DI

CTI
ONARYOFELECTRONI
CS

A:Abbrevi ati
on f or "ampere" a uni tof
electricalcurrent .
Abs orption:Los sordi ss
i pationofenergy
asi ttravel sthroughamedi um,Exampl e:
radi owavesl os es omeoft heirenergyas
theyt ravelt hrought heat mos phere.
AC: Abbrevi at i
on f or "Al ternating
Current "
Accept or at oms : Trivalent at oms t hat
accept f ree el ectrons f rom pent avalent
atoms .
AC coupl ing:Ci rcui tthatpas ses an AC
signalwhi lebl ockingaDCvol tage.
AC/ DC: Equi pmentt hatwi lloperat e on
eitheranACorDCpowers ource.
AC generat or:Devi ce us ed tot rans f
orm
mechani cal energy i nto AC el ectrical
power.
AC l oad l ine:A graph repres ent i
ng al l
pos si
bl e combi nat ions of AC out put

Page1of1
voltageandcurrentf oranampl ifi
er.
AC power s uppl y: Power s uppl y that
deliversanACvol tage.
Act i
ve component : A component t hat
changest heampl itudeofas i
gnalbet ween
inputandout put .
Act i
ve f ilter: A f i
lter t hat us es an
ampl ifi
er i n addi tion t o react i
ve
component st o pas s or rej ect s el
ected
frequenci es.
Act i
veregi on:Theregi onofBJ Toperat ion
between s aturat i
on and cut offus ed for
linearampl ifi
cat i
on.
ACvol t
age:Avol t
agei nwhi cht hepol arity
alternates .
ADC:Abbrevi at i
on f or"anal ogt o digital
convert er"
Admi t
tance:( Symbol"Y")Meas ureofhow
eas i
ly AC wi llf l
ow t hrough a ci rcuit.
Admi t
tancei st hereci procalofi mpedance
andi smeas uredi ns iemens .
AF:Abbrevi ationf or"audi ofrequency".
AFC: Abbrevi ation f or "aut omat ic

Page2of2
frequencycont rol".
AGC:Abbrevi ati
on f or "aut omatic gain
cont rol"
Alkal inecel l
:A primarycel lthatdel i
vers
morecurrentt hanacarbon- zi
nccel l
.Al so
knownasan"al kalinemanganes ecell".
Alligatorcl ip:Springcl i
pont heendofa
testl ead us ed t o make a t emporary
connect ion.
Alpha: Rat io of col l
ector current t o
emi tter current i n a bi polar junct i
on
trans ist
or( BJT).Greekl etteral pha"a"i s
thes ymbolus ed.
Alternat ing current :An el ectri
c current
thatri sest oamaxi mum i nonedi rection,
fall
s back t o zero and t hen ri ses toa
maxi mum i nt he opposite direction and
thenrepeat s.
Alternat or:Namef oranACgenerat or.
AM: Abbrevi ati
on f or "ampl i
tude
modul ation"
Ammet er: A met er us ed t o meas ure
current .

Page3of3
Ampere:Uni tofel ect ricalcurrent .
Ampl i
fier:A ci rcui tt hat i ncreas es the
voltage,current ,orpowerofas i gnal .
Ampl i
tude:Magni tudeors izeofas ignal
voltageorcurrent .
Anal og: I nf ormat ion repres ent ed as
cont i
nuous ly varyi ng vol t
age or current
rathert han i n dis cret elevel sasoppos ed
to di gital dat a varyi ng bet ween t wo
discretel evel s.
Anode:Thepos itiveel ectrodeort ermi nal
ofadevi [Link]"P"mat erialofadi ode.
Ant enna, t rans mi tting: A devi ce t hat
convert s an el ectri cal wave i nt o an
electromagnet icwavet hatradi at esaway
from theant enna.
Ant enna, recei ving: A devi ce t hat
convert saradi atedel ectromagnet i
cwave
intoanel ectri calwave.
Apparentpower:Powerat tainedi nanAC
circuitasa productofef fecti
ve vol tage
and current ,whi ch reach t heir peak at
differentt i
mes .

Page4of4
Arc:Di s chargeofel ect rici
tyt hroughagas
suchasl ightni ngdi s chargi ngt hrought he
atmos phere.
Armat ure: The rot ati
ng or movi ng
componentofamagnet i
cci rcuit.
Arms t
rongos cil
lator; An os cil
latort hat
usesan i solation trans formert o achieve
pos i
tivef eedbackf rom out putt oi nput.
As t
abl e mul tivibrat or:An os ci
llatort hat
producesas quarewaveout putf rom aDC
voltage.
Atom: The s malles t part icle t hat an
elementcanbebrokendowni ntoands t
ill
mai ntai ni tsuni quei dent i
ty.
Atomi cnumber:Thenumberofpos i
tive
chargesorprot onsi nt henucl eusofan
atom.
Attenuat e:Toreducet heampl itudeofan
action or s i
gnal . The oppos ite of
ampl ificat i
on.
Audi o:Rel atingt of requenci est hatcanbe
heard byt hehuman [Link] mately
20Hz.t o20kHz.

Page5of5
Autotrans f
ormer: A s i
ngl e wi nding
transformer where t he out putist aken
from tapsont hewi nding.
Average val ue: A val ue of vol tage or
currentwheret heareaoft hewaveabove
the value equal st he area oft he wave
below thevalue.
AVC:Abbrevi ationf or"aut omaticvolume
control"
Avionics:Aviationelectronics.
AWG:Abbrevi ati
on f or "Ameri can wire
gauge".A gauge t hatas signs a number
valuet othediamet erofawi re.

Page6of6
B

Balanced bri dge:Condi t

ion t hat occurs
when a bri dge ci rcuiti s adjus ted t o
produceazeroout put.
Band- pas sf il
ter:A tunedci rcuitdes i
gned
topas saband off requenci esbet ween a
lowercut -of ffrequency( f1)and ahi gher
cut-of ff requency( f
2).Frequenci esabove
and bel ow t he pas s band are heavi ly
attenuat ed.
Band- stopf il
ter:A tunedci rcuitdes i
gned
tos topf requenci esbet ween al owercut -
offf requency ( f
1) and a hi gher cut -
off
frequency ( f2) oft he ampl i
fier whi le
pas singal lot herf requenci es.
Bandwi dth: Wi dth of t he band of
frequenci es bet ween t he hal f power
point s.
Barri erpot ential:Thenat uraldi f
ference
ofpot ent ialt hatexi stsacros saf orward
bias edpnj unction.
Bas e:The regi on thatl ies between t he

Page7of7
emi tterandcol lect orofabi pol arj unction
trans is
tor( BJT).
Basebi asing:Amet hodofbi as ingaBJ Ti n
whi ch thebi asvol tagei ss uppl i
ed tot he
basebymeansofares istor.
Battery:A DC vol tage source cont aining
two ormorecel l
st hatconvertchemi cal
energyt oelectri calenergy.
Baud:A uni tofs ignalings peed equalt o
thenumberofs i
gnalevent spers econd.
Not neces s
arily t he s ame as bi t
s per
second.
Beta:( b)Therat i
oofcol l
ectorcurrentt o
base current i n a bi polar j unction
trans is
tor( BJT).
Bias:A DC vol tageappl iedt oadevi cet o
cont rolitsoperat ion.
Binary:Anumbers ystem havi ngonl ytwo
symbol s,[Link] e2numbers ystem.
Bipol arj unctiont rans i
stor:( BJ T),at hree
termi nal devi ce i n whi ch emi tt
er t o
coll
ect or current i s cont rolled by bas e
current .

Page8of8
Bistabl e mul tivibrator: A mul ti
vibrat or
wi t
ht wos t
abl es tat
es .Anext ernals i
gnal
isrequi redt ochanget heout putf rom one
statet otheot [Link] socal ledal atch.
Bleeder current : A current drawn
cont i
nuous ly f rom a s ource. Bl eeder
currenti s us ed tos tabi l
ize the out put
voltageofas ource.
Bode pl ot: A graph of gai n vers us
frequency.
Branch current : The port ion of t otal
currentf lowi ngi n onepat h ofaparal lel
circuit.
Breakdown vol tage:Vol tageatwhi ch t he
breakdown of a di elect ric or ins ul
at or
occurs .
Break over vol tage :Mi nimum vol tage
requi red t o caus e a di act o break down
andconduct .
Bridge rect ifier: A ci rcuit us i
ng f our
diodest oprovi def ullwaverect i
fication.
Convert sanACvol taget oapul satingDC
voltage.

Page9of9
Buf f
er:Anampl if
ierus edtoisolateal oad
from as ource.
Bul kres ist
ance:Thenat uralresistanceof
a "P" t ype or "N" t ype semi conduct or
mat erial.
But t
erwort hfil
ter:A t ypeofact ivef i
lter
charact erized by a cons t
ant gai n ( f
lat
respons e) acros st he midband of t he
circuitanda20dBperdecaderol l-offrate
foreachpol econt ainedinthecircui t
.
BW:Abbrevi at
ionf orbandwi dth.
Bypas s capaci t
or: A capaci tor us ed t o
provideanACgroundats omepoi nti na
circuit.
Byte:Groupofei ghtbi narydigitsorbi ts.

Cable :Group oftwo ormore i ns

ul ated
wires.
CAD:Abbrevi at
ion f
or "computer ai ded
design"
Cali
bration:Toadj
ustthecorrectvalueof

Page10of10
areadi ngbycompari sont oas t
andard.
Capacitance:Theabi lityofacapaci torto
storean el [Link] icuni t
ofcapaci t
ancei stheFarad.
Capacitive react ance:The oppos it
ion to
current f l
ow provi ded by a capaci tor.
Capacitivereact ancei smeas uredi nohms
andvari esinvers elywi thfrequency.
Capacitor: An el ectronic component
havingcapaci tivereact ance.
Capacitor mi crophone: Microphone
whos eoperat iondependsonvari ationsin
capacitance caus ed by varyi ng ai r
pressure on t he movabl e pl ate of a
capacitor.
Carbon- fi
lm res ist
or: Devi ce made by
depos i
tingat hincarbonf ilm onacerami c
form.
Carbon mi crophone:Mi crophone whos e
operation dependson pres surevari at
ion
in carbon granul escaus ing a change i n
resis
tance.
Carbon res istor:Res istor off i
xed val ue

Page11of11
madebymi xingcarbon granul eswi t
ha
binderwhi chismoul dedandt henbaked.
Cas cadedampl i
fier:Anampl ifierwi tht wo
or more s t
ages arranged i n a s eries
conf iguration.
Cas cade ampl i
fier: A hi gh f requency
ampl if
ier made up ofa common- source
ampl if
ier wi th a common- gate ampl i
fier
ini tsdrainnet work.
Cat hode:Thenegat ivet erminalel ectrode
ofadevi [Link]"N"mat erialinaj unct i
on
diode.
Cat hode ray t ube:( CRT) Vacuum t ube
us ed t o display dat ai n a vi sualf orm.
Picturet ubeofat elevision orcomput er
termi nal .
Cel l
:Si ngleuni tus edt oconvertchemi cal
energyi ntoaDCel ectricalvoltage.
Cent erf requency:Frequencyt owhi chan
ampl if
ieri [Link] requencyhal fway
bet weent hecut -
offfrequenci esofat uned
circui t
.
Cent er tap:Mi dway connect ion bet ween

Page12of12
thet woendsofawi ndi ng.
Cent ert appedrect ifier:Ci rcuitthatmake
use ofa cent ert apped t rans f
ormerand
two di odes t o provi de f ull wave
rectificat ion.
Cent er t
apped trans f
ormer: A
trans former wi th a connect ion at t he
electricalcent erofawi ndi ng.
Cerami ccapaci tor:Capaci tori nwhi cht he
dielect rici scerami c.
Charge:Quant ityofel ectri
calenergy.
Charge current : Current t hat f l
ows t o
charge a capaci tor or bat tery when
voltagei sappl ied.
Chas sis :Met albox orf rame i nt o whi ch
component saremount ed.
Chas sisground:Connect iont oachas s i
s.
Chebys hev f i
lter:A t ype ofact ive f il
ter
charact erizedbyhi ghrol l
-offrat es( 40dB
perdecade perpol e)and mi dband gai n
thati snotcons tant.
Choke:I nduct orus edt ooppos et hef low of
alternat i ngcurrent .

Page13of13
Circuit:Interconnect ionofcomponent sto
provideanel ect ricalpat hbet weent woor
morecomponent s
.
Circuitbreaker:A prot ecti
vedevi ceus ed
toopenaci rcui twhencurrentexceedsa
maxi mum val ue.I nef fectreus ablesfuse.
Clamper:A di odeci rcuitus ed to change
the DC l evel of a wavef orm wi thout
distorti
ngt hewavef orm.
Clapp os cill
ator: A vari ation of t he
Colpittsos cil
[Link] added capaci t
ori s
used t o el i
mi nat et he effect s of stray
capacitanceont heoperat ionoft hebas i
c
Colpittsoscillator.
Class A ampl i
fier: A l i
near ampl if
ier
biased s o t he act ive devi ce conduct s
through 360 degrees of t he i nput
wavef orm.
ClassB ampl ifier:An ampl ifierwi t
ht wo
activedevi [Link] ivecomponent sare
biased s o t hat each conduct s f or
approxi mat ely 180 degrees oft he i nput
wavef orm cycl e.

