book: Alberts, B., Johnson, A., Lewis, J., Raff, M., Roberts, K., & Walter, P. (2002).
Molecular Biology of the Cell (4th ed.). Garland Science.

Unit 3: Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

Reference: McClintock, B. (1929). A Cytological and Genetical Study of Triploid Maize.
Genetics, 14(2), 180-222.
Book: Griffiths, A. J. F., Wessler, S. R., Carroll, S. B., & Doebley, J. (2014). Introduction to
Genetic Analysis (11th ed.). W. H. Freeman.

Population Genetics and Evolution

Reference: Hardy, G. H. (1908). Mendelian Proportions in a Mixed Population. Science,
28(706), 49-50.
Book: Hartl, D. L., & Clark, A. G. (2007). Principles of Population Genetics (4th ed.).
Sinauer Associates.

17
 M.Sc. Biotechnology
Semester I
Type of Course : DSC Major / Mandatory Major course
Course Code: BIOT/MJ/502-P
Course Title : Inheritance Biology
Teaching method: Laboratory Practical
Contact Hours 60
Teaching Scheme : 4 Hrs./ Week
Credits Assigned : 2

Unit 1: Mendelian Genetics

Mendelian inheritance patterns: Monohybrid and dihybrid crosses.
Experimental verification of Mendel's laws using model organisms (e.g., Drosophila, pea
plants).
Data analysis and interpretation of genetic ratios.

Unit 2: Molecular Genetics Techniques

DNA extraction from plant or animal samples.
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for amplifying genetic markers.
Agarose gel electrophoresis to analyze DNA fragments.

Unit 3: Chromosome Analysis

Preparation of chromosome spreads from cell cultures.
Staining techniques (e.g., Giemsa staining) to visualize chromosome structures.
Analysis of chromosomal abnormalities and sex chromosomes.

Population Genetics and Evolution

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium simulation and calculation of allele frequencies.
Analysis of genetic variation in a population using molecular markers (e.g., DNA sequencing,
SNP analysis).
Phylogenetic tree construction based on genetic data.

References

Unit 1: Mendelian Genetics

1. Book: Hartl, D. L., & Clark, A. G. (2007). Principles of Population Genetics (4th ed.).
Sinauer Associates.
- This book covers the principles of population genetics, including Mendelian genetics,
gene frequencies, and genetic variation.

2. Online Resource: Khan Academy - Mendelian and Non-Mendelian Inheritance

- The Khan Academy website offers a series of interactive tutorials and videos on
Mendelian and non-Mendelian inheritance patterns.

Unit 2: Molecular Genetics Techniques

1. Book: Sambrook, J., Russell, D. W. (2006). Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (3rd
ed.). Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.

18
 - This classic manual provides protocols for DNA extraction, PCR, and agarose gel
electrophoresis.

2. Online Resource: New England Biolabs (NEB) - Molecular Biology Techniques

- NEB's website offers detailed protocols and resources for various molecular biology
techniques, including PCR and DNA gel electrophoresis.

Unit 3: Chromosome Analysis

1. Book: Alberts, B., Johnson, A., Lewis, J., Raff, M., Roberts, K., & Walter, P. (2002).
Molecular Biology of the Cell (4th ed.). Garland Science.
- This textbook provides information on cellular biology, including chromosome structure
and cell division.

2. Online Resource: The Jackson Laboratory - Chromosome Spreading Protocol

- The Jackson Laboratory website offers a detailed protocol for preparing chromosome
spreads from cell cultures.

Population Genetics and Evolution

1. Book: Gillespie, J. H. (2004). Population Genetics: A Concise Guide (2nd ed.). Johns
Hopkins University Press.
- This concise guide covers population genetics concepts, including Hardy-Weinberg
equilibrium and genetic variation.

2. Online Resource: Bioinformatics.org - Phylogenetic Analysis Tools

- The Bioinformatics.org website offers various tools and software for constructing
phylogenetic trees based on genetic data.

19
 M.Sc. Biotechnology
Semester I

Type of Course : DSE Major / Mandatory Major course

Course Code: BIOT/MJ/503-P
Course Title : Skills in Biotechnology-I
Teaching method: Classroom Teaching
Contact Hours 30
Teaching Scheme : 2 Hrs./ Week
Credits Assigned : 2

Skills in Biotechnology I: Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP)

Course Description:

This course introduces students to the principles and practices of Good Manufacturing Practice
(GMP) in the biotechnology industry. Students will gain insights into the regulations, standards, and
quality control measures essential to produce safe and effective biotechnological products.

Course Credits: 2

Course Objectives:

By the end of this course, students should be able to:

 Foundational Knowledge: Develop a solid understanding of the principles, concepts, and

regulatory frameworks that underpin Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) in the
biotechnology industry.
 Practical Application: Gain the skills to implement GMP standards and practices effectively,
including facility design, equipment validation, quality control, and documentation, ensuring
the production of safe and consistent biotechnological products.
 Regulatory Compliance: Learn how to navigate and adhere to regulatory guidelines, conduct
thorough quality control testing, manage deviations, and implement corrective actions,
ultimately contributing to the achievement of high-quality standards and ethical practices in
biotechnology manufacturing.

Course Outcome:

By successfully completing this course, students will acquire a comprehensive understanding of Good
Manufacturing Practice (GMP) principles and their practical application in the biotechnology
industry. Students will be equipped with the necessary skills to ensure the production of safe,
effective, and high-quality biotechnological products while adhering to regulatory standards and
ethical considerations.

Unit I: Introduction to GMP and Regulatory Framework

Introduction to Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP). Regulatory Authorities and Guidelines for
GMP. GMP vs. GLP and GCP. GMP Implementation and Facility Design: Quality Management

20
Systems and Documentation. Facility Design and Layout for GMP Compliance. Equipment
Validation and Maintenance

Unit II: Manufacturing Processes, Quality Control, and Compliance

Raw Material Control and Supplier Qualification. Process Validation and Control Strategies.
Cleanrooms, Contamination Control, and Environmental Monitoring. Quality Control Testing and
Analytical Methods. Deviations, Investigations, and Corrective Actions

Unit III: Product Quality Assurance and Post-Market Surveillance

Product Release and Quality Assurance. Stability Testing and Product Lifecycle Management.
Regulatory Inspections and Audits

References:

Reference Books:

1. "Good Manufacturing Practices for Pharmaceuticals: A Plan for Total Quality Control" by Sidney
H. Willig and James R. Stoker

2. "Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Handbook: Regulations and Quality" by Shayne Cox Gad

3. "Validation of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Second Edition" by Ira R. Berry and Robert A.
Nash

4. "GMP for Pharmaceuticals" by Manohar A. Potdar

5. "A Practical Guide to FDA's Food and Drug Law and Regulation" by Kenneth R. Piña

Review Articles:

1. Märtlbauer, E. (2017). Good Manufacturing Practices for Food Safety. Comprehensive Reviews in
Food Science and Food Safety, 16(3), 399-414.
[Link](https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1541-4337.12267)

2. Haq, N., Yousuf, R. I., & Sohail, M. (2017). Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) for
Pharmaceuticals. Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 13(1), 29-36.
[Link](http://nexusacademicpublishers.com/uploads/files/JBAS_421.pdf)

3. Mohiuddin, M., & Rubayet-Ul-Alam, A. S. M. (2019). Good manufacturing practices (GMP) in

pharmaceutical manufacturing. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 8(9), 1-10.
[Link](https://www.wjpr.net/admin/assets/article_issue/1568678501.pdf)

21
 M.Sc. Biotechnology
Semester I

Type of Course : DSE Major / Elective course

Course Code: BIOT/DSE/504-AT
Course Title : Techniques in Biotechnology
Teaching method: Classroom teaching
Teaching Scheme : 2 Hrs./ Week
Contact Hours: 30
Credits Assigned : 2

Course Description:

This course provides an in-depth exploration of advanced laboratory techniques used in the field of
medical biotechnology. Students will learn practical skills essential for conducting cutting-edge
research and applications in medical diagnostics, therapeutics, and personalized medicine.

Course Objectives:

By the end of the course, students should be able to:

1. Understand the theoretical foundations and principles underlying advanced techniques in

medical biotechnology.

2. Apply key laboratory skills to perform advanced experiments in medical diagnostics,

therapeutics, and molecular medicine.

3. Analyze and interpret experimental data generated using advanced biotechnology

techniques.

Outcomes of the Course:

1. Develop proficiency in performing advanced laboratory techniques relevant to medical

biotechnology applications.
2. Apply critical thinking skills to design and execute experiments for medical diagnostics,
therapeutics, and molecular medicine.
3. Gain an understanding of the ethical, regulatory, and safety considerations in medical
biotechnology research.
4. Acquire knowledge of emerging trends and technologies in medical biotechnology and
their potential impact on healthcare.

Unit I: Molecular Diagnostics and Genetic Testing

PCR-Based Diagnostics: Realtime PCR, quantitative PCR, and allele-specific PCR for genetic testing.
DNA Sequencing: Sanger sequencing, next-generation sequencing (NGS), and applications in clinical
genomics. Microarray Technology: Gene expression profiling, SNP analysis, and diagnostic
applications.

22
Unit II: Therapeutic Biotechnology

Recombinant Protein Therapeutics: Expression systems, protein purification, and applications in

biopharmaceuticals. Gene Therapy: Viral and nonviral vector-mediated gene delivery, challenges, and
clinical applications. RNA-Based Therapeutics: siRNA, miRNA, and antisense oligonucleotides for
targeted gene regulation.

Unit III: Molecular Diagnostics and Personalized Medicine

Biomarker Discovery: Identification and validation of biomarkers for disease diagnosis and prognosis.
Companion Diagnostics: Integration of molecular diagnostics with targeted therapies for personalized
medicine. CRISPR-Cas9 in Medicine: Genome editing for disease modelling, drug discovery, and
potential therapies.

