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Digital Computer Fundamentals Unit4

Sequential circuits utilize memory to produce outputs based on current inputs and past states, with types categorized as synchronous or asynchronous. Key components include latches (SR, D) and flip-flops (D, JK, T, Master-Slave JK), which are essential for data storage and manipulation. Additionally, registers and counters (asynchronous and synchronous) are used to manage multi-bit data and counting operations.

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9 views1 page

Digital Computer Fundamentals Unit4

Sequential circuits utilize memory to produce outputs based on current inputs and past states, with types categorized as synchronous or asynchronous. Key components include latches (SR, D) and flip-flops (D, JK, T, Master-Slave JK), which are essential for data storage and manipulation. Additionally, registers and counters (asynchronous and synchronous) are used to manage multi-bit data and counting operations.

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sanu63754
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Digital Computer Fundamentals

Unit 4: Sequential Circuits

4.1 Introduction
Sequential circuits have outputs that depend on both present inputs and past history (memory). They use
storage elements such as flip-flops and latches.
Types:
• Synchronous: controlled by a clock signal.
• Asynchronous: change state immediately when inputs change.

4.2 Latches
• SR Latch (NOR-based): Inputs: S (Set), R (Reset). Outputs: Q, Q’.
S R Q(next)
0 0 No change
0 1 0
1 0 1
1 1 Invalid

• SR Latch (NAND-based): Similar behavior but with active-low inputs.


• D Latch: Eliminates invalid state of SR latch; Q(next) = D.

4.3 Flip-Flops (Edge-Triggered)


• D Flip-Flop: Q(next) = D at clock edge.
• JK Flip-Flop: Functions like SR latch but J=1, K=1 → Toggle.
• T Flip-Flop: Toggles when T=1 at clock edge.
• Master-Slave JK: Removes race condition by using two stages.

4.4 Registers
Registers are groups of flip-flops used to store multi-bit data.
Types:
• SISO (Serial-In Serial-Out)
• SIPO (Serial-In Parallel-Out)
• PISO (Parallel-In Serial-Out)
• PIPO (Parallel-In Parallel-Out)

4.5 Counters
• Asynchronous (Ripple Counter): Flip-flops triggered one after another. Example: 4-bit binary counter.
• Synchronous Counter: All flip-flops triggered by the same clock.
• BCD Counter (Mod-10): Counts from 0000 to 1001 and resets.
• Ring Counter: Circulates a single ‘1’ through flip-flops.

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