Page14of14
ClassC ampl ifier:An ampl ifieri n whi ch
the act i
ve devi ce conduct sf orl essthan
180degreesoft hei nputwavef orm cycl e.
Clipper:A di odeci rcuitus edt oel iminat e
partofawavef orm
Clipping:Di stort i
oncaus edbyoverdri vi ng
anampl ifier.
Clock: A s quare wavef orm us ed f or
synchroni zi
ng and t iming of s everal
circuits.
Closed ci rcuit:Ci rcui thavi ngacompl ete
pathf orcurrentf low.
Closed- l
oop gai n:Gai n of an ampl ifier
whenaf eedbackpat hispres ent .
Coaxi alcabl e:Trans missionl inei nwhi ch
thes ignalcarryi ngconduct ori scovered
byadi alectricandanot herconduct or.
Coefficient of coupl i
ng: The degree of
couplingbet weent woci rcuits.
Coerci ve f orce: ( H) Magnet izing f orce
neededt oreduceres idualmagnet i
smi na
mat erialt ozero.
Collector:Thes emi conduct orregi on ina

Page15of15
bipolarj unct iont rans istorthroughwhi ch
af l
ow ofchargecarri ersl eavest hebas e
region.
Collect orcharact eris t
iccurve:A graphof
collector vol t
age over col lector current
foragi venbas ecurrent .
Colorcode:Setofcol orsus edt oi ndicate
valueofacomponent .
colpitts os cill
at or:An os cill
at or wi tha
pairoft appedcapaci torsi nt hef eedback
network.
Common- anode di splay:A mul t
isegment
li
ghtemi tting di ode ( LED)wi th as i
ngle
positive vol tage i nput connect i
on.
Separat e cat hode connect ions are
provi dedf oreachi ndi viduals egment .
Commoncat hodedi spl ay:Amul t
isegment
li
ghtemi tting di ode ( LED)wi th as i
ngle
negat ive vol tage i nput connect i
on.
Separat eanodeconnect ionsareprovi ded
foreachi ndi viduals egment .
Common bas eampl i f
ier:A BJ T circuitin
whi ch t hebas econnect ion iscommon t o

Page16of16
bothi nputandout put .
Commoncol lectorampl ifier:ABJ Tci rcuit
in whi ch t he col l
ect or connect ion i s
commont obot hinputandout put.
Commondrai nampl ifier:A FETci rcuiti n
whi chthedrai nconnect ioni scommont o
bothi nputandout put .
Common emi t
terampl ifier:A BJ T circuit
in whi ch t he emi tter connect i
on i s
commont obot hinputandout put.
Common gat eampl i
fier:A FET ci rcuiti n
whi ch thegat econnect ion i scommon t o
bothi nputandout put .
Common s ourceampl ifier:A FET ci rcuit
inwhi cht hes ourceconnect i
oni scommon
tobot hinputandout put .
Common- mode rej ection rat io: (CMRR)
The rat io ofop- amp di f
ferent ialgaint o
common- modegai n.A meas ureofanop-
amp' s abi li
ty t o rej ect common- mode
signalssuchasnoi se.
Common- mode s ignal s: Si gnals t hat
appears i
mul taneous lyatt woi nputsofan

Page17of17
operat i
onalampl ifi
er( op-amp) .Common
mode s ignals are al ways equal i n
ampl itudeandphas e.
Comparat or: An op- amp ci rcuit t hat
comparest wo input sand provi desa DC
out puti ndicat i
ngt hepol arityrel ati
ons hip
betweent hei nputs.
Compl ement ary s ymmet ry ampl if
ier: A
class B ampl ifi
er us ing mat ched
compl ement ry t rans ist
ors . Does not
requi re a phas ei nverter f or pus h- pull
out put .
Compl ement ry trans i
stors: Two
trans istors,oneNPN andonePNPhavi ng
neari dent i
calcharas ti
cs.N- channelandP
-channelFETscanal sobecompl ement ry.
Compl exnumbers :Numberscompos edof
a realnumber part and an i magi nary
numberpart .
Compl iance:Themaxi mum pos s i
blepeak-
to-peakout putofanampl ifi
er.
Cons tantcurrentci rcuit:Ci rcuitus edt o
mai ntai n cons tant current t o a l oad

Page18of18
havingres i
stancet hatchanges .
Cont act:Currentcarryi ngpartofas wi
tch,
relayorconnect or.
Cont inuity:Occurswhenacompl etepat h
forcurrentexi sts.
Convent ionalcurrentf low :Conceptof
current produced by t he movement of
pos i
tive charges t owards t he negat i
ve
termi nalofas ource.
Copperl oss: Powerl os tint rans f
ormers ,
generat ors,connect ing wi res and ot her
parts of a ci rcuit due t o current f low
through t he res ist
ance of copper
conduct ors.
Core:Magnet icmat erialwit hinacoi lused
toconcent ratet hemagnet i
cf ield.
coulomb : Uni t of el ectric charge. A
negat ivecoulombchargecons istsof6.24×
1018electrons.
Count er el ectromot ive f orce: ( Count er
emf )Vol t
agei nducedi ntoani nduct ordue
to an al ternat i
ng or pul sating current .
Count eremfi salwaysi npol arityoppos ite

Page19of19
tot hatoft heappl iedvol [Link] i
nga
changeofcurrent .
Coupl ing:To el ectronical ly connectt wo
circuitss ot hats i
gnalwi llpas sf rom one
tot heot her.
Coval ent bond :The way s ome at oms
compl etet heirval ences hel lsbys hari ng
valenceel ectronswi thnei ghbori ngat oms .
Cros sover di stortion :Di stortion caus ed
by bot h devi ces in a cl as s B ampl ifier
beingcut -offatt hes amet ime.
Crowbar: Ci rcui t us ed t o prot ect t he
out putofas ourcef rom as hortci rcui ted
[Link] slimi tedt oaval uet he
sourcecandel iverwi t
houtdamage.
CRT:Abbrevi ationf orcat hoderayt ube.
Crys t
al :Nat uralors ynthet icpi ezoel ectric
or s emi conduct or mat eri al wi th at oms
arranged wi t
hs omedegreeofgeomet ric
regul arity.
Crys t
al -
cont rolled os cil
lat or: Os cillator
thatus esaquart zcrys tali ni tsfeedback
path t o mai nt ain a s table out put

Page20of20
frequency.
Current:Meas ured in amperes ,itist he
flow ofel ectrons t hrough a conduct or.
Al s
oknow asel ectronf l
ow.
Currentampl ifier:Ampl i
fiert oi ncrease
signalcurrent .
Current di vider : Paral l
el net work
des igned todi videt het otalcurrentofa
circui t
Currentf eedback:Feedbackconf iguration
whereaport i
on oft heout putcurrenti s
fedbackt ot heampl i
fierinput .
Current -
limi ti
ngres i
s t
or:Res ist
ori nt he
pat hofcurrentf low tocont roltheamount
ofcurrentdrawnbyadevi ce.
Currentmi rror:Term us ed to describe
thef actthatDCcurrentt hrought hebas e
circui t of a cl ass B ampl ifi
er i s
approxi mat ely equalt othe DC col l
ector
current .
Cut of f
:Condi t
ionwhenanact i
vedevi ceis
bias ed such t hatout putcurrenti snear
zeroorbeyondzero.

Page21of21
Cutofffrequency:Frequencyatwhi cht he
powergai nofanampl if
ierfal
lsbelow 50%
ofmaxi mum.
Cycle:Whenarepeat i
ngwaveri s
esf rom
zerotoapos i
tivemaximum t henbackt o
zeroandon t oanegat ivemaxi mum and
backt ozeroi tissai
dt ohavecompl et ed
onecycle.

DAC:Abbrevi ati
on f or"di gitalt
o anal og
converter."
Dampi ng : Reduct ion i n magni tude of
oscil
lati
onduet oenergybei ngdissipated
asheat .
Darlingtonpair:Anampl i
fierconsistingof
twobi polarjunctiont ransist
orswi t
ht hei
r
coll
ectors connect ed t ogether and t he
emitterofoneconnect edtothebas eoft he
other. Circuit has an ext remely hi gh
currentgainandi nputi mpedance.
DC:Abbrevi ationfor"di rectcurrent".

Page22of22
DC l oad l ine:A graph repres enting all
possibl e combi nations of vol tage and
currentf or a gi ven load res i
stor in an
ampl ifier.
DC of fset:The change i ni nputvol tage
requiredt oproduceazeroout putvol tage
whennos ignalisappl i
edt oanampl if
ier.
DCpowers upply:Anys ourceofDCpower
forelect ricalequi pment .
Dead s hort :Short ci rcui t havi ng zero
resi
s tance.
Decade:Af requencyf act oroft en.
Decibel : ( DB) a l
ogarithmi c
repres ent ationofgai norl oss.
Degenerat i
ve f eedback: Al so cal led
negat ivef [Link] ionoft heout put
ofanampl ifierisi nvert edandconnect ed
backt ot hei nput .Thiscont rolsthegai nof
theampl ifierand reducesdi st
ortion and
noise.
Delayt i
me:Thet imef orcol lectorcurrent
toreach 10% ofi tsmaxi mum val uei na
BJTs wi tchingci rcuit.

Page23of23
Depl eti
onregi on:Theareas urroundi nga
pnj unctiont hati sdepl etedofcarri ers .
Depl eti
on mode:I n aFET,an operat ing
modewhererevers egate-sourcevol t
agei s
used t o depl ete t he channel of f rees
[Link] s reduces t he s ize of t he
channelandi ncreas esitsres istance.
Depl eti
on- mode MOSFET: A MOSFET
designed t o operat ei n ei ther depl eti on
modeorenhancementmode.
Devi ce:Acomponentorpart .
Diac: A t wo t ermi nal bi di rectional
[Link] a s ymmet rical s wi tchi ng
mode.
Dielectric: Ins ulating mat erial bet ween
two pl ates where an el ectros taticf iel d
exists.
Dielectriccons tant :Propert yofamat eri al
thatdet ermineshow much el ectros tat ic
energy can be s tored per uni t vol ume
whenuni tvoltagei sappl ied.
Dielectric s trengt h : The maxi mum
voltage an i nsulati
ng mat eri al can

Page24of24
withs t
andwi thoutbreaki ngdown.
Different ial ampl if
ier: An ampl ifi
er i n
whi ch theout puti sin proport ion t ot he
differencesbet weenvol tagesappl iedt oi t
s
twoi nput s .
Different iator :A ci rcui tin whi ch t he
outputvol tagei sinproport iont ot herat e
ofchangeoft hei nputvol [Link] ghpas s
RCci rcui t.
Diffusion :Tendencyofconduct i
on band
electronst owanderacros sapn j unct ion
tocombi newi thval encebandhol es.
Digital:Rel atingt odevicesorci rcui t
st hat
haveout putsofonl yt wodi scretel evel s.
Exampl es :0or1,hi gh orl ow,on orof f,
trueorf alseet c.
Diode : A t wo t ermi nal devi ce t hat
conduct si nonl yonedi rection.
DIP: Abbrevi ation f or "dual i n l ine
package. "
Directcoupl i
ng:Wheret heout putofan
ampl ifi
er i s connect ed di rectly t o t he
inputofanot herampl if
ierort oal oad.

Page25of25
Also known asDC coupl ing becaus e DC
signalsarenotbl ocked.
Directcurrent:Currentt hatf l
owsi nonly
onedi rect ion.
Discharge :Rel ease ofenergy s tored in
eitherabat t
eryoracapaci tor.
Discret ecomponent:Packagecont aini
ng
onlyas ingl ecomponentasoppos edt oan
integrat ed ci
rcui t cont ain many
component sinas i
ngl epackage.
Diss i
pat ion :Rel eas eofel ectricalenergy
int hef orm ofheat .
Distort ion: An undes ired change i n a
wavef orm ors i
gnal.
Distribut ed capacitance:Anycapaci t
ance
other t han t hatwi thin a capaci [Link]
exampl e, t he capaci t
ance bet ween
adjacentt urnsofwi reinacoi l.
Distribut ed inductance :Any i nduct ance
other t han t hat wi t
hi n an i nduct or.
Exampl ei nductancei nanyconduct or.
Domai n:A moveabl emagnet i
zedareai n
a magnet ized mat eri
al .Al s
o known as

Page26of26
magnet icdomai n.
Donorat oms :Pent avalentat omst hatgi ve
upel ect ronst ot heconduct ionbandi nan
Nt ypes emi conduct ormat eri al.
Dopi ng:Theproces sofaddi ngi mpuri ty
atoms t o i nt rins i
c ( pure) s il
icon or
germani um t oi mprovet heconduct i
vityof
thes emi conduct ormat erial.
Dot convent ion: St andard us ed wi th
trans f
ormers ymbol stoi ndi catewhet her
thes econdaryvol tageisi nphas eoroutof
phas ewi tht hepri maryvol tage.
Drift:Aprobl em t hatcandevel opint uned
ampl ifiers when t he f requency of t he
tunedci rcui tchangesduet ot emperat ure
orcomponentagi ng.
Droppi ng res istor:Res i
s t
or whos e val ue
has been chos en t o drop or devel op a
givenvol t
age.
Drycel l:DC vol t agegenerat ingchemi cal
cellus i
nganonl iquid(pas te)electrolyte.
Duali n- line package:I ntegrat ed circuit
package havi ng t wo rows ofconnect ing

Page27of27
pins.
Dualt raceosci
lloscope:Oscil
los
copet hat
cansimul t
aneous l
ydisplaytwosignal
s.
Dynami c:Relatingt oconditi
onsthatare
changingorinmot i
on.

E-core:Lami nated form i nt he s

hape of
thel et t
er"E",ont o whi ch i
nduct orsand
trans formersarewound.
Eddy current s:Currentsi nduced i ntoa
conduct ing core due t o the changi ng
magnet icf [Link] current s produce
heatwhi chisal ossofpowerandl owers
theef ficiencyofani nduct or.
Efficiency:Theamountofpowerdel ivered
tothel oadofanampl if
ierasapercent age
oft he power requi red from t he power
suppl y.
Electriccharge:El ectri
cenergys toredon
thes urf aceofamat [Link]
staticcharge.

Page28of28
Electricf i
eld:Af ieldorf orcet hatexi stsin
thes pacebet weent wodi f f
erentpot ent ials
orvol tages .Alsoknownasanel ect ros tatic
fiel
d.
Electricity: Sci ence s t ates t hat cert ain
particlespos ses saf orcef ield orcharge.
The charge pos ses s
ed by an el ect ron i s
negat i
vewhi let hechargepos ses sedbya
proton i s pos it
ive. El ectricity can be
divided i nto t wo groups ,s tat ic and
dynami c. St atic el ectri city deal s wi t
h
charges atres tand dynami c el ect ricit
y
dealswi t
hchargesi nmot ion.
Electric pol arizat ion:A di splacementof
boundchargesi nadi elect ricwhenpl aced
inanel ectricfield.
Electro acous ti
ct rans ducer:Devi ce t hat
producesanenergyt rans f
erf rom el ectric
to acous tic( sound)or f rom acous ti
ct o
electri
[Link] esi ncl udeami crophone,
earphonesandl ouds peakers .
Electrolumi nescence : Convers i on of
electri
calenergyi ntol ightenergy.