References

Some recommended books and articles for learning the course "Techniques in Biotechnology" with a
focus on advanced laboratory skills in Medical Biotechnology:

Reference Books:

1. "Molecular Biology of the Cell" by Bruce Alberts, Alexander Johnson, Julian Lewis, David
Morgan, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, and Peter Walter.
This comprehensive book covers various molecular biology techniques and principles applicable to
medical biotechnology.
2. "Medical Biotechnology" by Judit Pongrácz, Katalin Karikó, Drew Weissman, and John J. Rossi.
This book explores the application of biotechnology in medicine, including molecular diagnostics,
gene therapy, and personalized medicine.
3. "Biotechnology for Beginners" by Reinhard Renneberg, Arnold L. Demain, and Dietmar
Schomburg.
This introductory book provides an overview of biotechnological techniques used in various fields,
including medical applications.
4. "Gene Cloning and DNA Analysis: An Introduction" by T.A. Brown.
This book covers essential techniques in gene cloning, PCR, DNA sequencing, and genetic
analysis.
5. "Introduction to Genetic Analysis" by Anthony J.F. Griffiths, Susan R. Wessler, Sean B. Carroll,
and John Doebley.
A comprehensive book on genetics, covering techniques and principles relevant to medical
biotechnology.

Review Articles:

1. "Next-Generation Sequencing in Clinical Oncology: Next Steps Towards Clinical Validation" by

P.J. Stephens et al. (Nature Reviews Genetics, 2014)
This review discusses the applications of next-generation sequencing (NGS) in clinical oncology
and the challenges of clinical validation.
2. "Gene Therapy: Progress and Prospects" by M.C. Naldini et al. (Nature, 2017)
An overview of gene therapy approaches, advancements, and challenges in the context of medical
biotechnology.

23
3. "RNA Interference: Biology, Mechanism, and Applications" by N. Agrawal et al. (Microbiology
and Molecular Biology Reviews, 2003)
This review covers the biology and applications of RNA interference (RNAi) as a therapeutic tool.
4. "The CRISPR Craze: A Comprehensive Guide for the Skeptical" by H. Ledford and D. Cyranoski
(Nature, 2018)
An informative overview of the CRISPR-Cas9 gene-editing technology, its applications, and ethical
considerations.
5. "Biomarkers and Molecular Imaging in Cancer Detection and Monitoring" by A.L. Vahrmeijer et
al. (European Journal of Surgical Oncology, 2010)
This article discusses the role of biomarkers and molecular imaging techniques in cancer detection
and monitoring.

24
 M.Sc. Biotechnology
Semester I

Type of Course : DSE Major / Elective course

Course Code: BIOT/DSE/504-AP
Course Title : Techniques in Biotechnology
Teaching method: Laboratory Practical
Teaching Scheme : 4 Hrs./ Week
Contact Hours: 60
Credits Assigned : 2

Course Description:
This practical course provides hands-on training in advanced laboratory techniques used in medical
biotechnology, specifically focusing on molecular diagnostics and personalized medicine. Students
will gain practical skills essential for conducting experiments related to medical diagnostics and
personalized treatment approaches.

Course Objectives:
By the end of the course, students should be able to:
1. Perform advanced laboratory techniques relevant to molecular diagnostics and personalized
medicine.
2. Apply acquired skills to design and execute experiments for medical diagnostics and
personalized treatment approaches.
3. Analyze experimental data, interpret results, and effectively communicate findings.

Course Outcome:
1. Hands-on Laboratory Skills: Develop proficiency in performing advanced laboratory
techniques relevant to molecular diagnostics, personalized medicine, and medical
biotechnology, including DNA extraction, PCR amplification, real-time PCR, ELISA,
pharmacogenomics analysis, NGS data analysis, and more.
2. Experimental Design and Execution: Apply acquired skills to design and execute
experiments for medical diagnostics, therapeutic interventions, and personalized treatment
approaches, demonstrating the ability to plan, implement, and troubleshoot experimental
procedures.
3. Data Analysis and Interpretation: Analyze experimental data, interpret results, and apply
critical thinking to draw meaningful conclusions. Gain experience in using bioinformatics
tools for analyzing sequencing data, interpreting molecular diagnostic outcomes, and
presenting findings.
Overall, this practical course equips students with practical skills and knowledge that are integral to
conducting cutting-edge research and applications in medical biotechnology, contributing to
advancements in personalized medicine and healthcare.

Unit I: Molecular Diagnostics

DNA Extraction and PCR Amplification: Isolation of genomic DNA from clinical samples
and PCR amplification of target genes. Real-Time PCR: Quantification of gene expression
using real-time PCR and analysis of amplification curves. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent
Assay (ELISA): Detection of specific proteins and antibodies using ELISA techniques.

Unit II: Personalized Medicine

Pharmacogenomics: Analysis of genetic variations influencing drug response and
personalized treatment strategies. Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) for Disease Diagnosis:
25
 NGS-based approaches for identifying disease-associated genetic variants. Companion
Diagnostics: Design and validation of diagnostic assays for guiding personalized therapeutic
interventions.

Unit III: Data Analysis and Interpretation

Bioinformatics Tools: Analysis of sequencing data, primer design, and prediction of protein
structure. Interpretation of Molecular Diagnostic Results: Analysis and interpretation of PCR
and sequencing data for disease diagnosis. Data Presentation and Report Writing: Effective
communication of experimental findings through written reports and presentations.

References:

Unit I: Molecular Diagnostics

1. DNA Extraction and PCR Amplification:
- Protocol for DNA Extraction: [Link](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3463878/)
- PCR Amplification Protocols: [Link](https://www.molecularstation.com/protocols/pcr-protocols/)

2. Real-Time PCR:
- Real-Time PCR Guide: [Link](https://www.thermofisher.com/us/en/home/life-science/pcr/real-
time-pcr/real-time-pcr-learning-center/real-time-pcr-basics.html)
- Real-Time PCR Data Analysis Tools: [Link](https://www.gene-quantification.de/real-time-pcr-
data-analysis.html)

3. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA):

- ELISA Protocol: [Link](https://www.abcam.com/protocols/elisa-protocol)
- ELISA Data Analysis: [Link](https://www.bio-
rad.com/webroot/web/pdf/lsr/literature/Bulletin_6009.pdf)

Unit II: Personalized Medicine

4. Pharmacogenomics:
- Pharmacogenomics Resources: [Link](https://www.pharmgkb.org/)
- Pharmacogenomics Protocol: [Link](https://www.nature.com/articles/nprot.2008.49)

5. Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) for Disease Diagnosis:

- Introduction to NGS: [Link](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4943619/)
- NGS Data Analysis Pipeline: [Link](https://galaxyproject.org/learn/)

6. Companion Diagnostics:
- Companion Diagnostics Overview: [Link](https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/vitro-
diagnostics/companion-diagnostics)
- Protocol for Developing Companion Diagnostics:
[Link](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S266635462100002X)

Unit III: Data Analysis and Interpretation

7. Bioinformatics Tools:
- Bioinformatics Basics: [Link](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5005862/)
- Online Bioinformatics Tools: [Link](https://www.biostars.org/)

8. Interpretation of Molecular Diagnostic Results:

- Molecular Diagnostics Interpretation Guidelines: [Link](https://www.aacc.org/science-and-
practice/practice-guidelines/molecular-diagnostics)

9. Data Presentation and Report Writing:

- Scientific Report Writing: [Link](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3153247/)
- Data Visualization Tools: [Link](https://pypi.org/project/matplotlib/)

26
 M.Sc. Biotechnology
Semester I

Type of Course : DSE Major / Elective course

Course Code: BIOT/DSE/504-BT
Course Title : Plant Biotechnology
Teaching method: Classroom Lectures
Contact Hours: 30
Teaching Scheme : (Hrs./ Week) 2
Credits Assigned : 2

Unit I: Basics:

Historical aspects & Terminologies in plant tissue culture, Cell theory & Cellular
totipotency, competence, determinism. Facilities: Laboratory design, Research lab and
Commercial Lab, Principle and Working of equipment & instruments required in laboratory.
Aseptic Techniques: Sterilization techniques; Washing, Packing & Sterilization of
Glasswares, Plastic wares and Instruments, Sterilization of explants, media & it’s
components, Precautions to maintain aseptic conditions. Nutrient Media: Media types,
Composition & Preparation; Plant growth regulators and their roles in growth and
development

Unit II: Techniques:

Organ culture: Introduction, Protocol, factors affecting Root tip culture, Leaf culture, Shoot
Apical Meristem culture, Applications, and limitations. Micro propagation: Different Stages
of Micropropagation & Applications. Callus culture technique: Introduction, Types of calli,
morphology & internal structure of callus; Protocol, Factors affecting callus culture,
Maintenance of callus, Applications and limitations, Suspension culture technique:
Introduction, Types, Protocol & Factors affecting suspension culture, Maintenance of
cultures. Assessment of growth measurements and Viability, Applications, and limitations.
Somaclonal Variation: Introduction, Protocol, factors affecting somaclonal variation,
morphological and genetical analysis, Applications, and limitations Somatic embryogenesis:
Introduction, Types (direct and indirect), Protocol; Induction, development, and maturation of
Somatic embryos. Factors affecting somatic embryogenesis Applications and limitations.
Androgenesis, Gynogenesis and Irradiation: Introduction, Pre-treatments and Protocol,
Pathways of development, Factors affecting Androgenesis, Gynogenesis and Irradiation
techniques, Applications, and limitations. Protoplast culture: Isolation, Culture and Fusion -
Introduction, Different methods, Protocol, Factors affecting protoplast culture, symmetric and
asymmetric hybrids, Applications, and limitations; cybrids. Embryo Rescue: Introduction,
Protocol, Factors affecting embryo rescue technique, Applications, and limitations. Synthetic
seed production: Method and importance

27
Unit III: Vertical Farming: Concept, examples, and methods (hydroponics, aquaponics and
aeroponics), advantages, vertical farming in India, challenges. Secondary metabolite
production: Medicinal plant cultivation and secondary metabolite production for
manufacturing medicines, production of Shikonin, taxol (biosynthesis and bioreactor
production) capsasin/berbrine, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory,
anti-larvicidal activity of bioactives and secondary metabolites. Greenhouse management:
Greenhouse structure and design, environmental control systems, nutrition & pest
management.