Page29of29
Electrol yte:El ectricallyconduct ingl iqui d
(wet )orpas te(dry)
Electrol yticcapaci tor:A capaci torhavi ng
an el ectrol yt ebet ween t het wo pl at
es .A
thinl ayerofoxi dei sdepos itedononl yt he
pos it
ive pl at e. The oxi de act s as t he
dielectri cf or t he capaci t
[Link] ectrolyt i
c
capaci torsarepol arized and s o mus tbe
connect ed i n correctpol ari t
yt o prevent
breakdown.
Electromagnet : A coi l of wi re us ual l
y
woundonas oftironors [Link]
current i s pas sed t hrough t he coi la
magnet icf i eld is generat ed. The core
provi desan eas y pat hf or t he magnet i
c
linesoff [Link] sconcent ratest hef ield
int hecore.
Electromagnet iccommuni cat ion :Us e of
an el ect romagnet i
c wave t o pas s
informat ion bet ween t wo poi nt s. Al so
calledwi rel esscommuni cat i
on.
Electromagnet ic induction: Vol tage
producedi nacoi lduet orel ativemot i on

Page30of30
between t he coi land magnet iclines of
force.
Electromagnet ic s pect rum: Li st or
diagram showi ng t he range of
electromagnet icradiation.
Electromagnet icwave:Wavet hatcons ist
s
ofbot hel ectricandmagnet icvari ation.
Electromagnet ism: Rel at es t o the
magnet ic f ield generat ed around a
conduct orwhencurrenti spas s edthrough
it.
Electromechani cal t rans ducer: Devi ce
that t rans f
orms el ectrical energy i nto
mechani cal energy ( elect ric mot or) or
mechani calenergyi nt o el ectricalenergy
(generat or) .
Electromot i
ve f orce :( Emf ) Force t hat
causes t he mot ion of el ectrons due t o
potent ialdi fference bet ween t wo poi nts.
(Voltage)
Electron:Smal l
ests ub at omi cpart icleof
negat i
vecharget hatorbi tst henucl eusof
anat om.

Page31of31
Electronf low:El ect ricalcurrentproduced
by t he movement of f ree el ect rons
towardsapos itivet ermi nal.
Electros tatic: Rel at ed t o stat ic elect ric
charge.
Electros taticf iel d:Force f i
eld produced
bys taticel ectricalcharges .
Emi tter:Thes emi conduct orregi on f rom
whi ch charge carri ers are i njected i nt o
thebas eofabi pol arj unct i
ont ransistor.
Emi tter f eedback: Coupl i
ng f rom t he
emi tter out put t ot he bas ei nput of a
bipol arjunct i
ont rans i
stor.
Emi tter f ollower: A common col l
ect or
ampl if
[Link] hi gh currentgai n,hi gh
input i mpedance and l ow out put
impedance.
Energi zed:Bei ngel ectricall
yconnect edt o
avol tages ources ot hedevi cei sactivat ed.
Energy:Capaci tyt odowork.
Engi neeri ng not at ion: A f loat i
ng poi nt
system i n whi ch numbersareexpres sed
as product s cons isti
ng of a number

Page32of32
great er than one mul ti
plied by an
appropri ate power oft en thati ss ome
mul tipleofthree.
Enhancement -mode MOSFET: A f ield
effectt ransi
stor in which there are no
chargecarri ersi nthechannelwhen t he
gates ourcevoltageiszero.
Equi valentresis
tance:Totalres i
stanceof
allthei ndivi
dualresist
ancesinaci rcuit.

Fallti
me:Ti mei tt akest hefall
ingedgeof
apul setogof rom 90% ofpeakvol t
aget o
10% ofpeakvol tage.
Farad:Thebas icuni tofcapacitance.
Feedback:A port ion oft heout putsignal
ofanampl ifi
erwhi chi sconnectedbackt o
theinputofthes ameampl if
ier.
Feedbackampl i
f ier:Anampl i
fierwithan
externalsi
gnalpat hf rom itsoutputback
toitsinput
.
Ferrit
e: A powdered, compres sed and

Page33of33
sintered magnet i
c mat erialhavi ng hi gh
res i
s ti
vi t
y. The hi gh res istance makes
eddy current l osses l ow at hi gh
frequenci es .
Ferri te bead:Ferri te compos iti
on i nt he
form [Link] ngawi ret hrough
thebead i ncreas est hei nduct anceoft he
wi re.
Ferri te-corei nduct or:Ani nduct orwound
onaf erri tecore.
Ferri tes: Compound compos ed of i ron
oxi de,amet allicoxi deand cerami [Link]
met aloxi desi nclude zi nc,ni ckel,cobal t
ori ron.
Ferrous :Compos ed ofand orcont aining
iron.A f errousmet alexhi bitsmagnet i
c
charact eris t
icsasoppos edt onon- f
errous
mat erial.
Fiberopt ics:Las er'sl ightout putcarri es
informat iont hati sconveyedbet weent wo
poi ntsbyt hi ngl assopt icalfibers .
Field ef fect t rans ist
or:( FET) A vol tage
cont rolledt rans istori nwhi cht hes ource

Page34of34
todrai n conduct ion iscont rolledbygat e
tos ourcevol tage.
Filament : Thi n t hread of carbon or
tungs ten whi ch produces heat or l ight
wi t
ht hepas sageofcurrent .
Filter:Net work cons i
s ti
ng ofcapaci tors
,
resis t
ors and/ or induct ors us ed t o pas s
cert ainf requenci esandbl ockot hers .
Flip f l op: A bi stable mul ti
vibrat or. A
circui twhi chhast woout puts tatesandi s
swi tchedf rom onet ot heot herbymeans
ofanext ernals i
gnal( trigger) .
Float ingground:Commonconnect ioni na
circui tt hatprovi des a ret urn pat hf or
currentbuti snotconnect ed t oan eart h
ground.
Flow s oldering:Fl ow or wave s ol dering
techni que i n l arge s cal e el ectronic
assembl ytos olderal ltheconnect i
onson
a pri nt ed ci rcuitboard by movi ng t he
boardoverawaveofmol tens older.
Flux:Mat erialus edt oremoveoxi def ilms
from t hes urf aceofmet alsinpreparat ion

Page35of35
fors ol dering.
Flux:I n magnet ism,t he magnet i
cf ield
cons is t
ingofl i
nesoff orce.
Flux dens ity: The concent ration of
magnet ic l i
nes of f orce. Det ermi nes
strengt hoft hemagnet icfield.
Flywheel ef fect
: Sus tai
ning ef fect of
oscillat ioninanLCci rcuit.
Forward bi as :A PN j unct i
on bi aswhi ch
allows current t o f low t hrough t he
junct ion. Forward bi as decreas es t he
resis tanceoft hedepl etionlayer.
Freeel ectrons :Electronst hatarenoti n
anyorbi taroundanucl eus.
Free runni ng multivibrator: A
mul t i
vi bratort hatproducesacont inuous
out putwavef orm wi t
houtanys ignalinput .
As quarewavegenerat orus edt oproduce
acl ocks ignal.
Frequency: Rat e of recurrence of a
peri odi [Link] uredi nHert z(cycles
pers econd) .
Frequency- divisi
on mul tiplex: ( FDM)

Page36of36
Trans mi ssionoft woormores i
gnal sover
a common pat h by us ing a di fferent
frequencybandf oreachs ignal.
Frequency- domai nanal ys i
s:A met hodof
repres enting a wavef orm by pl ot ti
ng i t
s
ampl itudeagai nstf requency.
Frequencymet er:Met erus edtomeas ure
frequencyofperi odi cwaves .
Frequency mul tipl i
er: A harmoni c
convers ionci rcuiti nwhi cht hef requency
oft heout puts ignali sanexactmul tipleof
thei nputf requency.
Frequency res pons e:I ndi cati
on of how
wel l a ci rcuit res ponds t o di fferent
frequenci esappl iedt oi t.
Frequency res pons e curve:A graph of
ampl itude over f requency i ndicat i
ng a
circuitrespons etodi fferentf requenci es.
Ful lscaledef lection:( FDS)Def l
ect i
onofa
met er'spoi ntert ot hef arthestpos itionon
thes cale.
Ful lwaverect i
fier:Rect ifierthatmakes
us eoft hef ullACwavei nbot hthepos it
ive

Page37of37
andnegat i
vehalfcycles.
Functiongenerator:Signalgenerat
orthat
canproduces i
ne,square,triangl
eandsaw
toothoutputwaveforms .
Fundament al frequency: Lowest
frequencyinacompl exwavef orm.
Fuse:A protecti
vedevi ceint hecurrent
patht hatmeltsorbreakswhen current
exceedsapredetermi nedmaxi mum val
ue.

Gain:I ncreasein voltage,currentand/ or

[Link] ni s expressed as a rat io of
ampl if
ier out
put val ue to the
correspondi ngampl i
fieri nputvalue.
Gain bandwi dt
h product : A devi ce
paramet er thati ndicates the maxi mum
possibleproductofgai n and bandwi dth.
Thegai nbandwi dt hproductofadevi cei s
equalt otheuni tygainf requency( unity)of
thedevi ce.
Gamma rays: Hi gh frequency

Page38of38
electromagnet i
c radi ati
on f rom radi o
act i
vepart icles.
Ganged:Mechani calcoupl ing oft wo or
morecapaci tors,s witches,pot entiomet ers,
or any ot her adj us
t able component ss o
thatadj us t
ingonecont rolwi lloperat eal l
.
Gas :Anyvermi form orcompl etelyel asti
c
fluid whi ch i s nota s olid or a l i
quid.
Gas sesareproduced byheat ingal iquid
beyondi tsboi li
ngpoi nt.
Gei ger count er: Devi ce us ed t o det ect
nucl earpart icles.
Generat or: Devi ce us ed t o convert
mechani calenergyt oel ectricalenergy.
Gi ga:Met ricpref ixfor1bi ll
ion( 109).
Ground: An i ntentional or acci dental
conduct ing pat h bet ween an el ectri
cal
sys t
em orci rcuitand t heeart h ors ome
conduct ing body act ing in pl ace oft he
eart h.A ground i s of ten us ed as t he
common wi ring poi ntor ref erence i na
circuit.
Gun di ode:A s emiconduct or di ode t hat

Page39of39
ut
ilizes t
he Gunn Ef fect to produce
microwave frequency oscil
lat
ion or to
ampl i
fyamicrowavefrequencys i
gnal
.

Hal fpowerpoi nt :A f requency atwhi ch

the power i s 50% of maxi mum. Thi s
corres ponds t o 70. 7% of maxi mum
currentorvol t
age.
H-paramet ers: ( Hybri d paramet ers )
Trans istors pecif
icationst hatdes cribet he
componentoperat inglimi tsunders pecifi
c
circums t
ances .
Hal fwaverect i
fier:A di oderect i
f i
ert hat
convert s AC t o pul sating DC by
eliminat ing either t he negat i
ve or t he
pos i
tiveal ternationofeachi nputACcycl e.
Harmoni c:Sine wave t hati ss mal ler in
ampl itude and s ome mul ti
ple of a
fundament [Link] e:880Hz.
isthes econdharmoni cof440Hz.880Hz.
isthet hirdharmoni cof220Hz.
Hart l
eyos cill
ator:Anos cil
latort hatus es

Page40of40
a t apped i nductor i n t he f eedback
network.
Henry:Thebas icuni tofi nduct ance.
HERTZ:( Hz. )Uni toff [Link] z
isequalt oonecycl epers econd.
High f i
del ity:( HiFi )
Sound reproduct ion
equi pmentt hatreproducess oundasnear
totheori gi nals oundaspos s i
bl e
High- pas sf ilter:A t unedci rcui tdes igned
topas sal lfrequenci esaboveades nigated
cut-of [Link] esbel ow the
cut-of f f requency are rej ected or
attenuat ed
Hight ension:Let halvol t
agei nt heki l
ovolt
rangeandabove.
Hol e:Agapl eftint hecoval entbondwhen
aval enceel ectrongai nss uf f
i cientenergy
tojumpt ot heconduct ionband
Hol ogram: Three- dimens ional pi cture
creat edwi thal aser.
Hol ography: The s cience deal ing wi th
three- dimens i
onalopt i
calrecordi ng.
Hori zont ally pol arized wave:

Page41of41
Electromagnet i
cwavet hathast heel ectric
fieldint hehori zont alpl ane.
Hybri dci rcuit:Ci rcuitt hatcombi nest wo
technol ogies ( passive and act ive or
discret eandi ntegratedcomponent s)ont o
one mi croelectronic ci rcuit. Pas si
ve
component sareus uallymadebyt hinf ilm
techni ques ,whi leact ivecomponent sare
madewi ths emi conduct ort echniques .
Hys teres i
s: Amount that the
magnet ization of a mat erial lags t he
magnet izing f orce due t o mol ecul ar
fricti
on.I n Schmi ttTri gger circuits ,the
differencebet ween t heupperand l ower
triggerpoi nts
.

IC:Abbreviat
ionfor"integrat
edci
rcuit
"
IC voltage regulator: Three terminal
deviceusedtoholdt heoutputvol
tageofa
powers upplyconstantoverawi derange
ofloadvariati
ons.

Page42of42
IGFET: I ns ulated gat e f i
eld ef fect
transis
[Link] hernamef ora"MOSFET. "
Impedance:( Z)Meas uredi nohmsi tisthe
totaloppos iti
on t ot he f low ofcurrent
offeredbyaci rcuit.I
mpedancecons i
stsof
the vect or s um of res is
tance and
reactance.
Impedance coupl i
ng: Coupl i
ng of t wo
signalampl ifi
erci rcui t
st hrough t heus e
ofani mpedances uchasai nduct or.
Impedancemat ching:Mat chi ngtheout put
impedance of a s ource t o the i nput
impedanceofal oad t o att ain maximum
powert rans fer.
Incandes cence:St at eofa mat erialwhen
heated tot hepoi ntwherei temi tslight.
(Redhotorwhi tehot).
Induced vol t
age:Vol tage generat ed ina
conduct or when s ubjected t o a movi ng
magnet icfield.
Inductance: Propert y of a ci rcuit t o
oppos eachangei n current .Themovi ng
magnet icf ield produced by a change i n

Page43of43
current caus es an i nduced vol tage t o
oppos et heori ginalchange.
Induct ive ci rcui t
:Ci rcuithavi ng great er
induct ive react ance t han capaci tive
react ance.
Induct ive react ance: Oppos ition t o t he
flow of AC current produced by an
induct [Link] uredi nOhmsandvari esi n
directproport iont ofrequency.
Induct or:Lengt h of conduct or us ed t o
introduce i nduct ance into a ci rcuit
.The
conduct ori sus uallywoundi ntoacoi lto
concent ratet he magnet i
cl i
nes off orce
andmaxi mi zet hei nduct [Link] l
eany
conduct or has i nductance, i n common
us aget het erm i nductorus uallyref erst o
acoi l
.
Inf rared:El ectromagnet icheatradi ation
whos e f requenci es are above t he
mi crowavef requencybandandbel ow red
int hevi s i
bleband.
Inhi bit:To s top an act i
on orbl ock dat a
from pas sing.