References:

1. Razdan M.K. (2009) - Introduction to Plant Tissue culture (Oxford & IBH Publ, New
Delhi)
2. Bhojwani S.S. & Razdan M.K. (1996) (2016)- Plant Tissue Culture: Theory &
Practice (Elsevier, New Delhi)
3. Jha TB & Ghosh B (2017) – Plant tissue culture: Basic and applied (Universities
Press, Hyderabad) and latest editions
4. Plant Tissue culture (2010) – Kalyan Kumar De (New central Book Agency Calactta)
5. Misawa Masanaru (1994) Plant tissue culture; an alternative for production of useful
metabolites, Daya Publishing House, New Delhi.
6. B. D. Singh (1998), Biotechnology; Kalyani Publishers.
7. H. S. Chawla - Biotechnology in Crop Improvement. International Book Distribution
Company,1998.
8. Phundan Singh (2023) - Essentials of Plant Breeding; Kalyani Publishers
9. Diego A. Sampietro, Cesar A. N. Catalan, Marta A. Vattuone (2009) Isolation,
Identification and Characterization of Allelochemicals/Natural Products. Series Editor
S. S. NARWAL Science publishers US.
10. Khan and Khanum (2001) Role of Biotechnology in Medicinal and Aromatics Plants
by Vol. 1 to 4. Ukkaz Publications
11. Arupratan Ghosh (2019) Greenhouse Technology: Principle and Practices. CRC Press
12. Dr. Dickson Despommier (2011) The Vertical Farm: Feeding the World in the 21st
Century Paperback – 25 October 2011 by (Author), Majora Carter (Foreword)
13. Gary Grending (2019) Vertical Farming: How to combine business with
environmental awareness
14. Relevant research papers and articles

28
 M.Sc. Biotechnology
Semester I

Type of Course : DSE Major / Elective course

Course Code: BIOT/DSE/504-BP
Course Title : Plant Biotechnology
Teaching method: Laboratory Practical
Contact Hours: 60
Teaching Scheme : (Hrs./ Week) 4
Credits Assigned : 2

Practical:

1. Media preparation and sterilization for plant tissue culture

2. Induction of callus culture
3. Plant Regeneration from callus.
4. Anther culture
5. Preparation of artificial seed
6. Isolation of protoplast
7. Micropropagation
8. Agrobacterium mediated transformation

References:

1. Agrobacterium: From biology to Biotechnology by Tzvi Tzfira

2. Principles of gene manipulation by Primrose
3. Plant cell and tissue culture – A tool in Biotechnology- by Ashwani Kumar
4. Laboratory manual of Plant Biotechnology by Purohit-2
5. Plant tissue culture By Bhojwani
6. Introduction to Plant Tissue Culture by Kalyan Kumar DE

29
 M.Sc. Biotechnology
Semester I

Type of Course : DSE Major / Elective course

Course Code: BIOT/DSE/504-CT
Course Title : Bioinformatics and Big Data Science
Teaching method: Classroom lectures
Contact Hours: 30
Teaching Scheme : (Hrs./ Week) 2
Credits Assigned : 2

Course Title: Bioinformatics and Big Data Science

Key Objectives:

 This course provides students with an in-depth understanding of bioinformatics and

its applications in the analysis of big biological data.
 Students will learn the theoretical foundations, computational methods, and practical
skills required to handle and interpret large-scale biological data.
 The course aims to bridge the gap between biological research and data science,
enabling students to harness the potential of big data for advancements in life
sciences.
Intended Outcomes:

 Upon completing the course, students will possess proficient data analysis skills using
programming languages like Python/R.
 Students will gain competence in applying bioinformatics tools and methods for
omics data analysis.
 The course will equip students with skills in big data management and cloud
computing for bioinformatics.
Unit 1: Introduction to Bioinformatics and Biological Big Data

Overview of bioinformatics and its interdisciplinary nature. Biological databases and data
types in genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics. Challenges and opportunities of big data
in life sciences. Introduction to programming languages (Python/R) for data manipulation and
analysis.
Statistical analysis and hypothesis testing in bioinformatics. Data visualization techniques for
biological data representation.

Unit 2: Bioinformatics in Omics Data Analysis

Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies and data analysis pipelines. Genome

assembly, annotation, and variant calling. RNA-Seq data analysis and differential gene
expression. Mass spectrometry data analysis for protein identification and quantification.
Metabolomics data analysis for metabolic pathway exploration. Integration of omics data for
systems biology approaches.
30
Unit 3: Big Data Management, Cloud Computing, and Emerging Trends

Introduction to cloud-based bioinformatics tools and platforms. Data storage, retrieval, and
privacy in big data applications. Distributed computing and parallel processing for large-scale
data analysis. Ethical and legal considerations in bioinformatics. Applications of machine
learning and artificial intelligence in bioinformatics. Single-cell omics and spatial
transcriptomics. Precision medicine and personalized genomics.

References;

Unit 1: Introduction to Bioinformatics and Biological Big Data

Book: "Bioinformatics Algorithms: An Active Learning Approach" by Phillip Compeau and

Pavel Pevzner.
Book: "Biological Sequence Analysis: Probabilistic Models of Proteins and Nucleic Acids"
by Richard Durbin, Sean Eddy, Anders Krogh, and Graeme Mitchison.
Review Article: "Big Data in Biology: Challenges and Opportunities for Coordinated
Efforts" by K. Barone, R. B. Berlin, N. C. Brannon, et al. (BMC Bioinformatics, 2017).

Unit 2: Bioinformatics in Omics Data Analysis

Book: "Bioinformatics for Biologists" by Pavel Pevzner and Ron Shamir.

Book: "Bioinformatics Data Skills: Reproducible and Robust Research with Open Source
Tools" by Vince Buffalo.
Review Article: "Next-Generation Sequencing Data Analysis" by R. Liu, Q. Z. Chen, and L.
Jiang (Engineering, 2017).
Review Article: "Proteomics and Metabolomics in the Age of Big Data: From Datasets to
Knowledge" by R. Araujo, A. Amaro, C. I. Samudio, et al. (Proteomics, 2019).

Unit 3: Big Data Management, Cloud Computing, and Emerging Trends

Book: "Bioinformatics: Sequence and Genome Analysis" by David W. Mount.

Book: "Cloud Computing for Data-Intensive Applications" by Zaigham Mahmood.
Review Article: "Bioinformatics Cloud Deployment Models and Big Data" by C. Cao, W. L.
Wang, and J. G. Gu (BMC Bioinformatics, 2014).
Review Article: "Big Data and Precision Medicine" by D. J. Crichton, T. Sayols-Baixeras,
and A. A. Soria (Frontiers in Medicine, 2018).

31
 M.Sc. Biotechnology
Semester I

Type of Course : DSE Major / Elective course

Course Code: BIOT/DSE/504-CP
Course Title : Bioinformatics and Big Data Science
Teaching method: Laboratory Practical
Contact Hours: 60
Teaching Scheme : (Hrs./ Week) 4
Credits Assigned : 2

Course Title: Practical Course on Bioinformatics and Big Data Science

Key Objectives:

 This practical course complements the theory-based course on Bioinformatics and Big
Data Science, providing hands-on experience in data analysis and computational
techniques used in biotechnological research.
 Students will work with real-life biological datasets, explore various bioinformatics
tools, and develop proficiency in handling big data for solving complex biological
problems.
Intended Outcomes:

 Upon completing the course, students will possess proficient data analysis skills using
programming languages like Python/R.
 Students will gain competence in applying bioinformatics tools and methods for
omics data analysis.
 The course will equip students with skills in big data management and cloud
computing for bioinformatics.

1. Hands-on exercises with programming languages (Python/R) for data manipulation.

2. Basic data analysis techniques using bioinformatics tools and libraries.
3. Analyzing genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics data.
4. Implementing bioinformatics pipelines for next-generation sequencing (NGS) data
analysis.
5. Data visualization using tools like Matplotlib and ggplot2.
6. Utilizing cloud computing resources for big data analysis.
7. Working with bioinformatics platforms for collaborative research.
8. Performing protein structure prediction using homology modeling tools.
9. Docking simulations for drug discovery applications.
10. Hands-on projects for classifying genes, identifying disease biomarkers, etc.

32
 M.Sc. Biotechnology
Semester I

Type of Course: DSE Major / Elective course

Course Code: BIOT/DSE/504-DT
Course Title : Biopharmaceutical Science
Teaching method: Classroom lectures
Contact Hours 30
Teaching Scheme : 2 Hrs./ Week
Credits Assigned : 2

Key Objectives:
 To provide students with an in-depth understanding of biopharmaceuticals, including
protein expression, drug discovery, formulation, pharmacology, and toxicology.
 To familiarize students with advanced techniques in protein engineering, drug
development, and pharmacokinetics.
 To equip students with the knowledge and skills required to contribute to the
biopharmaceutical industry and drug development processes.
Intended Outcomes:
 Graduates will possess a comprehensive understanding of the principles and
applications of biopharmaceutical science.
 Students will be competent in designing and conducting experiments related to
biopharmaceuticals and analyzing their results.
 Graduates will be prepared for careers in research and development, quality control,
and regulatory affairs in the biopharmaceutical industry.

Unit 1: Introduction to Biopharmaceuticals

Overview of biopharmaceuticals and their significance in modern medicine, Comparison

between conventional pharmaceuticals and biopharmaceuticals. Biopharmaceutical drug
development process. Production of therapeutic proteins using biotechnological methods.
Expression systems: Bacterial, yeast, mammalian cell cultures, and transgenic
plants/animals.

Unit 2: Biopharmaceutical Analysis and Quality Control

Analytical techniques for characterizing biopharmaceuticals (e.g., SDS-PAGE, Western

blotting, ELISA). Quality control measures in biopharmaceutical manufacturing. Regulatory
considerations for biopharmaceutical testing. Biopharmaceutical Formulation and Drug
Delivery (0.5 credits): Formulation development and stability of biopharmaceuticals. Drug
delivery strategies for protein-based drugs (e.g., injectables, oral formulations, patches).
Challenges and advancements in biopharmaceutical drug delivery.