Page44of44
Inphas e:Whent woormorewavesoft he
same f requency have t hei r pos i
tive and
negat ivepeaksoccurri ngatt hesamet ime.
Inputi mpedance:Oppos ition tot hef low
ofs ignalcurrentatt hei nputofaci rcuit
orl oad.
Insul ated: When a non conduct ing
mat eri al i s used t o isolate conduct ing
mat eri alsf rom oneanot her.
Insul ating mat eri al: Mat erial that wi ll
preventt he flow ofcurrentdue t oi t
s
chemi calcompos ition.
Insul ation res istance: Res ist
ance of
insulat ing mat erial. The great er t he
insulat ion res istance, t he bet ter t he
insulat ion.
Integrat ed: When t wo or more
component sare combi ned i nto a circuit
and t hen i ncorporat ed i nto a s ingle
package.
Integrat or:A devi ce that approxi mat es
and whos e outputi sproport ionalt o an
integraloft he inputs ignal .A l ow pas s

Page45of45
filt
er.
Intermedi atef requency ampl i
f i
er:I n a
super het erodyne radi o i t ampl ifi
es a
fixed frequencyl owert han therecei ved
radi ofrequencyandhi ghert hant heaudi o
frequency.
Intermi tt
ent :A f aultoccurri ngatrandom
intervalsoft ime.I nt ermi tt
entprobl ems
areof tendi ffi
cul tt ol ocat ebecaus eoft he
random nat [Link] of ten don' toccur
whent het echni ciani spres ent.
Internal res i
stance: Every s ource has
someres istancei ns eri eswi t
ht heout put
current .Whencurrenti sdrawnf rom t he
source s ome power i sl ost due t ot he
voltage drop acros s t he i nternal
resistance. Us ually call
ed output
impedanceorout putres istance.
Intrinsic mat erial: A s emi conduct or
mat erial wi th el ect rical propert i
es
essent i
ally charact eri stic of ideal pure
crys t
[Link] sential l
ys ilicon orgermani um
crys t
alwi thnomeas urabl eimpuri t
ies.

Page46of46
Intrinsics tand- off rat io: A uni junction
trans i
stor( UJT)rat ingus edt odet ermi ne
thef i
ringpot ent ialoft hedevi ce.
Invertingampl ifier:Anampl i
fierthathas
a180°phas es hiftfrom i nputt oout put.
Inverting i nput : I n an operat ional
ampl ifier ( op amp) t he i nput t hat is
marked wi th a mi nus s ign. A s ignal
applied at t he i nverting i nput wi ll be
given180°phas es hiftbet weeni nputand
output .
Ion:Anat om wi thf ewerel ectronsi norbit
thant henumberofprot onsi nthenucl eus
isapos i
tivei [Link] at om wi t
h agreat er
number of el ectrons i n orbi tthan t he
number ofprot ons i nt he nucl eus isa
negat i
vei on.
Ionized:At omsbecomei onizedwhent hey
gainorl oseaval enceel ectron

J
:A pref
ixus
edt
oindi
cat
ean i
magi
nary

Page47of47
number.( Operat orj )
Jack:Socketor connect or into which a
plugmaybei ns erted.
JFET: Abbrevi ation f or "J unct i
on field
effecttransistor".
Joule:Theuni tofworkandenergy.
Junction:Cont actorconnect i
on between
two or more wi res or cabl [Link] area
where t he p- type mat erial and n- type
mat erialmeeti nas emiconduct or.
Junction di ode:Di ode.A s emi conductor
diode i
n whi ch the recti
fying
charact eri
stics occur at a j unction
between the n- t
ype and p-type
semi conduct ormat erial
s.

Kil
o:Met ri
cprefixfor1000.(103)
Kil
ovolt-
ampere:1000vol t
sat1ampere.
Kil
owatt-hour:1000wattsfor1hour.
Kil
owatt-hour met er:A met er used by
el
ectri
cut il
itycompaniest omeas urethe
amount of el ectri
c power us ed by a

Page48of48
cus t
omer.
Kinet i
c energy:Energy as s
oci ated wi th
mot ion.
Kickof f
’s current l aw:The s um of t he
current sflowi ngi ntoapoi ntinaci rcuitis
equalt ot hes um oft hecurrent sf lowi ng
outoft hats amepoi nt.
Kirchof f'
svol tagelaw:Theal gebrai cs um
of the vol tage drops i n a cl osed pat h
circuitisequalt otheal gebrai cs um oft he
sourcevol tagesappl ied.
Kneevol tage:Thevol t
ageatwhi chacurve
joinst worel ativelys traightport i
onsofa
charact eristic [Link] a PN j unct ion
diode,t hepoi nti nt hef orwardoperat ing
region oft hecharact eris t
iccurvewhere
conduct ions tartstoi ncreas erapi [Link]
azenerdi ode,t het erm i sof ten us ed in
referencet othezenervol tagerat ing.

Page49of49
L

Lag: Di ff
erence i n time bet ween t wo
wavef orms of t he s ame f requency
expres sed i n degrees . Exampl e: One
wavef orm l ags anot her wavef orm by a
cert ainnumberofdegrees .
Lami nat edcore:Coremadeupofs heet sof
magnet ic mat erial insul ated f rom one
anot herbyanoxi deorvarni sh.
Lamp:Devi cet hatproducesl i
ght .
Las er:Devi cet hatproducesaverynarrow
intens e beam ofl [Link] name i s an
acronym f or "l i
ght ampl ifi
cat ion by
stimul at edemi ssionofradi ation.
Lead:Theangl ebywhi choneal ternat ing
signall eadsanot heri nt [Link] it
eof
[Link] soawi ret hatconnect stwopoi ntsin
aci rcui t.
Lead- aci dcel l:Cel lmadeupofl eadpl ates
immers edi nas ulphuri caci del ect rolyte.
Anaut omobi lebat t
eryus uall
ycons istsof
sixl ead- acidcel ls.

Page50of50
Leakage: Smal l undes i
rabl e f low of
currentt hroughani nsulatorordi el ectric.
LED: Abbrevi ation f or "l ight emi t
ting
diode. "
Left -
hand- rul e:Iff ingersoft hel efthand
are pl aced around a wi re s ot hat t he
thumbpoi nt si nt hedi rectionofel ectron
flow,t he f ingerswi llbe poi nt
i ng i nt he
direction of t he magnet i
c f ield bei ng
producedbyt heconduct or.
Lenz' sl aw: The current i nduced i n a
circuitdue t o a change i nt he magnet ic
fieldi ssodi rect edast ooppos et hef lux,
ort oexertamechani calf orcet ooppos e
themot ion.
Leveldet ect or:An op- amp ci rcui tt hat
comparest wo i nput sand provi desa DC
out putindi cat i
ngt hepol arityrel ations hi p
betweent hei nput [Link] or.
Lie det ect or: Pi ece of el ect roni c
equi pmental socal ledapol ygraphus edt o
determi newhet herapers oni st ellingt he
truth byl ooki ngf ordramat icchangesi n

Page51of51
blood pres s ure, body t emperat ure,
breat hing rat e, heart rat e and s kin
moi sturei nres pons et oques tions .
Light :El ect romagnet icradi ationi naband
off requenci est hatcanberecei vedbyt he
humaneye.
Lifetime:Thet imef rom t hecreat i
onofan
electron hol e pai r unt il recombi nation
occurs .
Light -emi tting di ode: A s emi conduct or
diode t hatconvert sel ectric energy i nto
electromagnet icradi ationatavi sibleand
near i nf rared f requenci es when i t
s pn
junct ioni sf orwardbi ased.
Limi ter:Ci rcui tor devi ce t hatprevent s
someport ion ofi tsi nputf rom reachi ng
theout put .Acl ipper.
Linear:Rel at ions hi p bet ween i nputand
outputi nwhi cht heout putvari esi ndirect
proport iont ot hei nput .
Linear s cal e: A s cale i n whi ch t he
divisionsareuni forml yspaced.
Line regul at ion:The abi li
ty ofa vol tage

Page52of52
regulatort o mai nt ain acons tantvol tage
whent heregul atori nputvol tagevari es .
Live:Term us ed to des cribea ci rcuitor
piece ofequi pmentt hati s on and has
currentf low wi t
hi ni t
.
Load:A s ource dri vesa l [Link] ever
component or pi ece of equi pment i s
connect edt oas ourceanddrawscurrent
from as ourcei sal oadont hats ource.
Load current : Current drawn f rom a
sourcebyal oad.
Loadi mpedance:Vect ors um ofreact ance
andres i
stancei nal oad.
Loadi ngef f
ect:Largel oadi mpedancewi ll
draw as mal lloadcurrentands oloadi ng
ofthes ourcei ss mal l.(Lightload) .As mal l
load i mpedance wi lldraw a l arge l oad
currentf rom thes ource.( Heavyl oad).
Load regul ation:Theabi l
ityofavol tage
regulatort o mai ntain a cons tantout put
voltageundervaryi ngl oadcurrent s.
Loadres i
stance:Res ist
anceofal oad.
Logic : Sci ence of deal i
ng wi th t he

Page53of53
pri
ncipleandappl icati
onsofgat esrelays
ands witches.
Loss:Term us edt
odes cri
beadecreas ein
power.
Low pas sfilter:A tuned ci
rcui
tdes igned
topassal lfrequenciesbelow adesignated
cut
-offfrequency.

Magnet :Bodyt hatcan beus edt oat tract

orrepelmagnet icmat erials.
Magnet i
cci rcui tbreaker:Ci rcui tbreaker
thatist ripped oract ivated byus eofan
elect
romagnet .
Magnet i
ccoi l
:Spi ralofaconduct orwhi ch
iscall
edanel ectromagnet .
Magnet i
ccore:Mat eri
alt hatexi st
sint he
center of t he magnet ic coi lt o eit her
physically s upport t he wi ndi ngs (non-
magnet icmat erial)ort oconcent rat
et he
magnet icflux( magnet icmat eri al).
Magnet i
cf ield:Magnet icl ines of f orce

Page54of54
travelingf rom t heNort hPol et othes outh
poleofamagnet .
Magnet icf lux:Themagnet iclinesoff orce
producedbyamagnet .
Magnet ic l eakage: The pas sage of
magnet icf lux out side t he pat h al ong
whi chitcandous efulwork.
Magnet icpol es:Poi ntsofamagnetf rom
whi chmagnet iclinesoff orcel eave( North
Pole)andarri ve(Sout hPol e).
Magnet ism:Propert yofs omemat erialsto
attractorrepelot hers.
Magnet izing f orce:Al so called magnet ic
fields trengt h.I tist he magnet o mot i
ve
forceperuni tlengt hatanygi venpoi ntin
amagnet icci rcuit.
Magnet o mot ive f orce: Force t hat
producesamagnet i
cf ield.
Maj ority carri ers:The conduct ion band
electronsi n an n- type mat erialand t he
valenceband hol esi n ap- typemat erial.
Producedbypent aval entimpuri tiesi nn-
typemat erialandt rivalentimpuri ti
esinp

Page55of55
-typemat erial.
Mat ched i mpedance: Condi tion t hat
occurswhen t he out puti mpedance ofa
sourcei sequalt ot hei nputimpedanceof
al oad.
Mat chi ng:Connect ion oft wocomponent s
or ci rcui tss ot hat maxi mum power i s
trans ferredbet weent het wo.
Maxi mum powert ransfer:At heorem t hat
states t hat maxi mum power wi l
l be
trans ferred f rom s ource tol oad when
inputi mpedance oft he load equal st he
out puti mpedanceoft hes ource.
Maxwel l: Uni t of magnet ic f lux. One
Maxwel lequal sonemagnet i
clineoff orce.
Mercury cel l: Pri mary cel l us i
ng a
mercuri coxi decat hode,azi ncanodeand
apot as sium hydroxi deelectrolyte.
Met alf ilm res i
s t
or:A res ist
ori nwhi cha
film ofmet aloxi deoral loyi sdepos ited
onani nsulat i
ngs ubs t
rate.
Met al oxi de f i
eld ef f
ect t ransist
or:
(MOSFET) A f ield ef f
ect trans ist
or i n

Page56of56
whi ch t he ins ulat ing l ayer bet ween t he
gateel ectrodeandt hechanneli samet al
oxidel ayer.
Met aloxi deres istor:Amet alf ilm res i
stor
inwhi chanoxi deofmet al(suchast in)is
depos itedasaf ilm ont ot hes ubs trat e.
Met er: Any el ect rical or el ectronic
meas uri ngdevi ce.I nt hemet rics ys t
em,i t
istheuni tofl engt hequalt o39. 37i nches .
Met erFSDcurrent :Val ueofmet ercurrent
neededt ocaus et heneedl etodef lectt oi t
s
maxi mum pos ition( fulls caledef lection).
Met er res is
tance:DC res istance of t he
met er'sarmat urecoi l.
Mica capaci tor:Capaci torus ing mi ca as
thedi electri
c.
Microphone:El ect ro acous t
ict rans ducer
thatconvert ss ound energy i nto el ectric
energy.
Microwave: Band of very s hort
wavel engt h radi o waveswi thint heUHF,
SHFandEHFbands .
Midband gai n: Gai n of an ampl if
ier

Page57of57
operat ingwi thini tsbandwi dth.
Mi d-poi ntbi as:Anampl i
fierbi asedatt he
cent erofi tsDCl oadl i
ne.
Mi l:Onet hous andt hofani nch( 0.
001i n.)
Mi ller'st heorem:A t heorem t hatal lows
you t orepres entaf eedbackcapaci t
oras
equi val ent i nput and out put s hunt
capaci tors .
Mi nori ty carri ers:The conduct i
on band
hol esi nn- t
ypemat eri alandval enceband
elect rons i n p- type mat erial. Mos t
mi nori ty carri ers are produced by
temperat urerat hert han bydopi ngwi th
impuri ties .
Mi smat ch: Term us ed t o des cribe a
differencebet weent heout puti mpedance
ofas ourceandt hei nputi mpedanceofa
load.A mi smat chprevent sthemaxi mum
trans ferofpowerf rom s ourcet ol oad.
Modul ation: Proces s by whi ch an
informat ions ignal s(audi oforexampl e)is
used t o modi fys ome charact eris ti
cofa
higherf requencywaveknownasacarri er