Unit 3: Biopharmaceutical Clinical Trials and Regulatory Affairs

33
Clinical trial design for biopharmaceuticals: Phases, endpoints, and challenges. Safety and
efficacy assessment of biopharmaceuticals. Regulatory approval process and post-marketing
surveillance. Biosimilars and Biobetters (0.25 credits): Understanding biosimilars and their
development pathway. Biobetters and the enhancement of existing biopharmaceuticals.
Intellectual property and market considerations for biosimilars. Emerging Trends in
Biopharmaceuticals (0.25 credits): Next-generation biopharmaceuticals (e.g., gene
therapies, cell-based therapies). Personalized medicine and its impact on biopharmaceutical
development. Future prospects and challenges in the biopharmaceutical industry.

References

Unit 1: Introduction to Biopharmaceuticals

Book: Walsh, G. (2014). Biopharmaceuticals: Biochemistry and Biotechnology (2nd ed.).
Wiley-Blackwell.
Article: Walsh, G. (2018). Biopharmaceutical Benchmarks 2018. Nature Biotechnology,
36(12), 1136-1145.

Unit 2: Recombinant DNA Technology

Book: Glick, B. R., & Pasternak, J. J. (2003). Molecular Biotechnology: Principles and
Applications of Recombinant DNA (3rd ed.). ASM Press.
Article: Geisse, S. (2016). Developing a Recombinant DNA Vaccine for COVID-19.
Vaccine, 38(42), 6899-6900.

Unit 3: Biopharmaceutical Analysis and Quality Control

Book: Crommelin, D. J. A., & Sindelar, R. D. (Eds.). (2018). Pharmaceutical Biotechnology:
Fundamentals and Applications (4th ed.). Springer.
Article: Crommelin, D. J. A., et al. (2019). Analysis of Biopharmaceuticals: A Review.
Journal of Chromatography B, 1134-1135, 82-97.

Unit 4: Biopharmaceutical Formulation and Drug Delivery

Book: Verma, I. M., & Somia, N. (1997). Gene Therapy: Promises, Problems, and Prospects.
Nature, 389(6648), 239-242.
Article: Gao, W., & Chan, J. M. (2013). Farokhzad, O. C. pH-Responsive Nanoparticles for
Drug Delivery. Molecular Pharmaceutics, 10(11), 4277-4285.

Unit 5: Biopharmaceutical Clinical Trials and Regulatory Affairs

Book: Chow, S. C., & Liu, J. P. (Eds.). (2016). Design and Analysis of Clinical Trials:
Concepts and Methodologies (3rd ed.). Wiley.
Article: Abraham, J. (2018). Prioritizing Children in the Development of a COVID-19
Vaccine. Science, 369(6504), 1334-1335.

Unit 6: Biosimilars and Biobetters

Book: Schneider, C. K., & Vleminckx, C. (2017). Safety of Biosimilars in Oncology:
Compiling the Evidence. The Oncologist, 22(8), 909-922.
Article: Li, L. C., & Zhang, X. (2017). Advances in Antisense Oligonucleotide Development
for Target Identification, Validation, and as Novel Therapeutics. Gene Therapy, 24(1), 1-8.

Unit 7: Emerging Trends in Biopharmaceuticals

Book: Bawa, R. (2015). Protein Formulation and Delivery. Informa Healthcare.
Article: Charan, J., & Kantharia, N. D. (2013). How to Calculate Sample Size in Animal
Studies? Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics, 4(4), 303-306.

34
 M.Sc. Biotechnology
Semester I

Type of Course : DSE Major / Elective course

Course Code: BIOT/DSE/504-DP
Course Title : Biopharmaceutical Science
Teaching method: Laboratory Practical
Contact Hours 60
Teaching Scheme : 4 Hrs./ Week
Credits Assigned : 2

Unit 1: Basic Laboratory Techniques

1.Introduction to laboratory safety and good laboratory practices (GLP). SOPs
2. Pipetting techniques and accurate measurement of solutions.
3. pH measurement and buffer preparation.

Unit 2: Protein Expression and Purification

4.Bacterial cell culture and protein expression using recombinant DNA technology.
5.Protein extraction and purification techniques (e.g., affinity chromatography, size
exclusion chromatography).
6.SDS-PAGE and Western blotting for protein analysis.

Unit 3: Enzyme Activity Assays

7. Measurement of enzyme activity using spectrophotometry and other methods.
8. Enzyme kinetics and analysis of enzyme-substrate interactions.
9.Factors affecting enzyme activity and stability.

Unit 4: Cell-Based Assays in Biopharmaceuticals

10. Introduction to cell culture and maintenance of mammalian cell lines.
11. Cell viability assays and cytotoxicity testing.
12. ELISA-based assays for quantifying protein expression and cellular responses.

Unit 5: Formulation and Drug Delivery

13. Formulation development for biopharmaceuticals (e.g., protein stability, excipient
selection).
14. Preparation of drug delivery systems (e.g., liposomes, nanoparticles) for
biopharmaceuticals.
15. In vitro drug release studies.

35
 M.Sc. Biotechnology
Semester I

Type of Course : DSE Major / Elective course

Course Code: BIOT/DSE/504-E
Course Title : An Online certification course from NPTEL
/SWAYM /MOOC of equivalent credits { with
biology basis }
Teaching method: Online Teaching
Credits Assigned : 4

In case a student opts online course as, BIOT/DSE/504 D the curriculum, rules,
regulations, and scheme of assessment etc of the course conducting agency will
be binding of the student. The student should submit the course completion
certificate to the department and deposit his/her earned credits in ABC.

36
 M.Sc. Biotechnology
Semester I
Type of Course : DSC Major / Mandatory Major course
Course Code: BIOT/RM/505
Course Title : Research methodology
Teaching method: Classroom Teaching
Contact hours 60
Teaching Scheme : 4 Hrs./ Week
Credits Assigned : 4

Course Description:

This 4 credit course provides students with a comprehensive understanding of research methodologies
and techniques applicable to biotechnology. It equips students with the skills necessary to design,
conduct, analyze, and present scientific research effectively in the field of biotechnology.

Course Objectives:

By the end of this course, students should be able to:

1. Research Design and Planning: Develop research proposals, formulate research questions,
and design experiments using appropriate methodologies in biotechnology.
2. Data Collection and Analysis: Apply statistical and computational tools for data collection,
analysis, and interpretation in biotechnology research.
3. Effective Communication: Present research findings through scientific writing, oral
presentations, and visual aids, adhering to ethical and professional standards.

Course Outcomes:

Upon successful completion of the "Research Methodology in Biotechnology" course, students will
be able to:

1. Research Design and Planning: Formulate well-structured research questions, design

experiments, and develop research proposals in the field of biotechnology, demonstrating a
comprehensive understanding of various research methodologies.

2. Data Collection and Analysis: Apply appropriate data collection techniques, employ
statistical and computational tools for data analysis, and interpret research findings
effectively, ensuring accurate and reliable results in biotechnology research.

3. Effective Communication: Communicate research findings through clear and concise

scientific writing, oral presentations, and visual aids, adhering to ethical and professional
standards, and effectively engage in the peer review process.

These outcomes will equip students with the skills and knowledge needed to conduct rigorous and
impactful biotechnology research, contribute to scientific advancements, and effectively communicate
their findings to the scientific community and beyond.

Unit I: Introduction to Research Methodology

37
Importance of Research Methodology in Biotechnology. Types of Research: Basic, Applied, and
Translational. Research Paradigms: Positivist, interpretivist, and mixed-method approaches in
biotechnology research. Formulating Research Questions: Defining research objectives, hypotheses,
and formulating testable research questions.

Literature Review: Techniques for conducting comprehensive literature reviews and identifying
research gaps. Research Proposal Development and Funding Sources

Unit II: Experimental Techniques and Data Analysis

Sampling Techniques and Experimental Design. Data Collection Methods: Surveys, Observations,
and Experiments. Quantitative and Qualitative Data Analysis. Statistical Analysis and Software
Applications in Biotechnology Research

Unit III: Communication and Presentation of Research

Scientific Writing: Research Papers, Reviews, and Reports. Citations and Referencing: Using Citation
Styles. Effective Oral Communication: Conference Presentations and Seminars. Visual Aids and
Graphical Representation of Data. Peer Review Process and Manuscript Submission. Oral
Presentation: Strategies for delivering compelling research presentations to diverse audiences.

Unit IV: Ethical Considerations in Biotechnology Research

Research Ethics: Ethical considerations and responsible conduct of research in biotechnology. Human
and Animal Subjects: Ethical guidelines for conducting research involving human subjects and
animals.

Unit V: Critical Thinking and Problem Solving

Problem Identification: Identifying research problems and formulating relevant research questions.
Experimental Troubleshooting: Developing strategies for addressing challenges and obstacles in
biotechnological experiments.

Reference Books:

1. "Research Methodology: A Step-by-Step Guide for Beginners" by Ranjit Kumar

2. "Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques" by C.R. Kothari

3. "Biotechnology Fundamentals" by Firdos Alam Khan (Chapter on Research Methodology)

4. "Biotechnology: An Introduction" by Susan R. Barnum (Chapter on Research Methodology)

Review Articles:

1. Agarwal, A., Durairaj, G., & Elango, D. (2020). Research Methodologies in Biotechnology: An
Overview. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 10(1), 132-138.
[Link](http://www.ijsrp.org/research-paper-0120/ijsrp-p9782.pdf)

38
2. Hossain, M. M., Rahman, M. S., & Hassan, M. M. (2015). A Review on Research Methodology in
Biotechnology. Advances in Environmental Biology, 9(5), 363-369.
[Link](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301612271_A_Review_on_Research_Methodology_
in_Biotechnology)

3. Pannu, R. S., & Srivastava, R. (2012). Research Methodology in Biotechnology. Advances in

Bioresearch, 3(1), 15-19. [Link](http://www.soeagra.com/abr/abr_31.pdf)

These resources provide a comprehensive overview of research methodologies and techniques

applicable to biotechnology research. They cover various aspects of research design, data collection,
analysis, and communication, making them valuable references for the course.