Page58of58
(radi of orexampl e).
Monos tabl e mul t
ivi brator: A
mul tivibrat orwi t
hones tabl eout puts t
at e.
When t riggered,t he ci rcui tout putwi ll
swi tch t o t he uns tabl e s t
at e f or a
predet ermi ned peri od oft ime and t hen
ret urnt ot hes tabl es [Link] imer.
Mol ecule:Smal lestpart icleofacompound
thats ti
llret ainsi tscharact eris
tics.
MOSFET:Abbrevi ation f or "met aloxi de
field ef fectt rans i stor"al so known asan
"ins ulat ed gat ef iel d eff ectt rans istor).A
field ef f
ect t rans istor i n whi ch t he
ins ulating l ayer bet ween t he gat e
elect rodeandt hechanneli samet aloxi de
layer.
Movi ngcoi lmi crophone:Mi crophonet hat
us esamovi ngcoi lwi thinaf ixedmagnet i
c
[Link] cmi crophone.
Movi ngcoi lpi ck-up:Dynami cphonograph
pick- upi nwhi cht hes tyluscaus esacoi lto
movewi thi naf ixedmagnet i
cfield.
Movi ng coi ll ouds peaker: Louds peaker

Page59of59
thatus es a movi ng "voi ce coi l" pl aced
wi thi n a f ixed magnet i c f i
eld. Audi o
frequencycurrenti nthevoi cecoi lcaus es
movement whi ch is mechani cal l
y
trans ferred t o t he s peaker cone. Al so
knownasadynami clouds peaker.
Mi l
limet er:El ectroni ctestequi pmentt hat
canperf orm mul tipl etasks .Typi callyone
capabl eofmeas uri ngvol tage,currentand
res istance. More s ophi s
t i
cat ed modern
di gital mi ll
imet ers al so meas ure
capaci tance,i nduct ance,currentgai n of
trans istorsand/ oranyt hingel set hatcan
bemeas uredel ectroni cally.
Mul tiplierres ist
or:Res istorconnect edi n
seri eswi thamovi ngcoi lmet ermovement
toext endt hevol tageranges .
Mul tisegmant di splay: Devi ce made of
severall ightemi t tingdiodesarrangedi na
numeri c or al phanumeri c pat tern. By
light ing s elected s egment s numeri c or
alphabetcharact erscanbedi splayed.
Mul tivibrat or:Acl assofci rcui t
sdes igned

Page60of60
to produce s quare waves or pul s
es.
As t
abl e multi
vi brat ors produce
cont i
nuous pul s
es wi thout an ext ernal
stimul us or trigger. Monos table
mul tivibratorsproduceas ingl
epul sef or
somepredet ermined peri od oftimeonl y
when t [Link] stabl e mul t
ivibrators
produce a DC out putwhi ch i
ss tablei n
eitheroneoft wos tates .Eitherhighorl ow.
An ext ernal s t
imul us or t rigger i s
requi redf orthebi stabl ecircui
tt ochange
states,eitherhight ol ow orl ow tohigh.
Mut uali nductance:Abi li
tyofonei

N-type s emiconductor:A s emiconductor

compoundf ormedbydopi ngan intri
nsic
semiconduct or wi th a pent avalent
element .An n- t
ypemat eri
alcontainsan
exces sofconduct i
onbandel ect
rons.
Negat ive:Terminalt hathasan excessof
electrons.

Page61of61
Negat ivecharge:A charget hathasmore
electronst hanprot ons
Negat ivef eedback:A f eedbacks ignal180°
outofphas ewi thanampl ifi
eri nputs ignal .
Us ed t o i ncreas e ampl ifier s tability,
bandwi dth and i nput i mpedance. Al so
reducesdi stortion.
Negat ive ground: A s ystem where t he
negat ive t ermi nal of t he s ource i s
connect edt ot hes ys t
em' smet alchas sis.
Negat ive ion:An at om havi ng a great er
numberofel ectronsi n orbitt han there
areprot onsi nthenucl eus .
Negat ive res istance: A res i
stance s uch
thatwhent hecurrentt hroughi tincreas es
the vol tage drop acros st he res ist
ance
decreas es .
Negat ivet emperat urecoef fi
cient:A t erm
used t o des cribe a component whos e
res i
stanceorcapaci tancedecreas eswhen
temperat urei ncreas es.
Neonbul b:Glas senvel opef il
ledwi t
hneon
gas whi ch when i onized by an appl ied

Page62of62
voltagewi llglow red.
Net work:Combi nation ofi nt erconnect ed
component s,circui t
sors ystems .
Neut ral :A termi nal ,poi ntorobj ectwi th
balanced charges .Nei t
her pos i
tive nor
negat ive.
Neut ral at om: An at om i n whi ch t he
numberofnegat ivecharges( electronsi n
orbit )isequalt ot henumberofpos it
ive
charges( prot onsi nthenucl eus ).
Neut ral wi re: The conduct or of a
polyphas eci rcuitoras i
ngl e-phas et hree
wire ci rcuitt hati si ntended t o have a
groundpot ent i
[Link] entialdi fference
betweent heneut ralandeachoft heot her
conduct ors are approxi mat el y equali n
magni tudeandequal l
ys pacedi nphas e.
Neut ron: Subat omi c part icle i n t he
nucl eus of an at om and havi ng no
electricalcharge.
Nickel -cadmi um cel l:As econdarycel lthat
usesani ckeloxi depos itiveel ectrodeand
acadmi um negat iveel ectrode.

Page63of63
Node:J unct ionorbranchpoi nti naci rcui t
.
Noise: Unwant ed elect romagnet ic
radiation wi t
hin an el ectrical or
mechani cals ystem.
Anoperat ionalampl ifi
erci rcui thavi ngno
phasei nvers ion bet ween t he i nputand
output.
Non-invert ingi nput :Thet ermi nalon an
operationalampl ifi
ert hati si dent i
fiedby
apluss ign.
Non-linear s cale:A s cal
ei n whi ch t he
divi
s i
onsarenotequal lyspaced.
Normalcl osed:Des i
gnat i
on whi ch s t
at es
thatthecont actsofas witchorrel ayare
clos
ed orconnect ed when atres [Link]
acti
vat ed,t hecont actsopenors eparat ed.
Normal l
yopen:Des ignation whi ch s t
at es
thatthecont actsofas witchorrel ayare
normal ly open or notconnect [Link]
acti
vat ed t he cont acts clos e or become
connect ed.
NorthPol e:Pol eofamagnetoutofwhi ch
magnet i
cl i
nes off orce are as sumed t o

Page64of64
originat e.
Nort on'st heorem:Anynet workofvol tage
sourcesandres is
torscanberepl acedbya
single currents ource in paral l
elwi t
ha
singleres is
tor.
Not ch f ilter: A f il
ter whi ch bl ocks a
narrow bandoff requenciesandpas sesall
frequenci esaboveandbel ow theband.
NPN t rans i
s t
or: A bi polar j unction
trans i
s t
ori nwhi chap- t
ypebas eel ement
issandwi chedbet ween an n- t
ypeemi tter
andann- typecol lect
or.
Nucl eus :Core ofan at [Link] nucl eus
cont ains bot h pos i
tive ( protons ) and
neut ral( neut rons)subatomi cpart icl
es.

Octave: Interval between two s ounds

whos efundament alfrequenci
esdifferby
a ratio of2 to 1.440 [Link] oct ave
above220Hz.
Offsetnull:Anopampcont rolpi
nus edt o
el
imi nate t he ef fects of i nternal

Page65of65
componentvol tageson t heout putoft he
device.
Ohm:Uni tofres i
stances ymbol i
zedbyt he
Greekcapi tall etteromega( W) .
Ohmmet er: Devi ce us ed t o meas ure
electricalresis tance.
Ohm' slaw:Rel ations hipbet weenvol tage,
currentand res [Link]' sl aw s tates
that current i n a res istance vari es i n
directproport ion t o vol tageappl i
ed and
invers elyproport i
onalt ores is
tance.
Ohmspervol t:Ref erst oaval ueofohms
per vol t of f ul ls cale def ection f or a
movi ng coi l met er movement . The
numberofohmspervol ti sthereci procal
of the amount of current requi red t o
producef ulls cal edef lectionoft heneedl e.
A met errequi ring50mi croampsf orf ull
scaledef lectionhasani nternalres i stance
of20kW pervol [Link] ghert heohmsper
voltrat i
ng,t hemores ens i
tivethemet er.
One-s hot:Monos tabl emul tivi
brat or.
Op-amp: Abbrevi ation f or operat i onal

Page66of66
ampl i
fier.
Openl oopgai n:Gainofanampl ifi
erwhen
nof eedbacki spres ent.
Open l oop mode: An ampl ifier ci rcuit
havi ngnomeansofcompari ngt heout put
wi ththei nput .(Nof eedback. )
Operat ional ampl ifier:A hi gh gai n DC
ampl i
fiert hathasahi ghi nputi mpedance
andal ow out [Link]- ampsare
the mos tbas ictype ofl i
neari ntegrat ed
circuits.
Os cil
late:Toproduceacont inuousout put
wavef orm wi thoutani nputs ignalpres ent.
Os cil
lator: An el ectroni c ci rcui t t hat
producesa cont i
nuousout putwavef orm
wi thonl yDCappl ied.
Os cil
loscope: An i ns trument us ed t o
displayas ignalgraphi [Link] i gnal
ampl i
tude, peri od and wave s hape i n
addi ti
on t o any DC vol t
age pres ent .A
mul tiplet raceos cilloscopecan s how t wo
ormorewavef ormsatt hes amet imef or
phas e compari son and ti
mi ng

Page67of67
meas urement s.
Outofphas e:When t he maxi mum and
mi ni mum poi nt s oft wo or more wave
shapesdonotoccuratt hes amet i
me.
Out put :Termi nalatwhi ch acomponent ,
circui t or pi ece of equi pment del ivers
current ,vol tageorpower.
Out puti mpedance:I mpedancemeas ured
acros st he out putt erminal sofa devi ce
wi t
houtal oadconnect ed.
Out put power: Amount of power a
component ,ci rcuitors ystem can del i
ver
toal oad.
Overl oad:Condi ti
ont hatoccurswhent he
load i s great er t han t he s ys t
em was
des igned t o handl e.(Load res istancet oo
smal l
,l oad currentt oo hi gh.
)Overl oad
resul tsi n wavef orm di s t
ortion and/ or
overheat i ng.
Overl oad prot ect
ion :Prot ective device
such as a f us e or circuitbreaker t hat
aut omat ically di sconnectsa l oad when
currentexceedsapredet ermi nedval ue.

Page68of68
nductor'
sl ines of f
orce t
o l
ink wi
th
anotherinductor.

Paper capaci t
or:Fi xed capaci tor using
oil
edorwaxedpaperasadi el
ectric.
Parallel:Circuithavingt woormorepat hs
forcurrentf [Link] s
ocal leds hunt .
Parallelres onantci rcuit:Ci rcuithavi ng
an induct or and a capaci tor in parallel
with one anot her. Circuit of fers high
impedance at res onant f requency.
Somet imescal leda"t ankci rcuit.
"
Passband:Therangeoff requenci esthat
willbepas sed and ampl ifi
ed byat uned
ampl if
[Link] sot he range off requencies
passedbyabandpas sf i
lter.
Passivecomponent:Componentt hatdoes
not ampl ify a s ignal. Res istors and
capacitorsareexampl es.
Passivef i
lter:A f il
tert hatcont ainsonl y
passiveornonampl ifyingcomponent s.

Page69of69
Passive s ystem: Sys tem t hat emi ts no
energy. I t onl y recei ves .I t does not
trans mi torreveali tspos it
ion.
Peak: Maxi mum or hi ghes t ampl it
ude
level.
Peaki nvers evol t
age:( PIV)Themaxi mum
ratedval ueofanACvol tageact ingi nt he
direction oppos i
tet o t hat in whi ch a
devicei sdes i
gnedt opas scurrent .
Peak t o peak :Di fference bet ween t he
maxi mum positive and maxi mum
negat iveval uesofanACwavef orm.
Pent aval ent el ement : El ement whos e
atomshavef iveval enceel ectrons .Usedi n
dopingi nt ri
ns icsilicon orgermani um t o
produce n- t
ype s emi conduct or mat erial
.
Mos t commonl y us ed pent avalent
mat eri alsarears eni candphos phorus .
Percent of regul at i
on: The change i n
outputvol tage thatoccurs bet ween no-
loadandf ul l
-loadi naDCvol tages ource.
Dividi ngt hischangebyt hef ull-l
oadval ue
and mul tiplyi ng the res ultby 100 gi ves

Page70of70
percentregul ati
on.
Percent of ri pple: The rat i
o of t he
eff
ect i
vermsval ueofri pplevoltaget othe
average val ue of t he t otal vol tage.
Expres sedasapercent age.
Period:Ti met ocompl eteonef ullcycleof
aperi odicorrepeat ingwavef orm.
Permanence: Magnet ic equi valent of
magnet ic i nductance and cons equent ly
equalt ot hereci procalofrel uctance,j ust
asconduct ancei sequalt othereci procal
ofres i
stance.
Permanent magnet : Magnet normal ly
made ofhardened s teelt hatret ainsi ts
magnet ismi ndefinit
el y.
Permeabi lity :Meas ure ofhow m how
much bet tersamat eri ali
sasapat hf or
magnet icl inesoff orcewi t
hres pectt oai r
which has a permeabi lity of one.
Symbol izedbyt heGreekl owercas el etter
mu( m) .
Phas e:Angul arrelations hipbet ween t wo
waves .

Page71of71
Phas e angl e:Phas e difference bet ween
twoormorewaves ,normal l
yexpres sedi n
degrees .
Phas es hi ft: Changei n phas eofa wave
form bet ween t wo poi nts,expres s
ed as
degreesofl eadorl ag.
Phas es hiftos cill
at or:An os cill
at ort hat
us est hree RC net worksi ni tsf eedback
pat h t o produce t he 180° phas e s hif
t
requi redf oros cillat i
on.
Phas es pl it
ter:Ci rcui tthatt akesas ingle
input s ignal and produces t wo out put
signalst hatare180°aparti nphas e.
Phonograph:Pi eceofequi pmentus ed to
reproduces ounds t oredonadi skcal leda
phonographrecord.
Phos phor:Lumi nes centmat erialappl ied
tot he i nnerf ace ofa cat hode ray t ube
thatwhenbombardedwi thel ectronswi l
l
emi tlightofvari ouscol ors.<OLORS.<p>
Phot oconduct i
ve cel l: Mat erial whos e
res i
stance decreas es or conduct ance
increas eswhenexpos edtol ight .