39
 M.Sc. Biotechnology
Semester II

Type of Course : DSC Major / Mandatory Major course

Course Code: BIOT/MJ/550-T
Course Title : Immunology
Teaching method: Classroom lectures
Contact Hours 30
Teaching Scheme : 2 Hrs./ Week
Credits Assigned : 2

Key Objectives:

 To provide students with a comprehensive understanding of the immune system's

components, functions, and regulation in health and disease.
 To introduce students to the principles of immunological mechanisms, including
innate and adaptive immunity, antigen recognition, and immune response.
 To familiarize students with the role of immunology in vaccine development,
immunotherapies, and disease treatments.
 To explore the latest advancements in immunology research, including
immunogenetics, immunomodulation, and personalized immunotherapy.
Intended Outcomes:

 Students will gain a deep understanding of the cellular and molecular components of
the immune system and their coordinated responses to pathogens and foreign
antigens.
 Graduates will be proficient in explaining the principles of immune recognition,
antigen processing, and the generation of immune memory.
 Students will be capable of analyzing immunological mechanisms underlying allergic
reactions, autoimmune diseases, and immunodeficiencies.
 Graduates will be equipped to study the principles of vaccine development, including
types of vaccines, adjuvants, and vaccination strategies for disease prevention.
 Students will acquire knowledge of immunotherapeutic approaches, including
monoclonal antibodies, checkpoint inhibitors, and adoptive T-cell therapies.
 Graduates will be prepared to evaluate the potential of immunomodulatory agents in
treating chronic diseases and cancer.

Unit 1: Introduction to Immunology

Immune System: Overview of the immune system, Components of the immune system:
Innate and adaptive immunity, Cells and organs of the immune system, Antigens,
Immunogens, Factors influencing antigenicity, Haptens, Adjuvants, Superantigens. Pathogen
recognition receptors (PRR) and pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMP),

Cellular Immunology: Antigen processing and presentation, T lymphocytes: Activation,

differentiation, and effector functions. B lymphocytes: Development, activation, and antibody
production. Immunological memory and immune tolerance. Haematopoiesis and its
40
regulation: Differentiation of stem cells to different cellular elements in blood, role of
cytokines.

Unit 2: Molecular Immunology

Antibody structure, Isotypes & their biological functions. Molecular organization,

Recombination, Generation of antibody diversity, Class Switching, Somatic Hypermutation,
Antigen-antibody interaction: Strength of Antigen-Antibody Interaction (Antibody Affinity &
Antibody Avidity),

B cell receptor (BCR) and T cell receptor (TCR): Structure and signalling, Major
Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) and antigen presentation, Complement system and its
role in immunity, Immunogenetics and HLA typing.

Unit 3: Clinical Immunology and Immunological Techniques

Hypersensitivity reactions and allergic diseases, Autoimmune diseases and immune

deficiency disorders, Immunology of cancer and tumor immunotherapy, Transplant
immunology and organ transplantation, Vaccines. Immunoassays: Agglutination,
Immunoprecipitation, ELISA, Western blotting, and flow cytometry, Molecular techniques in
immunology: Animal models in immunological research, Immunohistochemistry and
immunofluorescence, Bioinformatics in immunology research.

References:

Unit 1: Introduction to Immunology

Reference 1: Janeway, C. A., et al. (2001). Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health
and Disease (5th ed.). Garland Science.
Book: Abbas, A. K., et al. (2017). Cellular and Molecular Immunology (9th ed.). Elsevier.
Reference2: Murphy, K., et al. (2011). Janeway's Immunobiology (8th ed.). Garland Science.
Book: Male, D., et al. (2016). Immunology (8th ed.). Elsevier.
Unit 2 : Molecular Immunology
Reference1: Kindt, T. J., et al. (2012). Kuby Immunology (7th ed.). W.H. Freeman and
Company.
Book: Parham, P. (2014). The Immune System (4th ed.). Garland Science.
Unit 3: Clinical Immunology and Immunological Techniques and Assays
Reference1: Abbas, A. K., et al. (2019). Cellular and Molecular Immunology (10th ed.).
Elsevier.
Book: Rich, R. R., et al. (Eds.). (2019). Clinical Immunology: Principles and Practice (5th
ed.). Elsevier.
Reference2: Greenbaum, J. A. (2012). Learning by examples: The value of benchmarking in
teaching bioinformatics. PLOS Computational Biology, 8(12), e1002831.
Book: Coligan, J. E., et al. (Eds.). (2013). Current Protocols in Immunology. John Wiley &
Sons.
Additionally, below are some journals that cover various aspects of immunology research:
 Journal: The Journal of Immunology. American Association of Immunologists.
 Journal: Frontiers in Immunology. Frontiers Media SA.
 Journal: Immunological Reviews. Wiley.
 Journal: Trends in Immunology. Cell Press.

41
 M.Sc. Biotechnology
Semester II

Type of Course : DSC Major / Mandatory Major course

Course Code: BIOT/MJ/550-P
Course Title : Immunology
Teaching method: Laboratory Practical
Contact Hours 60
Teaching Scheme : 4 Hrs./ Week
Credits Assigned : 2

Practical:
1. Study of Immune Cells Total Leucocyte Cell/ Differential Leucocyte Cell.
2. Ouchterlony double Immunodiffusion: Precipitation in Gel and Radial
Immunodiffusion (SRID).
3. Hemagglutination (Blood group).
4. Diagnostic Assay for Typhoid using Widal Kit and Diagnosis of RA by
Agglutination.
5. Enzyme linked Immunosorbent assay.
6. Isolation of Bacterial Antigen Isolation of O & H Antigen from Salmonella typhi.
7. Isolation of Protein A from Staphylococcus aureus.
8. Purification of Immunoglobulin by Precipitation.
9. Complement Fixation test.
10. Rapid Plasma Reagin (RPR) Test.
11. Western Blotting.
12. Purification of antibodies.
13. Cleavage of immunoglobulin by proteolytic enzymes.
14. Case Studies

42
 M.Sc. Biotechnology
Semester II

Type of Course : DSC Major / Mandatory Major course

Course Code: BIOT/MJ/551-T
Course Title : Enzyme Technology
Teaching method: Classroom lectures
Contact hours: 30
Teaching Scheme : 2 Hrs./ Week
Credits Assigned : 2

UNIT I Basics of Enzymology

A) Classification of enzymes Mechanisms of enzyme action; concept of active site and
energetic of enzyme substrate complex formation; specificity of enzyme action; principles of
catalysis – collision theory, transition state theory; role of entropy in catalysis.

B) Kinetics of single substrate reactions; estimation of Michelis –Menten parameters, multi-

substrate reactions - mechanisms and kinetics; turnover number; types of inhibition & models
–substrate, product. Allosteric regulation of enzymes.

UNIT II Enzyme Immobilization and Biosensors

Physical and chemical techniques for enzyme immobilization – adsorption, matrix
entrapment, encapsulation, cross-linking, covalent binding etc., - examples, advantages and
disadvantages, design of enzyme electrodes and their application as biosensors in industry,
healthcare and environment.

UNIT III Purification and Characterization of Enzyme from Natural Resources

A) Production and purification of crude enzyme extracts from plant, animal and microbial
sources; methods of characterization of enzymes; development of enzymatic assays

B) Biotransformation Application of Enzyme

Hydrolytic- Ester bond, Amide, Epoxides, Nitriles, Reduction reactions –aldehydes, Ketones,
C=C, Oxidation reactions – Alkanes, Aromatic, Baeyer-Villiger, Enzymes in organic
synthesis – esters, amide, peptide, Modified and Artificial Enzymes, Catalytic antibodies

REFRENCE

TEXTBOOKS:
1. Trevor Palmer, Enzymes IInd Horwood Publishing Ltd
2. Faber K, Biotransformation in Organic Chemistry, IV edition, Springer
Other References

1.Harvey W. Blanch, Douglas S. Clark, Biochemical Engineering, Marcel Dekker,

Inc.
2. James M. Lee, Biochemical Engineering, PHI, USA.
3. James. E. Bailey & David F. Ollis, Biochemical Engineering Fundamentals,
McGraw Hill.
4. Wiseman, Enzyme Biotechnology, Ellis Horwood Pub.

43
 M.Sc. Biotechnology
Semester II
Type of Course : DSC Major / Mandatory Major course
Course Code: BIOT/MJ/551-P
Course Title : Enzyme Technology
Teaching method: Laboratory Practical
Contact hours: 60
Teaching Scheme : 4 Hrs./ Week
Credits Assigned : 2

Practical:

1. Production Enzyme from microbial organisms

2. Production Enzyme from plant seeds
3. Enzyme purification by salting out
4. Enzyme purification by dialysis
5. Effect of physic-chemical parameters on enzyme activity (pH, Temp.,)
6. Effect of Enzyme concentration on enzyme activity
7. Effect of substrate concentration on enzyme activity
8. Enzyme kinetic analysis (Determination of Vmax and Km ,reciprocal plots)
9. Effect of inhibitors on enzyme activity
10. Effect of metal ions on enzyme activity
11. Immobilization of enzymes and study of different parameters of immobilized

44
 M.Sc. Biotechnology
Semester II

Type of Course : DSC Major / Mandatory Major course

Course Code: BIOT/MJ/552-T
Course Title : Molecular Biology
Teaching method: Classroom teaching
Contact Hours: 30
Teaching Scheme : 2 Hrs./ Week
Credits Assigned : 2
Course Objective:
To understand the Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

To understand the core molecular processes and mechanism of genes translating into proteins To
understand the different DNA repair systems and its associated genetic disorders. To understand
the regulation of diverse molecular processes.
Course Outcome:
Ability to vividly relate the major molecular processes and its regulation

Ability to understand the different levels of DNA repair systems and its importance. Ability to
connect recombination with evolving lineages.
Unit I

DNA Repair Systems

Direct DNA repair system, DNA Excision repair system, Mismatch repair system, SOS response and
SOS regulators, Recombination repair and role of MRN/X complex as effectors of DNA damage
response, Eukaryotic repair mechanisms w.r.t global genome repair pathway and transcription
coupled repair pathway, Defective DNA repair and associated diseases.

Unit II

DNA Replication and Recombination

Replicon and replisome architecture, Major enzymes (DNA Polymerases of prokaryotes and
Eukaryotes), the molecular process of replication, licencing factors of eukaryotes. Recombination
between heteroduplex, Holiday intermediate, Proteins involved in Recombination, Role of recA, rec
BCD pathway in E.coli, single strand assimilation in Bacteria.

Unit III

DNA Transcription and Translation

Prokaryotic transcription: RNA Polymerase and Sigma factor, Promoters and transcription factors,
Initiation, Elongation and Termination of transcription. Eukaryotic transcription: Types of RNA
Polymerases, Promoter elements, Initiation factors, Activators, Enhancers, Repressors. Elongation
and Termination of transcription. Capping, polyadenylation, splicing and RNA editing.

45
Translation: Ribosome, formation of initiation complex, initiation factors and their regulation,
elongation and elongation factors, termination, genetic code, aminoacylation of tRNA, tRNA identity,
aminoacyl tRNA synthetase, translational proof-reading, post translational modification of proteins.

References:

1. Alberts, B. (2008). Molecular Biology of the cell,5th ed, Garland Publishing Inc.
2. Alberts, B. (2014). 6th edition Molecular Biology of the cell, W. W. Norton publisher
3. Brown, T. A. (2018). Genomes 4. (4th edition) New York: Garland Science.
4. Dale J.W and Park S.F (2004). Molecular genetics of bacteria. 4th edition, Wiley.
5. Friefieder, D. (1983). Molecular Biology, Jones & Barlett publisher
6. Krebs, J. E., Goldstein E.S., and Kilpatrick, S. T. (2014). Lewin’s Gene XII, XI, X, IX, VIII, Jones
and Barlett Publisher
7. Malacimski, G. M. (2015). Essentials of Molecular Biology. Jones & Barlett publisher 8.
Mayers R. A (1995). Molecular biology and biotechnology. Wiley-VCH publishers 9. Weaver
R. F. (2011). Molecular Biology, McGraw-Hill Education.

46
 M.Sc. Biotechnology
Semester II

Type of Course : DSC Major / Mandatory Major course

Course Code: BIOT/MJ/552-P
Course Title : Molecular Biology
Teaching method: Laboratory Practical
Contact Hours: 60
Teaching Scheme : 4 Hrs./ Week
Credits Assigned : 2

1. Extraction of chromosomal DNA from E. coli

2. Estimation of chromosomal DNA from E. coli/
3. Extraction of chromosomal DNA from plant/ animal tissues
4. Estimation of chromosomal DNA from plant/ animal tissues
5. Agarose gel electrophoretic separation and visualization of DNA using UV
transilluminator.
6. Melting temperature of DNA - Tm analysis
7. Spontaneous mutations in E. coli
8. Photoreactivation in E. coli/ yeast
9. Dark repair in E. coli/ yeast
10. Induced mutagenesis in E coli
11. Auxotroph enrichment using Ampicillin method.

47
 M.Sc. Biotechnology
Semester II

Type of Course : DSC Major / Mandatory Major course

Course Code: BIOT/MJ/553-T
Course Title : Skills in Biotechnology II
Teaching method: Classroom lectures
Contact Hours: 30
Teaching Scheme : 2 Hrs./ Week
Credits Assigned : 2
Skills in Biotechnology II: Intellectual Property Rights (IPR)
Course Description:

This 2-credit course offers a comprehensive exploration of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR)
in the context of biotechnology. Students will delve into the legal, ethical, and practical
aspects of IPR as they apply to inventions, innovations, and research outcomes in
biotechnology. Through case studies and real-world examples, students will develop a
thorough understanding of how to navigate and protect intellectual property in the biotech
industry.

Key Objectives:

By the end of this course, students should be able to:

 Legal Framework: Understand the fundamental concepts of intellectual property law,

including patents, copyrights, trademarks, and trade secrets, within the context of
biotechnology.
 IPR in Biotech: Analyze the application of intellectual property rights to
biotechnological inventions, research outcomes, and innovations.
 IPR Strategies: Develop strategies for identifying, protecting, and commercializing
intellectual property in the biotechnology sector.

Intended Outcomes:

 Comprehensive Understanding: Develop a comprehensive understanding of the

principles, categories, and legal framework of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR),
specifically tailored to the field of biotechnology. Students will be well-versed in
different types of IPR, such as patents, copyrights, trademarks, and trade secrets, and
their significance in safeguarding biotechnological innovations.
 Strategic Application: Apply IPR knowledge strategically in the biotechnology sector.
Students will be able to analyze and assess the potential for intellectual property protection in
biotechnological inventions, research outcomes, and innovations. They will acquire skills to
determine suitable protection mechanisms and explore ethical considerations in cases of
biopiracy and benefit-sharing.
 Effective Decision-Making: Develop the ability to make informed decisions related to
intellectual property in biotechnology. Students will gain insights into technology transfer,
licensing, and commercialization strategies, enabling them to navigate the complexities of
48
 protecting and monetizing biotechnological intellectual property. Additionally, students will
be equipped to critically evaluate global IPR regulations and practices, fostering an awareness
of the broader legal landscape.

Unit 1: Fundamentals of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR)

Introduction to Intellectual Property: Definition, types, and importance in biotechnology.

Patents: Patentability criteria, patent application process, and patent infringement.
Copyrights and Trademarks: Protection of creative works and branding in biotechnology.
Trade Secrets: Preserving confidential information and trade secrets.

Unit 2: Intellectual Property Rights in Biotechnology

Patenting Biological Inventions: Biotechnological inventions, genetic sequences, and patent

challenges. Biopiracy and Biodiversity: Addressing ethical concerns in bioprospecting and benefit-
sharing. Plant Variety Protection: Plant breeders' rights and the protection of new plant varieties.
Digital Age and IPR: Challenges of digital content and online innovations in biotechnology.

Unit 3: IPR Strategies and Commercialization in Biotech

Technology Transfer and Licensing: Licensing agreements, technology transfer offices, and
industry-academia collaboration. IP Enforcement and Litigation: Strategies for enforcing
intellectual property rights and resolving disputes. Global Perspectives on IPR: Comparative
analysis of IPR regulations and practices in different countries. Case Studies: Real-world
examples of successful IPR strategies and their impact on biotech companies.

References:

Books:
 "Intellectual Property: The Law of Trademarks, Copyrights, Patents, and Trade
Secrets" by Deborah E. Bouchoux
 "Biotechnology and Intellectual Property Rights: Legal and Social Implications" by
Kshitij Kumar Singh
Review Articles:

 Poltorak, M., & Lerner, D. (1999). Essentials of Intellectual Property. Wiley.

 Rai, A. K. (2009). Intellectual property and the public domain. SSRN Electronic
Journal.

49
 M.Sc. Biotechnology
Semester II

Type of Course : DSE Major / Elective course

Course Code: BIOT/DSE/554-AT
Course Title: Cell and Developmental Biology
Teaching method: Classroom Teaching
Contact Hours: 30
Teaching Scheme : 2 Hrs./ Week
Credits Assigned : 2
Key Objectives:
 To provide students with hands-on experience in studying embryonic development,
stem cell culture, and tissue engineering.
 To familiarize students with advanced techniques in developmental biology research
and regenerative medicine.
 To develop practical skills in designing and conducting experiments related to
developmental biology.
Intended Outcomes:
 Students will gain practical proficiency in culturing and differentiating stem cells for
various applications.
 Graduates will be skilled in analyzing and interpreting developmental biology data.
 Students will be prepared to contribute to research in regenerative medicine and tissue
engineering.

Unit 1: Introduction to Cell Biology

Overview of cell structure and function., Cell membrane, organelles, and their roles in
cellular processes, Cellular communication, and signal transduction pathways. Cell cycle
regulation and checkpoints. Mitosis and meiosis: Mechanisms and significance. Cell
proliferation and cell death (apoptosis). Cell fate determination and differentiation.
Introduction to stem cells and their properties. Embryonic development and the role of stem
cells. Tissue regeneration and adult stem cells.

Unit 2: Advanced Developmental Biology

Embryonic patterning and axis formation. Organogenesis and morphogenesis. Cell fate
specification and lineage tracing techniques. Use of model organisms in studying
developmental biology (e.g., Drosophila, C. elegans, zebrafish, mouse). Forward and reverse
genetics approaches in deciphering developmental processes.

Unit 3: Developmental Disorders and Birth Defects

Genetic and environmental factors contributing to developmental disorders. Mechanisms

underlying congenital malformations and potential therapeutic interventions. Developmental

50
Biology and Regenerative Medicine: Regeneration and repair in different tissues and
organisms. Developmental biology insights for regenerative medicine applications.

References

Introduction to Cell Biology

 Reference: Alberts, B., Johnson, A., Lewis, J., Raff, M., Roberts, K., & Walter, P.
(2019). Molecular Biology of the Cell (6th ed.). Garland Science.
 Book: Lodish, H., Berk, A., Zipursky, S. L., Matsudaira, P., Baltimore, D., & Darnell,
J. (2000). Molecular Cell Biology (4th ed.). W. H. Freeman.

Cell Cycle and Cell Division

 Reference: Morgan, D. O. (2007). The Cell Cycle: Principles of Control. New Science
Press Ltd.
 Article: Hartwell, L. H., & Kastan, M. B. (1994). Cell Cycle Control and Cancer.
Science, 266(5192), 1821-1828.

Stem Cells and Development

 Reference: Lanza, R., Gearhart, J., Hogan, B., Melton, D., Pedersen, R., Thomas, E.,
& Thomson, J. (Eds.). (2009). Essentials of Stem Cell Biology (3rd ed.). Academic
Press.
 Article: Clevers, H. (2015). Stem Cells: A Unifying Theory for the Crypt. Nature,
468(7324), 108-109.

Advanced Developmental Biology

 Reference: Gilbert, S. F. (2014). Developmental Biology (10th ed.). Sinauer

Associates.
 Article: Moris, N., & Siggia, E. D. (2016). Interactive Cell Segmentation with
Topological Guarantees. BMC Bioinformatics, 17(1), 1-11.

Developmental Genetics and Model Organisms

 Reference: Nüsslein-Volhard, C., & Wieschaus, E. (1980). Mutations Affecting

Segment Number and Polarity in Drosophila. Nature, 287(5785), 795-801.
 Article: Bedell, V. M., & Westcot, S. E. (2011). In Vivo Analysis of Human Wnt11
Function in Xenopus. Methods in Molecular Biology, 770, 67-80.