Page72of72
Phot oconduct ion:A proces sbywhi cht he
conduct ance ofa mat eri
ali schange by
inci dentel ectromagnet icradi ation int he
vis iblelightspect rum.
Phot odet ector:Componentus edt odetect
ors ensel i
ght .
Phot odiode:A s emi conduct ordi ode that
changes i ts el ectri
calcharact eri st
ics in
res pons et oill
umi nation.
Phot omet er:Met erus edt omeas urel i
ght
int ens i
ty.
Phot on: Discrete port ion of
elect romagnet [Link] mal lpacketof
light .
Phot o res i
s tor: Al so known as a
phot oconduct ive cellor l ightdependent
res istor.(LDR)A devi cewhos eres istance
decreas eswi thexpos uretol ight.
Phot ovoltaic cell:Componentcommonl y
cal led a s ol
arcel lus ed to convertl i
ght
energyi ntoel ectricalenergy.
Pi :Val uerepres entingt herat i
o bet ween
the ci rcumf erence and di amet er of a

Page73of73
circleandequalt oapproxi mat ely3.142.
Pierce os ci l
lat or: A vari at i
on of t he
colpittsos [Link] sos cillator us esa
quart z crys t
ali n pl ace oft he induct or
found i nt he col pittsos cillat orf eedback
[Link] crys t
almai nt ainsa hi ghly
stableout putf requency.
Piezoel ectriccrys tal:Crys talmat erialthat
wi l
lgenerat eavol tagewhen mechani cal
pres sure i s appl ied and convers ely wi l
l
undergo mechani cal s tres s when
subject edt oavol tage.
Piezoel ectricef fect:The product i
on ofa
voltage bet ween oppos i
te s ides of a
piezoel ectric crys tal as a res ul t of
pres sure or t wi sti
[Link] s ot he revers e
effectwhi cht heappl icati
onofavol t ageto
oppos ites ides caus es a def ormat ion to
occur at t he f requency of t he appl ied
voltage.( Convert smechani calenergyi nto
electrical energy and el ect rical energy
intomechani calenergy. )
Pinch- off regi on: A regi on on t he

Page74of74
charact eristi
ccurveofaFETi nwhi cht he
gate biascaus est he depl eti
on regi on to
extend compl et el
y acros st he channel .
<FONT
Plasticf i
lm capaci tor:Capaci torinwhi ch
alternat el ayers of al uminum f oil are
separat ed by t hin f il
ms of pl asti
c
dielectric.
Plate:Conduct ive el ectrode in ei t
her a
capacitor or bat tery. I n vacuum t ube
technol ogy,i ti st he name gi ven tot he
anode.
Plug:Movabl econnect orthati snormal l
y
connect edi ntoas ocketorj ack.
Pnp t ransistor: A bi polar j unction
transistorwi thann- t
ypebas eandp- type
emi tt
erandcol lector.
Pole:Inanact ivef ilter,as i
ngleRCci rcuit.
A one pol ef il
t erhasone capaci t
orand
oneres ist
or.A t wopol efilt
erhast woRC
circuitsands oon.
Polarcoordi nat es:Ei theroft wonumbers
that locat e a poi nt i n a pl ane by i t
s

Page75of75
distancef rom af i
xedpoi ntandt heangl e
thisl i
nemakeswi thaf ixedl i
ne.
Polari ty:Term us ed t o describe pos i
tive
andnegat ivecharges .
Polari zed:A componentwhi ch mus tbe
connect ed i n correctpol ari
tyt of unction
and/ ord/ orpreventdes tructi
[Link] e:
Electrol yticcapaci t or.
Positive:Pol arity of poi nt that attract s
electrons as oppos ed t o negat i
ve whi ch
suppl iesel ectrons .
Positivecharge:A charget hatexi st
si na
body t hat has f ewer el ectrons t han
protons .
Positivef eedback:
Af eedbacks i
gnalt hati si nphas ewi than
ampl i
fieri nputs ignal .Pos it
ive feedback
isneces saryf oros ci l
lationt ooccur.
Positive ground:A s ystem whereby t he
positive t ermi nal of t he s ource i s
connect ed t o t he s ystem' s conduct ing
chas sis.
Positive i on:At om t hathasl ostone or

Page76of76
moreval enceel ectronsres ult
ingi nanet
pos i
tivecharge.
Potent i
al difference: Vol tage di fference
between t wo poi nts whi ch wi l
l caus e
currentt oflow inacl osedci rcuit.
Potent i
al energy: Energy t hat has
potent i
al t o do work becaus e of i ts
pos i
tionrelativet oothers .
Potent i
omet er:A vari able res i
s t
or wi t
h
three t erhree t erminal s. Mechani cal
turningofas haftcanbeus edt oproduce
variable res ist
ance and pot ential.
Exampl e:A vol ume cont roli sus uallya
potent i
omet er.
Power:Amountofenergyconvert edbya
circuitor componenti n a uni toft ime,
normal l
ys econds .Meas ured i n uni t
sof
wat ts.(J
oules/second).
Powerampl i
fier:Anampl if
ierdes ignedt o
delivermaxi mum powerout putt oal oad.
Exampl e:In an audi os ys tem,i ti st he
power ampl i
fier t hat dri ves t he
louds peaker.

Page77of77
Powerderat ingf act or:A t rans i
storrat ing
that t ells how much t he maxi mum
all
owabl eval ueofPD decreas edf oreach
1°Crisei nambi entt emperat ure.
Powerdi s
sipat ion:Amountofheatenergy
generat edbyadevi cei nones econdwhen
currentf l
owst hroughi t.
Power f actor:Rat io ofact ualpower t o
apparentpower.
Power l os s:Rat i
o ofpower abs orbed t o
powerdel i
vered.
Powers upply:El ect ricalequi pmentus ed
todeliverei t
herACorDCvol t
age.
Powers upplyrej ect ion ratio:A meas ure
of an op- amps abi lit
y t o mai nt ain a
constantout putwhen t hes uppl yvol tage
varies.
Primary:Fi rs twi ndi ngofat rans former.
Wi ndingt hati sconnect edtothes ourceas
oppos edt os econdarywhi chi sawi ndi ng
connect edt oal oad.
Primarycel l
:Cel lt hatproducesel ect ri
cal
energy through an int ernal

Page78of78
electrochemi calact [Link] schargeda
primarycel lcannotbereus ed.
Print ed ci rcui t board:I ns ulating board
cont aining conduct ive t racks f or circuit
connect i
ons .
Programmabl eUJ T:Uni junct i
ont ransistor
wi t
havari abl eint rinsics t
and- offrat i
o.
Propagat ion: Travel li
ng of
electromagnet i
c, el ectrical or s ound
wavest hroughamedi um.
Propagat ion del ay:Ti me requi red for a
signalt opas st hroughadevi ceorci rcuit.
Propagat ion t ime :Ti me requi red f or a
wavet ot ravelbet weent wopoi nt s.
Protoboard: Board wi th provi sion f or
attachi ng component s wi thout s older.
Alsocal l
[Link] mari lyused
forcons tructi ngexperi ment alci rcuits.
Proton:Sub at omi c part icle wi thint he
nucl eusofanat [Link] itivecharge.
Pulse: Ri se and f all of s ome quant ity
(usual lyvol tage)f oraperi odoft ime.
Pulsef al lt ime :Ti me f or a pul s
et o

Page79of79
decreas ef rom 90% ofi tspeak val ue to
10% ofi t speakval ue.
Puls erepet i
ti onf requency:Thenumberof
times per s econd t hat a pul se i s
trans mi [Link] serat e.
Puls e repet ition t ime: Ti me i nterval
between t he s tart of t wo cons ecutive
puls es.
Puls eris et i
me:Ti merequi redf orapul se
toi ncreas ef rom 10% ofi tspeakval uet o
90% ofi t speakval ue.
Puls e wi dth:Ti me i ntervalbet ween t he
leadi ngedgeandt raili
ngedgeofapul se
atapoi ntwheret heampl itudei s50% of
thepeakval ue.
Pus h>pus h-pul lampl ifi
er:Ampl if
ierus ing
twoact ivedevi cesoperat ing180°apart .
Pythagorean Theorem: A t heorem i n
geomet ry:TheSquareoft hehypot enus e
ofari ghtt riangl eequal st hes um oft he
squares of t he ot her t wo s i
des .I n
electroni csus edf orvect oranal ysisofAC
circui t
s.

Page80of80
Q

Q: Qual ity f actor of an i nduct or or

capaci [Link] herat ioofacomponent 's
reactance( energys tored)toi tsef fecti
ve
seriesres i
stance( energydi ssipated) .For
at unedci rcuit,af i
gureofmeri tus edin
bandwi dth calcul ations.Q i stherat ioof
reactive power t o res ist
ive power i na
tunedci [Link] sot hes ymbolf orcharge
incoul ombs( Qf orquant ity)
.
Qui escent:Atres [Link] ampl i
fiert he
term i sus edt odes cribeacondi ti
onwi th
noact ivei nputs ignal .
Qui escentpoi nt :(Q poi nt)A poi ntont he
DC l oad l ine ofa gi ven ampl ifier that
repres entst hequi escent( nosignal )value
of out put vol tage and current f or the
circuit.

Radar:Acronym f
or"radi
odet
ect
ionand

Page81of81
rangi ng" A s ys tem t hat meas ures t he
distanceanddi rect ionofobj ects .
Radi o as tronomy:Branch ofas tronomy
thats tudi est heradi owavesgenerat edby
celest ialbodi esandus est hes eemi ssi
ons
toobt aini nf ormat ionaboutt hem.
Radi o broadcas t:Trans mi ssion ofmus ic,
voice and ot her i nformat ion on radi o
carrierwavest hatcanberecei vedbyt he
generalpubl ic.
Radi o communi cation: Term us ed t o
descri be t he t rans fer of i nformat i
on
between t wo or more poi nt s by us e of
radioorel ectromagnet icwaves .
Radi o-f requency ampl i
fier: Ampl i
fier
havi ng one or more act ive devi ces t o
ampl ifyradi os ignal s.
Radi o-f requency generat or: Generat or
capabl e ofs uppl ying RF energy atany
desiredf requencyi nt heradi o-frequency
spect rum.
Radi o-f requency probe: Probe us ed i n
conjunct ionwi thanACmet ert omeas ure

Page82of82
radio-f
requencys i
gnals.
RC: Abbrevi ation for "res i
stance
capacitance"al soabbrevi ationf or"radi o
controlled"asi n"RCmodelai rplanes .
"
RC time cons t ant:Productofres i
stance
andcapaci tancei ns econds .
Reactance: Symbol "X". Oppos iti
on t o
currentf l
ow wi thoutt he di ssi
pat ion of
[Link] e:Theoppos iti
onprovi ded
by i nduct ance or capaci tance t o AC
current.
Reactive power: Al so called i magi nary
powerorwat tlespower.I ti sthepower
value in "vol tamps "obt ained f rom t he
product of s ource vol tage and s ource
currenti nareact i
vecircuit.
Real number: Number havi ng no
imaginarypart .
Receiver:Uni torpi eceofequi pmentus ed
toreceivei nformat ion.
Recombi nation: Proces s by whi ch a
conduct ionbandel ectrongi vesupenergy
(i
nt hef orm ofheatorl ight)andf allsinto

Page83of83
aval encebandhol e.
Rect angular coordi nates : A Cart esian
coordi nate of a Cart esian coordi nate
system whos e s traight -l
ine axes or
coordi natepl anesareperpendi cular.
Rect angularwave:Al soknownasapul se
[Link] ingwavet hatonl yoperat es
betweent wol evelsorval uesandremai ns
atoneoft hes eval uesf oras mal lamount
oft i
merel ativet otheot herval ue.
Rect ifi
cation: Proces s t hat convert s
alternat i
ngcurrentt odi rectcurrent .
Rect ifi
er: Di ode ci rcui t that convert s
alternat i
ng currenti nto pul sating direct
current .
Reed rel ay:Rel ay cons isting oft wo t hin
magnet ics tripswi thin a gl assenvel ope.
When a coi l around t he envel ope i s
energi zed, t he rel ay’s cont acts s nap
toget her maki ng a connect i
on bet ween
leadsat tachedt othereeds trips .
Regenerat ivef eedback:
Pos i
tive f eedback. Feedback f rom t he

Page84of84
outputofan ampl ifiertot hei nputs uch
thatt hef eedbacks ignalisi n phas ewi th
the i nput s i
gnal . Us ed t o produce
oscill
at ion.
Regul ated power s uppl y:Power s uppl y
thatmai ntai nsacons t
antout putvol t
age
underchangi ngl oadcondi tions.
Regul ator: Devi ce or ci rcui t t hat
mai ntains a des ired out put under
changi ngcondi tions.
Relay: El ectromechani cal devi ce t hat
opensorcl os escont actswhenacurrenti s
passedt hroughacoi l
.
Relative:Noti ndependent .Comparedwi th
orwi th res pectt os omeot hermeas ured
quant ity.
Relaxat ionos ci
llator:Freerunni ngci rcuit
that out put s pul ses wi th a peri od
dependent or one or more RC t ime
cons t
ant s.
Reluct ance: Res ist
ance t o t he f low of
magnet icli nesoff orce.
Remanence:Amounta mat erialremai ns

Page85of85
magnet ized after the magnet i
zing f orce
hasbeenremoved.
Res i
dual magnet i
sm: Magnet i
sm
remai ni nginthecoreofanel ectromagnet
aftert hecoilcurrenti sremoved.
Res i
stance:Symbol i
zed"R"andmeas ured
in ohms .Oppos i
tion tocurrentf low and
dissipationofenergyi nt hef orm ofheat .
Res i
stive power: Amount of power
dissipatedasheati n aci rcuitcont aining
resistive and react ive component s
.True
powerasoppos edt oreact ivepower.
Res i
stive t emperat ure det ector: ( RTD)
Temperat uredet ect orcons i
s t
ingofaf ine
coilofconduct ingwi re( suchaspl atinum)
that wi ll produce a rel atively l inear
increas e in res istance as t emperat ure
increas es.
Res i
stivity: Meas ure of a mat erial'
s
resistancet ocurrentf low.
Res i
stor:Component made of mat erial
thatoppos esflow ofcurrentandt heref ore
hass omeval ueofres istance.