Developmental Disorders and Birth Defects

 Reference: Stevenson, R. E., Hall, J. G., & Allanson, J. E. (2019). Human

Malformations and Related Anomalies (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press.
 Article: Sifrim, A., et al. (2016). Distinct Genetic Architectures for Syndromic and
Nonsyndromic Congenital Heart Defects Identified by Exome Sequencing. Nature
Genetics, 48(9), 1060-1065.
 Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine

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 Reference: Poss, K. D. (2010). Advances in Understanding Tissue Regenerative
Capacity and Mechanisms in Animals. Nature Reviews Genetics, 11(10), 710-722.
 Article: Chhabra, A., & Leung, C. Y. (2017). Integrating Systems and Signaling
Biology to Dissect the Antithrombotic Function of Annexin A2 in Vascular Disease.
Science Signaling, 10(480), eaaf9158.

52
 M.Sc. Biotechnology
Semester II

Type of Course : DSE Major / Elective course

Course Code: BIOT/DSE/554-AP
Course Title: Cell and Developmental Biology
Teaching method: Laboratory Practical
Contact Hours 60
Teaching Scheme : 4 Hrs./ Week
Credits Assigned : 2
Practical Course Title: Cell and Developmental Biology
Embryo Staging and Imaging
1. Introduction to embryonic development and key stages in model organisms.
2. Observation and identification of developmental stages using light microscopy.
3. Documentation and comparison of embryonic morphology.
4. Study of developmental stages in chick embryo.
5. Establishment of drosophila culture and its maintenance.
6. Study of metamorphosis in Drosophila.
7. Differential staining of cartilage and bone in the chick embryonic skeleton
8. Isolation of cellular organelles.
9. Preparation of liposomes.
10. Study the effect of teratological substances on chick embryo development.

53
 M.Sc. Biotechnology
Semester II

Type of Course : DSE Major / Elective course

Course Code: BIOT/DSE/554-BT
Course Title: Genomic data Science
Teaching method: Classroom Teaching
Contact Hours: 30
Teaching Scheme : 2 Hrs./ Week
Credits Assigned : 2

Genomic Data Science

Course objectives and outcomes for the "Genomic Data Science" course:

Course Objectives:

1. Understand Genomic Data Analysis: Gain a comprehensive understanding of the principles,

methods, and tools used in genomic data analysis, including sequence alignment, variant
calling, gene expression analysis, and functional annotation.

2. Develop Data Science Skills: Acquire proficiency in using programming languages (such as
Python or R) and bioinformatics tools to process, analyze, and interpret large-scale genomic
datasets.

3. Apply Computational Techniques: Apply computational techniques to address biological

questions related to genomics, including genome assembly, comparative genomics, and
identification of regulatory elements.

Course Outcomes:

1. Data Processing and Analysis: Demonstrate the ability to preprocess and analyze raw genomic
data, including sequencing reads, transcriptomics data, and variant datasets, using appropriate
bioinformatics pipelines.

2. Functional Interpretation: Interpret and annotate genomic variants, identify functional elements
(promoters, enhancers, etc.), and predict potential effects of mutations on gene function.

4. Bioinformatics Tools: Utilize a variety of bioinformatics tools and software packages to

perform tasks such as sequence alignment, variant calling, gene expression quantification, and
pathway analysis.

5. Problem Solving: Apply computational and statistical techniques to solve complex biological
problems, such as identifying disease-associated genes, predicting gene function, and
investigating evolutionary relationships.

6. Data Visualization: Create informative and visually compelling data visualizations to

communicate results effectively and provide insights into genomic analyses.

7. Critical Thinking: Evaluate the quality of genomic data, critically assess the performance of
bioinformatics algorithms, and make informed decisions about data analysis strategies.

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 8. By achieving these course objectives and outcomes, students will develop a strong foundation
in genomic data science, enabling them to contribute to cutting-edge research, advancements in
personalized medicine, and the understanding of complex biological processes.

Unit I: Introduction to Genomics and Bioinformatics (0.5 credits)

Genomics Basics: Introduction to genomics and its significance in biology. Genome structure: genes,
noncoding regions, and repetitive elements. Genome organization in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Sequencing Technologies: Next-generation sequencing (NGS) platforms and their applications.
Longread sequencing technologies and their advantages. Single-cell sequencing: methods and data
analysis. Genome Assembly and Annotation: Genome assembly: de novo assembly, reference-
based assembly.
Genome annotation: gene prediction, functional annotation. Challenges in genome assembly and
annotation. Introduction to Bioinformatics: Role of bioinformatics in genomics research. Data types
in genomics: DNA, RNA, and protein sequences. Common bioinformatics tools and databases.

Unit II: Genomic Data Analysis (0.5 credits)

Data Preprocessing and Quality Control: Quality assessment of raw sequencing data. Data
preprocessing: trimming, filtering, and adapter removal. Quality control measures for accurate
analysis. Genome Variant Analysis: Variant calling: SNVs, small indels, and structural variants.
Annotation of genetic variants: functional impact and population frequency. Variant prioritization in
disease studies. Transcriptomics Analysis: RNAseq data analysis: alignment, quantification, and
differential expression. Alternative splicing analysis and isoform quantification. Gene co-expression
network analysis. Epigenomics and DNA Methylation Analysis: ChIPseq data analysis for studying
histone modifications and TF binding. DNA methylation analysis: bisulfite sequencing and
methylation patterns. Epigenetic regulation and gene expression.

Unit III: Integrative Genomic Analysis (1 credit)

Pathway and Functional Enrichment Analysis: Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) for
functional interpretation. Pathway overrepresentation analysis (ORA) and pathway crosstalk. Gene
ontology analysis for biological process, molecular function, and cellular component. Network
Biology and Systems Genetics: Protein-protein interaction networks and their analysis. Integration of
omics data in systems biology. Network-based analysis of complex traits and disease pathways.
Genomic Data Visualization: Visualization techniques for different types of genomic data.
Interactive tools for exploring and interpreting large-scale genomic data. Data visualization best
practices. Genomic Data Integration: Multiomics data integration approaches. Integrative analysis
of genomics, transcriptomics, and epigenomics data. Case studies on integrated genomic analyses in
human health and diseases.

References:

1. "Bioinformatics Algorithms: An Active Learning Approach" by Phillip Compeau and Pavel

Pevzner
This book introduces various algorithms used in bioinformatics, including those related to genomic
data analysis.

2. "Biological Sequence Analysis: Probabilistic Models of Proteins and Nucleic Acids" by Richard
Durbin, Sean Eddy, Anders Krogh, and Graeme Mitchison
This classic book covers sequence analysis methods and their application in genomics.

3. "Practical Computing for Biologists" by Steven H. D. Haddock and Casey W. Dunn

While not solely focused on genomics, this book introduces essential computational tools and
techniques used in bioinformatics and genomic data science.

55
4. "Genomics: A Data Science Approach" by Atul J. Butte
This book provides insights into using data science methods for analyzing genomic data.

Review Articles:

1. "Bioinformatics for Next Generation Sequencing Data" by WingKin Sung

This review article discusses various bioinformatics tools and approaches used in next generation
sequencing data analysis.

2. "Computational Genomics: Empowering the Analysis of Genomic Data" by Paolo Provero

This article covers the computational methods employed in analyzing genomic data and highlights
their significance in genomics research.

3. "Challenges and Advances in Transcriptome Assembly" by Nima Rafati and Daniel C. Ilut
This review focuses on the challenges and advances in transcriptome assembly from RNA
sequencing data.

4. "Analysis of Single-cell RNASeq Data: From Biological Discovery to Clinical Application" by

Xinyi Guo et al.
This review provides insights into analyzing single cell RNA sequencing data and its applications
in biology and medicine.

5. "Bioinformatics Analysis of Genomic Variations in Cancer" by Mohammad Esmaeil Akbari and

Laxmi Parida
This article discusses the role of bioinformatics in analyzing genomic variations in cancer research.

Note: The field of genomics and bioinformatics is continuously evolving, so staying updated with the
latest research papers and developments is essential for a comprehensive understanding of genomic
data science.

56
 M.Sc. Biotechnology
Semester II

Type of Course : DSE Major / Elective course

Course Code: BIOT/DSE/554-BP
Course Title: Genomic data analysis
Teaching method: Laboratory practical
Contact Hours: 60
Teaching Scheme : 4 Hrs./ Week
Credits Assigned : 2

Course Title: Practical Course on Genomic Data Science

Unit I: Data Preprocessing and Quality Control (0.5 credits)

1. Introduction to Bioinformatics Tools:
Familiarization with opensource bioinformatics tools and platforms.
Setting up the required software and data resources.

2. Quality Control of NGS Data:

Assessing the quality of raw sequencing reads using FastQC.
Trimming and filtering of low-quality reads with Trimmomatic.

3. Genome Alignment and Mapping:

Genome alignment of NGS reads using BWA.
Visualization of aligned reads with SAMtools and Integrative Genomics Viewer (IGV).

4. Transcriptomics Data Analysis:

RNAseq data quantification using featureCounts.
Differential gene expression analysis with DESeq2.

5. Visualization of Transcriptomics Data:

Generation of heatmaps and volcano plots to visualize differential expression.
Principal Component Analysis (PCA) for sample clustering.

Unit II: Genome Variant Analysis (0.5 credits)

6. Variant Calling and Annotation:
Variant calling using GATK or BCFtools.
Annotation of variants with ANNOVAR or SnpEff.

7. Population Genetics and Variant Frequency Analysis:

Calculating variant frequencies and generating allele frequency plots.
Exploring population genetics using 1000 Genomes or gnomAD data.

8. Structural Variant Detection:

Detection of structural variants using Delly or Lumpy.
Visualization of structural variants with SVtools.

Unit III: Integrative Genomic Analysis (1 credit)

9. Integrative Analysis of Genomics and Epigenomics Data:
Integrating ChIPseq and RNAseq data to identify differentially expressed genes.
Visualizing gene regulatory networks using Cytoscape.

10. Pathway and Functional Enrichment Analysis:

57
 Gene set enrichment analysis using Enrichr or gProfiler.
Functional annotation clustering with DAVID or Cluster Profiler.

11. NetworkBased Analysis:

Building and analyzing protein protein interaction networks with STRING.
Network visualization and identification of hub genes.

58
 M.Sc. Biotechnology
Semester II

Type of Course : DSE Major / Elective course

Course Code: BIOT/DSE/554-CT
Course Title: Animal Biotechnology
Teaching method: Classroom Teaching
Contact Hours: 30
Teaching Scheme : 2 Hrs./ Week
Credits Assigned : 2

Animal Biotechnology

(Reproductive Biotechnology, Transgenic Animals, and Animal Cloning)

Key Objectives:

 To provide students with an understanding of reproductive biotechnology, transgenic

animals, and animal cloning.
 To familiarize students with advanced techniques in animal reproduction and genetic
modification.
 To equip students with the knowledge and skills to apply biotechnological approaches
to animal breeding and genetics.
Intended Outcomes:

 Graduates will possess expertise in reproductive biotechnology and its applications in

livestock and animal production.
 Students will be knowledgeable about the principles and techniques of transgenic
animal generation and cloning.
 Graduates will be prepared to work in the fields of animal biotechnology, genetics,
and livestock management.

Unit 1: Introduction to Animal Biotechnology

Overview of animal biotechnology and its applications, Historical developments in animal

biotechnology, Ethical considerations and societal implications of animal biotechnology,
Regulations and guidelines governing animal biotechnology research

Unit 2: Reproductive Biotechnology

Introduction to reproductive biotechnology in animals, In vitro fertilization (IVF) and embryo

transfer techniques, Sperm and oocyte cryopreservation and assisted reproductive
technologies (ART), Embryo sexing and sex selection technologies, Advances in
reproductive biotechnology for animal breeding and conservation. Advances in reproductive
biotechnology: gamete manipulation, embryo manipulation, and genome editing in embryos
59
Unit 3: Transgenic Animals

Introduction to transgenic animals and their significance, Techniques for generating

transgenic animals: pronuclear microinjection, gene targeting, and gene editing, Methods for
identifying and selecting transgenic animals, Applications of transgenic animals in
agriculture, biomedical research, and biopharmaceutical production, Ethical considerations
and challenges in the use of transgenic animals. Genetic engineering for improved animal
traits and disease resistance, Biotechnological approaches for enhancing animal welfare and
reducing environmental impact. Animal Cloning: Principles and techniques of animal
cloning, Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) and its applications, Cloning of farm animals
for agricultural purposes, Cloning for conservation of endangered species, Challenges and
controversies surrounding animal cloning. Genome editing technologies (e.g., CRISPR/Cas9)
and their applications in animals.

References:

Reproductive Biotechnology in Animals: Concepts, Techniques, and Applications. Springer.

Zoli, A. P., et al. (2019).
Transgenesis and Cloning in Farm Animals. CABI. Houdebine, L. M., & Fan, J. (Eds.).
(2014).
Nuclear Reprogramming: Methods and Protocols. Springer. Collas, P. (Ed.). (2017).
Cloning: A Beginner's Guide. Oxford University Press. Wells, D. N., & Misica, P. M. (2014).
Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. CRC Press. Campbell, K. H., et al. (2015).

Books:

Animal Biotechnology: Models in Discovery and Translation. CRC Press. Bhanja, S. K.

(Ed.). (2016).
Manual of Animal Technology. Springer. Galli, C., & Lazzari, G. (Eds.). (2011).
Animal Biotechnology: Recent Advances and Future Prospects. Apple Academic Press. Saha,
S. (Ed.). (2016).

3. Articles:

Introduction to transgenic animal technology. Methods in Molecular Biology, Houdebine, L.

M. (2016). 1451, 1-17.
Emerging technologies in animal reproduction. Animal Reproduction, White, K. L., &
Wheeler, M. B. (2012). 9(1), 60-68.
Cloning in farm animals: Past, present and future. Animal Reproduction Science, Betthauser,
J., & Pollock, W. (2017). 184, 56-63.
Nuclear Reprogramming: Methods and Protocols. Springer. Young, L. E., & Beaujean, N.
(Eds.). (2017).

60
 M.Sc. Biotechnology
Semester II

Type of Course: DSE Major / Elective course

Course Code: BIOT/DSE/554-CP
Course Title: Animal Biotechnology
Teaching method: Laboratory Practical
Contact Hours: 60
Teaching Scheme : 4 Hrs./ Week
Credits Assigned : 2

Practical Course: Animal Biotechnology

1. Preparation of Culture Media: Learn to prepare basic culture media such as
DMEM and RPMI.
2. Aseptic Techniques: Practice aseptic handling of equipment, media, and cells.
3. Cell Counting: Use a hemocytometer to count cells and calculate cell density.
4. Cell Seeding: Seed cells in culture dishes and flasks with appropriate cell density.
5. Cell Passaging: Subculture cells using trypsinization and learn to maintain cell
lines.
6. Cell Viability Assay: Use trypan blue exclusion to assess cell viability.
7. Cell Proliferation Assay: Perform a BrdU assay to measure cell proliferation rate.
8. Inducing Differentiation: Trigger differentiation in cell cultures using specific
inducers.
9. Morphological Analysis: Observe and compare cellular morphology before and
after differentiation.
10. Cryopreservation Protocol: Freeze and store cells using standard cryoprotectants.
11. Thawing Protocol: Learn to thaw frozen cells and recover them for further
culturing.

Reference Books:

1. "Culture of Animal Cells: A Manual of Basic Technique and Specialized Applications" by

R. Ian Freshney
2. "Cell Culture Techniques in Heart and Vessel Research" by Leonard Share

Review Articles:
1. Freshney, R. I. (2010). Culture of Animal Cells: A Manual of Basic Technique and
Specialized Applications. John Wiley & Sons.
2. MacDonald, R. A., & Harris, T. (2019). Cell Culture Techniques in Heart and Vessel
Research. Comprehensive Physiology, 9(4), 1289-1333.

61
 M.Sc. Biotechnology
Semester II

Type of Course : DSE Major / Elective course

Course Code: BIOT/DSE/554-DT
Course Title: Drug Design and Discovery
Teaching method: Classroom Teaching
Contact Hours: 30
Teaching Scheme : 2 Hrs./ Week
Credits Assigned : 2
Drug Discovery and Development
Course Objectives

This course will give a broad overview of research and development carried out in industrial setup
towards drug discovery.

Student Learning outcomes: On completion of this course, students should be able to understand
basics of R&D in drug discovery and should be able to apply knowledge gained in respective fields of
biopharmaceutical industry

Unit I- Overview of the Discovery and Development Process

Drug Development Pathway: how to go from molecule to medicine, Pre-Regulatory Medicine:

Natural products, Early Synthetic drugs, Pharmacophores, Need for Regulations. Prodrug, Drug
development outline, drug-drug interaction studies, Target based drug discovery and Phenotype
based discovery, drug repurposing, Introduction of Biosimmilar compounds

Unit II- Lead optimization

Principles of drug absorption, drug metabolism and distribution - intestinal absorption, metabolic
stability, Target identification and validation, assay development and screening, animal models of
disease, Lead identification, lead optimization and clinical candidate selection, computer aided drug
design.

Unit III – Clinical trials and Nanotechnology

Clinical trial design of Phase I, II, III and IV clinical studies, Clinical study design, enrolment, sites and
documentation, Clinical safety studies: Adverse events and adverse drug reactions, Clinical PK,
pharmacology, Statistical analysis and documentation, Nanoparticles for drug delivery, concepts,
optimization of nanoparticle properties for suitability of administration through various routes of
delivery, advantages.

Course Material/Learning Resources

1. MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY: THE MOLECULAR BASIS OF DRUG DISCOVERY: Medicinal Chemistry Made
easy. Barnabas Ifitumi Samuel .ISBN-13: 979-8458903875
2. Basic Principles of Drug Discovery and Development. (11th Edition). Benjamin Blass. ISBN:
9780124115255

62
3. Drug Discovery and Evaluation Pharmacological Assays (2nd Edition). H. Gerhard Vogel (Ed.). ISBN
3-540-42396-6 Springer-Verlag
4. Computer-Aided Drug Design Virtual Lab https://vlab.amrita.edu/index.php?sub=3&brch=277
5. Drug Discovery and Development From Targets and Molecules to Medicines. Ramarao Poduri (Ed.)
978-981-15-5533-6, Springer Nature Singapore.

6. Chopra, B and Dhingra, A.K 2021, Natural products: A lead for drug discovery and development,

Phytotherapy Research, 35(9): 4660-4702.

63
 M.Sc. Biotechnology
Semester II

Type of Course : DSE Major / Elective r course

Course Code: BIOT/DSE/554-DP
Course Title: Drug Design and Discovery
Teaching method: Laboratory Practical
Contact Hours: 60
Teaching Scheme : 4 Hrs./ Week
Credits Assigned : 2

Practical

1. Drawing of structures using different free softwares like Chem sketch, Marvin etc.

2. Enzyme and their inhibitors from data banks, Drawing activity and inhibition curves
using excel as well as Google software (similar to excel)

3. Finding out various properties like Lipinski as well as bioactivities using Mol
inspiration

4. Knowing the importance of enzymes in pathways and looking for right inhibitors

5. Docking of enzyme and inhibitor using Autodock

6. Finding ADMET properties,

64
 M.Sc. Biotechnology
Semester II

Type of Course : DSC Major / Elective course

Course Code: BIOT/DSE/554-E
Course Title: An Online certification course from NPTEL
/SWAYM /MOOC of equivalent credits {with
biology basis }
Teaching method: Online Teaching
Credits Assigned : 4

In case a student opts online course as, BIOT/DSE/554-E the curriculum, rules, regulations,
and scheme of assessment etc of the course conducting agency will be binding of the
student. The student should submit the course completion certificate to the department and
deposit his earned credits in ABC.

65
 M.Sc. Biotechnology
Semester II

Type of Course : DSC Major / Major course

Course Code: BIOT/ OJT/FP /555
Course Title: On The Job Training/Field Project
Teaching method: In plant training/field project
Credits Assigned : 4

Every student has to complete at least 120 hrs of on the job training/ in plant training
at a unit identified / specified by university or department during summer vacation. In case
due to some unavoidable circumstances if a student is not able to go for on the job training/
in plant training, then he/she will have complete a field project related to core or discipline
specific course in consultation of departmental committee.

66