Page86of86
Res is
t or col or code: Codi ng s ystem of
colored s t
ri peson a res istort oi ndi cate
theres is
tor'sval ueandt olerance.
Res onance:Ci rcui tcondition thatoccurs
at t he f requency where i nduct ive
react ance( XL)equal scapaci tivereact ance
(XC).
Revers ebi as :Bi ason aPN j unction t hat
allows onl y l eakage current ( mi nority
carriers )tof [Link] i
tivepol arityont hen
-t
ypemat eri alandnegat ivepol arityt ot he
p-typemat erial.
Revers e breakdown vol tage:Amountof
revers ebi ast hatwi llcauseaPN j unct ion
tobreakdownandconducti nt herevers e
direct ion.
Revers ecurrent :Currentthroughadi ode
whenrevers ebi [Link] remel ys mall
currental soref erredtoasl eakage.
Revers e s aturat ion current : Revers e
current t hrough a di ode caus ed by
thermal act i
vi ty. This current i s not
affectedbyt heamountofrevers ebi ason

Page87of87
the component , but does vary wi th
temperat ure.
RF:Abbrevi at ionf or"radiofrequency. "
Rheos tat :Twot ermi nalvariabl eres istors
usedt ocont rolcurrent .
Rightangl et riangl e:Trianglehavi nga90°
ors quarecorner.
Rippl efrequency:Frequencyoft heri pple
pres enti ntheout putofaDCs ource.
Rippl evol tage:Thes mal lvariat i
onsi nDc
voltage t hatremai n after filtering ina
powers uppl y.
Riset ime:Ti mef ort heleadingedgeofa
pulset ori sef rom 10% ofi tspeakval uet o
90% ofi tspeakval ue.
RL di fferent i
at or:An RL ci rcui t whos e
outputvol tagei sproport i
onalt ot herat e
ofchangeoft hei nputvoltage.
RLf ilter:Sel ect ivecircuitofres i
s t
orsand
induct ors t hat of fers l it
tl e or no
oppos ition t o cert ai
nf requenci es whi le
blockingorat tenuat i
ngot herf requenci es.
RL i ntegrat or:RL ci rcuitwi th an out put

Page88of88
proport ionat et othei ntegraloft heinput
signal .
Rms :Abbrevi at
ionf or"rootmeans quare"
Rmsval ue:Rmsval ueofanACs inewave
is0. 707t imest hepeakval [Link] sisthe
effective val ue ofan AC s ine [Link]
rmsval ueofas inewavei st heval ueofa
DC vol taget hatwoul d producet hes ame
amountofheati naheat ingel ement .
Rol l
-offrat e:Rat eofchangei ngai nwhen
an ampl i
fier is operat ed out side ofi ts
bandwi dth.
Rot ary s witch:El ectromechani caldevi ce
thathasarot ati
ngs haftconnect edtoone
termi nalcapabl eofmaki ngorbreaki nga
connect iont ooneormoreot hert ermi nals.
R-2Rl adder:Net workorci rcui tcompos ed
ofas equenceofLnet worksconnect edi n
[Link] rcuitus ed in di gitalt oanalog
convert ers.

Page89of89
Saturat ion:Condi tion in whi ch af urther
increas e i n one vari able produces no
furtheri ncreasei nt heres ul t
antef [Link]
a bi pol ar j unct ion t rans istor, t he
condi t
i on when t he emi tter to col l
ector
voltage i sl esst han t he emi ttert o bas e
[Link] scondi tionput sf orwardbi as
ont hebas et ocollect orjunct i
on.
sawt oot hwave:Repeat ingwavef orm t hat
rises f rom zero t o maxi mum val ue
linearlydropsbackt ozeroandrepeat s.A
rampwavef orm.
Scale: Set of marki ngs us ed f or
meas urement .
schemat i
c di agram: I llustration of an
electricalor el ectroni c circuitwi tht he
component srepres entedbyt hei rsymbol s
.
Schmi ttt rigger:Ci rcuitt oconvertagi ven
wavef orm t oas quarewaveout put .
Schot t
kydi ode:Hi ghs peeddi odet hathas
very l ittl
e j uncti on capaci tance. Al so
known as a "hot -carrier di ode" or a
"surface- barrierdi ode. "

Page90of90
scientifi
cnot ati
on:Numbersent eredasa
numberf rom onet ot en mul t i
plied bya
poweroft [Link] e:8765=8. 765×103.
Secondary: Out put wi nding of a
trans f
[Link] ndi ngt hati sconnect edt o
al oad.
secondary cel l
:El ect rol
yt i
c cel lus ed t o
storeel ectricit
[Link] schargedmaybe
res t
oredbyrechargi ngbyput tingcurrent
throught hecel li nt hedi rect ionoppos ite
tot hatofdi schargecurrent .
Selectivity: Chari sti
c of a ci rcuit t o
discrimi nate bet ween want ed and
unwant eds ignals.
selfbi asing:Gat e bi asf ora f ield effect
trans i
stor i n whi ch s ource current
through a res istor producest he vol t
age
forgat et osourcebi as .
selfi nduct ance:Propert yt hatcaus es a
count erelectromot i
ve f orce t o be
produced i n a conduct or when t he
magnet i
cf ieldexpandsorcol l
aps eswi tha
changeofcurrent .

Page91of91
Semi conduct or: An el ement whi ch i s
neither a good conduct or or a good
insulat or, but rat her l ies s omewhere
between t he t wo. Charact erized by a
valence s hellcont aining f our elect rons.
Sili
con,germani um and carbon are t he
semi conduct orsmos tf requent ly us ed in
electroni cs.
series ci rcui t: Circuit i n whi ch t he
component sareconnect edendt oends o
thatcurrenthasonl yonepat ht of ol
low
throught heci rcuit.
series paral lel net work: Net work t hat
contai ns component s connect ed i n bot h
seriesandparal l
el.
seriesres onance:Condi tiont hatoccursi n
as eriesLCci rcuitatt hef requencywhere
induct ive react ance equal s capaci tive
reactance.I mpedancei smi nmum,current
ismaxi mum l imitedonl ybyres i
stancei n
theci rcui t.
seven s egmentdi splay:Devi ce made of
severall i
ghtemi ttingdi odesarrangedi na

Page92of92
numeri c or al phanumeri c pat tern. By
lighting s elected s egment s numeri c or
alphabetcharact erscanbedi s
played.
shel l
sorbands :Orbi talpat hcont aini
nga
group of el ect rons havi ng a common
energyl evel .
Shi eld: Met al grounded cover us ed to
prot ect a wi re,component or pi ece of
equi pment f rom s tray magnet i
c and/or
electricf iel ds.
short ci rcui t:Al so cal led a s [Link]
resi s
tance conect ion bet ween two point s
in a ci rcui tt ypi cally caus i
ng exces si
ve
current .
shunt res istor: Res istor connect ed in
paral lel or i n s hunt wi th anot her
componentorci rcui t.
Signal :El ect ricalquant ityt hat conveys
informat ion.
signal t o noi se rat i
o: Rat io of t he
magni tudeoft hes i
gnalt ot hemagni tude
ofnoi seus ual l
yexpres sedi ndecibels.
Silicon:( Si )Non met alicel ement( atomi c

Page93of93
number 14) us ed i n pure f orm as a
semi conduct or.
sil
icon-cont rolled rect ifi
er:( SCR) Three
termi nalact ivedevi cet hatact sasagat ed
[Link] etermi nali sus ed t ot urn
the devi ce on al l owi ng currentt o pas s
from cat hodet oanode.
sil
iconcont rolleds witch:AnSCR wi than
added t ermi nalcal led an anode gat e.A
pos i
tivepul s eeitheratt heanodegat eor
thecat hodegat ewi l
lturnt hedevi ceon.
sil
icondi oxi de:Gl assl ikemat erialus edas
thegat eins ulatingmat erialinaMOSFET.
sil
icon t rans i
stor: A bi polar j unction
trans i
stor us i
ng s il
icon as t he
semi conduct ingmat eri al.
Silver:(Ag)Preci ousmet althatdoesnot
eas i
ly corrode and i s more conduct ive
thancopper.
sil
vermi cacapaci tor:Mi cacapaci torwi th
sil
ver depos ited di rect ly ont ot he mi ca
sheet sins t
ead ofus ingconduct ivemet al
foil.

Page94of94
silvers ol der:Sol dercompos ed ofs i
lver,
copper and zi [Link] a mel ting poi nt
lowert han pure s ilver,buthi ghert han
lead- t
ins older.
Simpl ex: Communi cati
on i n onl y one
direct i
onatat i
[Link] e:FAX.
Simul cas t: Broadcas ti
ng a program
simul taneous l
yi ntwodi fferentf orms ,for
exampl eaprogram broadcas tinbot hAM
andFM.
Sine:Si ne ofan angl e ofa ri ghtangl e
trianglei s equal t o the oppos i
tes ide
dividedbyt hehypot enus e.
sinewave:Wavewhos eampl i
tudei st he
sine ofa l inear funct ion oft ime.I tis
plotted on a graph t hatpl otsampl itude
agai nstt i
meorradi aldegreesrel ativet o
theangul arrot ationofanal ternat or.
singlei n-linepackage:Packagecont aining
severalel ectroniccomponent s(general ly
res i
stors )wi thas i
ngl erow ofconnect ing
pins .
single pol e doubl et hrow:( SPDT)Three

Page95of95
termi nals wi tchi nwhi chonet erminalcan
be connect ed t o eitherone oft he ot her
termi nal s.
single pol e s ingle t hrow: ( SPST) Two
termi nals wi tchorrel ayt hetcanopenor
closeoneci rcui t.
single s ideband: ( SSB) AM radio
communi cat ion t echni que i n whi ch t he
transmi tt
ers uppres sesones idebandand
theref oret rans mitsonl yas inglesideband.
singlet hrow s wi t
ch:Swi t
ch cont aining
only one s etofcont acts whi ch can be
eitheropenedorcl osed.
Sink:Devi ces uchasal oadt hatcons umes
powerorconduct sawayheat .
Sinteri ng:Proces s of bondi ng ei ther a
met alorpowderbycol dpres singiti ntoa
des i
reds hapeandt henheat ingt of orm a
strongcohes ivebody.
Sinus oidal:Varyi ng in proport ion t ot he
sine of an angl e or t i
me f unct i
[Link]
voltagei n whi ch thei nstantaneousval ue
isequalt ot he s ine oft he phas e angl e

Page96of96
timest hepeakval ue.
SIP: Abbrevi ation f or "s ingle i n- l
ine
package. "
skin ef f ect:Tendancy ofhi gh-f
requency
(rf)current stof low neart hes urfacel ayer
ofaconduct or.
slew rat e:Themaxi mum rat eatwhi cht he
out putvol t
ageofanop- ampcanchange.
slide s wi tch: Swi tch havi ng a s liding
but ton,barorknob.
slow act ing relay:Sl ow operat ing rel ay
thatwhenenergi zedmaynotpul lupt he
armat uref ors everals econds .
slow- blow f use:Fus tthatcanwi thstanda
heavycurrent( up t oten timesi tsrat ed
val ue)f oras mal lperiodoft imebef oreit
opens .
snap s wi tch:Swi t
ch cont ai
ni ng a s pring
undert ens ionorcompres si
ont hatcaus es
the cont actst o come t ogether s uddenl y
whenact ivated.
SNR:Abbrevi ation f or "s i
gnalt o noi se
rat i
o."

Page97of97
sof t magnet ic mat erial: Ferromagnet i
c
mat erialthati seas ilydemagnet ized.
Sof tware:Program of i ns tructions t hat
di rectst heoperat ionofacomput er.
sol arcel l:Phot ovol taiccel lthatconvert s
lighti ntoel [Link] peciallyus eful
asapowers ourcef ors pacevehi cles .
Sol der:Met alli
c al l
oy us ed t oj oint wo
met alsurfaces .
Sol dering:Proces sofj oini ngt womet alli
c
surf acest omakeanel ectricalcont actby
mel ti
ng s older ( us ually t in and l ead)
acros st hem.
sol dering i ron: Tool wi th an i nternal
heat ing el ement us ed t o heat s urfaces
bei ng s oldered t ot he poi nt where t he
sol derbecomesmol ten.
Sol enoi d:Anai rcorecoi [Link] ppedwi tha
movabl e i ron core t he s ol
enoi d wi ll
produce mot [Link] a res ultofcurrent
through t he coi lt he i ron core i spul led
int ot hecent eroft hewi ndi [Link] he
coi li s deenergi zed,a s pring pul lst he

Page98of98
movabl ecoreawayf rom t hecent eroft he
wi ndi [Link] caldevi cesconnect edt o
themovabl ecorearemadet omoveasa
res ult of current t hrough t he coi l
.
Exampl e: Elect ric door l ocks on s ome
aut omobi les.
solid conduct or: Conduct or havi ng a
singl es oli
dwi rei ns t
eadofs t
randsoff i
ne
wi ret wi s
tedt oget her.
solids tate:Pert aining t o circuitswhere
signal spas sthroughs olids emi conduct or
mat erials uchast rans ist
orsanddi odesas
oppos ed t o vacuum t ubeswhere s ignals
pas st hroughavacuum.
Sonar:Acronym f or "s ound navi gati
on
and rangi ng."A s ystem us ing reflect
ed
soundwavest odet ermi net hepos itionof
somet arget.
Soni c:Pert ainingt os ound.
sound wave:Pres sure wavespropagat ed
throughai rorot herpl asti
cmedi [Link]
wavesaregeneral lyaudi blet othehuman
ear i f t he f requency i s bet ween

Page99of99
approxi mat ely 20 and 20, 000 vibrations
pers econd.( hert z)
Source:Devi cet hatprovi dess ignalpower
orenergyt oal oad.
source f oll
ower:FET ampl ifierin whi ch
signali sappl ied bet ween gat eand drai n
wi t
h out putt aken bet ween s ource and
[Link] socalled"commondrai n.
"
source i mpedance: I mpedance t hrough
whi ch out put current i st aken f rom a
source.
sout h pole:Pol eofa magneti nt
o whi ch
magnet i
cl ines off orce are as sumed t o
enter.
Spark:Moment arydi schargeofel ectrical
energy duet oi onization ofai rorot her
dialectricmat erials eparatingt wocharges .
SPDT:Si nglepol edoubl ethrow.
Speaker: Al so cal led "l oudspeaker. "
Trans ducer t hat convert s el ectrical
energy i nto mechani calenergy ataudi o
frequenci es.
Spect rum:Arrangementordi splayofl i
ght

Page100of100
or ot her f orms of el ectromagnet ic
radiation separat ed according t o
wavel ength, energy or s ome ot her
propert y.
spectrum anal yzer:I nst
rument us ed t o
display t he f requency domai n of a
wavef orm pl otting ampl i
tude agai ns t
frequency.
speed-up capaci tor:Capaci tor added t o
thebas ecircui tofaBJ Tswi tchingci rcui t
to improve t he s witchi
ng t i
me of t he
device.
SPST:Abbrevi at ionf or"s i
ngl epol es ingl e
throw. "
square wave: Wave t hat al ternat es
between t wo f ixed val ues f or an equal
amountoft i
me.
Stati
c:Crackl ingnoi seheardonAM radi o
[Link] ed by el ectrics torms or
electricdevices .
stati
c el ectricity: St ati
onary el ect ric
charges .
stati
c revers e current :Revers e current

Page101of101
through azenerdi odewhen t herevers e
voltageacros st hedi odei sles st han the
zenervol tagerat ingoft hedevi ce.
Stator:St ationary part of s ome rot ary
devi cesuchasavari abl ecapaci tor.
step-down t ransf ormer:Trans former i n
whi ch theout putAC vol tagei sl essthan
thei nputACvol tage.
step-up t ransformer: Trans f ormer i n
whi ch the out putAC vol tage i s greater
thant hei nputACvol tage.
stereos ound:Sys tem i nwhi chreproduced
sound i sdel ivered t hrough two ormore
channel st ogiveas ens eofdirect iontot he
source.
stop band:Range off requenci esout side
thepas sbandofat unedampl ifier.
storaget ime:I naBJ Ts wit
chingci rcui
t,it
isthet imerequi redf orcol l
ect orcurrent
todropf rom 100% t o90% ofi tsmaxi mum
value.
strandedconduct or:Conduct orcompos ed
of a group of s trands of wi re t wisted

Page102of102
together.
stray capacitance: Undes irabl e
capaci tance t hat exi st s bet ween t wo
conduct orss uchast wol eadsoronel ead
andamet alchas sis.
Subas sembl y:Component scont ainedi na
unitf or conveni ence i n as sembl ing or
servicingequi pment .
Subat omi c:Part icl es s uch as el ect rons ,
protons and neut rons t hat are s mal ler
thanat oms .
Substrat e:Mechani cali ns ulatings upport
uponwhi chadevi cei sf abri cated.
summi ng ampl if
ier: An op- amp ci rcui t
whos eout puti sproport i
onalt ot hes um
ofitsins tant aneousvol tages .
Superconduct or:Met als uch as l ead or
niobium t hat,whencool edt owi thinaf ew
degrees of abs ol ut e zero,can conduct
currentwi thnores i st
ance.
superhet erodynerecei ver:Radi orecei ver
thatconvert sal lradi of requenci est oa
fixedi ntermedi atef requencyt omaxi mi ze

Page103of103
gainandbandwi dthbef oredemodul ation.
super hi gh f requency:( SHF)Frequency
band bet ween 3 GHz and 30 [Link]
desigant ed by Federal Communi cations
Comi ssion( FCC) .
superpos iti
ont heorem:Theorem des i
gned
tos impl ify net works cont aining t wo or
mores ources .I ts t
atest hati nanet work
containing more t han one s ource,t he
currentatanyonepoi nti sequalt ot he
algebraics um oft hecurrent sproducedby
eachs ourceact ings eparat ely.
suppl y vol tage: Vol tage provi ded by a
powers ource.
surface-barri er diode: (Schottky
diode)Hi ghs peeddi odet hathasveryl itt
le
junction capaci [Link] so known as a
"hot-carri erdi ode. "
surface l eakage current :Di ode revers e
currentt hatpas sesal ongt hes urfaceof
thes emi conduct ormat erials.
surgecurrent :Hi ghchargi ngcurrentt hat
flowsi ntoapowers upplyf ilt
ercapaci tor

Page104of104
asthepoweri sf i
rs tturnedon.
sweep generat or: Tes t i nstrument
designed t o produce a vol tage t hat
conti nously vari es inf requency over a
band off requenci [Link] ed asa s ouce t o
displayf requencyres ponseofaci rcuiton
anos cil
loscope.
Switch:El ectri caldevi cehavi ngtwos tates
,
on (cl osed)orof f(open) .Ideally havi ng
zeroi mpedancewhencl osedandi nf i
nite
impedancewhenopen.
switchi ng trans i
s t
or:t rans i
stor designed
tochangerapi dlybet weens aturationand
cut-of f
.
Synchroni zation:Al socal l
eds [Link] se
mat chi ngoft wowavesorf uncti
ons .
Synchronous :Twoormores i
gnalsi ns tep
orinphas e.
syncpul se:Pul seus edasaref erencef or
synchroni zat ion.
System:Combi nation ofs everalpi ecesof
equi pment t o perf orm i n a part icular
manner.

Page105of105
T

Tank ci rcui t
: Paral lel res onant ci rcuit
cont aining onl y a coi land a capaci tor.
Bot hthecoi landcapaci tors toreel ectrical
energyf orpartofeachcycl e.
Tant alum capaci t
or:El ect rol yti
ccapaci tor
havi ngat ant alum foi [Link] etohave
al argecapaci t
yi nas mal lpackage.
Tap:El ectricalconnect ion t os omepoi nt
other t han att he endsofa res i
stor or
induct or.
Tapered: Nonuni f
rom di stri
but ion of
res i
stanceperuni tl engt ht hroughoutt he
elementofapot entiomet er.
Techni cian: Expert i n t roubl eshoot i
ng
circuit and s ystem mal f
unct i
ons .Al ong
wi th a t horough knowl edge of t est
equi pmentandhow t ous ei tt odi agnos e
probl ems ,t het echni cian i sal sof ami liar
wi th how t o repai r or repl ace f aulty
component s. Techni cians basically

Page106of106
trans latetheoryi ntoact ion.
Tel egraphy:Communi cati on bet ween t wo
poi ntsbys endi ngandrecei vi
ngas eriesof
currentpul s
esei thert hrough wi reorby
radi o.
Tel emet ry: Trans mi ssi
on of i ns trument
readi ngst o a remot el ocat i
on ei therby
wi reorbyradi o.
Tel ephone:Apparat usdes ignedt oconvert
sound wavesi ntoel ectricalwaveswhi ch
are s ent to and reproduced at di st
ant
poi nt.
Tel ephone l ine:Wi res exi sting bet ween
subs cribers and cent ral s tations i n a
telephones ystem.
Tel ephony: Tel ecommuni cat ions s ystem
invol ving t he t rans mi s
s ion of s peech
informat i
on, al lowi ng t wo or more
pers onst ocommuni cateverbal ly.
Tel etypewri t
er:El ectri
ct ypewri ter that
like a t eleprinter can produce coded
signal scorres pondi ngtot hekeyspres s ed
orpri ntcharact erscorres pondi ngt ot he

Page107of107
codeds ignal sreceived.
Television: Sys tem t hat convert s bot h
audi o and vi sual i nformat ion i nto
correspondi ngel ectricals i
gnal swhi chare
then t rans mi t
ted t hrough wi res or by
radio waves t o a recei ver whi ch
reproducest heori ginalinformat ion.
Telex:Tel etypewri terexchanges ervi ce.
Temperat ure coef fi
cient of f requency:
Rate at whi ch f requency changes wi th
temperat ure.
Tera:(T)Met ricpref ixthatrepres ents1012.
Termi nal : Poi nt at whi ch el ectri
cal
connect ionsaremade.
Tesla:(T)Uni tofmagnet i
cf luxdens i
ty.(1
tesl
a=1Wb/ m2).
Test:Sequenceofoperat ionsi ntended t o
verify t he correct operat ion or
mal functioningofapi eceofequi pmentor
system.
Thermal rel ay: Rel ay act ivated by a
heatingel ement .
Thermal runaway: Probl em t hat can

Page108of108
devel opi nanampl ifierwhenani ncreas e
in t emperat ure caus es an i ncreas e i n
collector current . The i ncrease i n
collector current caus es a f urt her
increas ei nt emperat ureands [Link] ess
the ci rcui ti s des i
gned t o prevent t his
condi tion,t hedevi cecan bedri ven i nto
saturat ion.
Thermals tabi li
ty:Theabi li
tyofaci rcui t
tomai nt ains tablecharact erist
icsins pite
ofincreas edt emperat ure.
Thermi s t
or: Temperat ure sens itive
semi conduct or t hat has a negat ive
temperat urecoef ficientofres ist
[Link]
temperat ure increas es , resistance
decreas es.
Thermocoupl e:Temperat ure t ransducer
cons istingoft wodi ssimi larmet al
swel ded
toget heratoneendt of orm aj unctiont hat
whenheat edwi llgenerat eavol tage.
Thermomet ry:Rel atingt ot hemeas uri ng
oftemperat ure.
Thermos tat:Devi cet hatopensorcl os esa

Page109of109
circui t i n res pons e t o changes i n
temperat ure.
Theveni n's t heorem: Theorem that
repl aces any compl ex net work wi th a
singl e vol t
age s ource i n s eries wi th a
singl eresistance.
Thi ck-fi
lm capaci tor:Capaci torcons i
sting
oft wot hi ck-filml ayersofconduct ivef il
m
separat ed by a depos i
t ed t hick-layer
dielectricf il
m.
Thi ck film res is
t or:Fi xed val ue resistor
cons isti
ngoft hick- f
ilm res i
s t
iveel ement
made f rom met al part icles and gl ass
powder.
Thi nf ilm capaci tor:Capaci tor in whi ch
bot ht heel ect rodesandt hedi electricare
depos i
tedi nl ayersonas ubs trat e.
Thi nf ilm det ector:( TFD)a t emperat ure
detect or cont aini ng a t hi n l ayer of
plat i
num and used for preci se
temperat urereadi ngs .
Three phas e s uppl y: AC s uppl y t hat
cons istsoft hreeAC vol tages120°outof

Page110of110
phas ewi theachot her.
Thres hold:Mi nimum poi ntatwhi ch an
effectisproducedordet ected.
Thres hold vol tage:For an enhancement
MOSFET, t he mi ni mum gat e s ource
voltagerequi redf orconduct i
onofs ource
draincurrent .
Thyri st
or:A t erm us edt ocl assifyal lfour
layer s emi conduct or devi ces .SCRs and
triacsareexampl esoft hyri stors.
Time cons t ant :(t)Ti me requi red f or a
capaci t
ori nanRCci rcuitt ocharget o63%
of t he remai ning pot ent ial acros st he
[Link] ot i
merequi redf orcurrentt o
reach 63% ofmaxi mum val ue in an RL
[Link] tantofan RC ci rcuitis
theproductofR [Link] mecons tantof
an RL ci rcui ti s equal t o i nduct ance
dividedbyres i
stance.
Time di vi sion mul tiplexi ng: ( TDM)
Trans mi s
si on oft wo ormore s i
gnal son
thes amepat h,butatdi fferentt imes .
Time- domai n anal ysis: A met hod of

Page111of111
representi
ng a wavef orm by pl otting
ampl i
tudeovert ime.
Toggleswitch:Spri ngl oadeds wi tcht hatis
putinoneoft wopos it
ionsei theronorof f
.
Tolerance:Permi ssible deviation from a
specif
ied value normal ly expres sed asa
percentage.
TOpackage:Cyl i
ndri cal,met alcant ypeof
package of s ome semi conduct or
component s.
Toroidalcoil:Coi lwound on adoughnut
shapedcore.
Transconduct ance: Al s
o cal l
ed mut ual
[Link] ioofachangei nout put
currenttothechangei ni nputvol taget hat
causedit.
Transducer:Devi cet hatconvert senergy
from oneform t oanot her.
Transformer:I nduct orwi t
ht woormore
windings. Through mut ual i nduct ance,
currentin onewi ndingcal led apri mary
will induce current i nto t he ot her
windingscalleds econdary.

Page112of112
Trans former coupl ing: Al so cal led
induct i
ve coupl ing. Coupl ing of t wo
circuitsby meansofmut uali nduct ance
provi dedbyat rans former.
Trans ist
or:Term deri ved f rom "t ransfer
resistor."Semi conduct ordevi cet hatcan
beus edasanampl i
fierorasanel ectronic
swi t
ch.
Trans mi ss
ion:Sendi ngofi nformat ion.
Trans mi ss
ionl ine:Conduct ingl i
neus edt o
transmi tsignalenergybet weent wopoi nts.
Trans mi t
ter:Equi pmentus ed t o achieve
transmi ssion.
Triac: Bi directional gat e cont rolled
thyristors imilart oanSCR,butcapabl eof
conduct ing i n bot h directions .Provi des
fullwavecont rolofACpower.
Triangul arwave:A repeat ing wave t hat
has equal pos iti
ve goi ng and negat ive
goingramps .Therampshavel i
nearrat es
ofchangewi tht i
me.
Trigger:Pul se us ed toi nitiate a circuit
action.

Page113of113
Triggeri ng:I nitiation ofan act i
on i na
circuit whi ch t hen f unctions f or a
predet ermi ned t ime. Exampl e: The
durat ion ofone s weep i n a cathode ray
tube.
Trimmer:Smal lval uevari ablecapaci tor,
resistorori nduct orus ed tof i
ne t une a
largerval ue.
Trivalent el ement : One havi ng t hree
valenceel ect rons .Us edasani mpuri tyin
semi conduct ormat erialt oproducep- type
mat [Link] tcommonl y used t ri
valent
element s are: Al umi num, Gal lium and
Boron.
Troubl es hoot ing:Sys temat icapproach t o
locating t he caus e of a f aul ti n an
electroni cci rcuitors ystem.
Tuned ci rcui t:Ci rcui tt hatcan have i ts
component val ues adj usted s o t hat i t
respondst o one s elect
ed f requency and
rejectsal lot hers .
Tunnel di ode: Heavi ly doped j unction
diodet hathasnegat iveres istancei nt he

Page114of114
forwarddi recti
onofi t
soperati
ngrange.
Turn- offtime:Sum ofs t
orage ti
me and
falltime.
Turn- ontime:Sum ofdel aytimeandri se
time.
Turnsrat io:Ratioofthenumberoft urns
int hesecondarywi ndingofatransformer
tot he number oft urnsint he primary
windi ng.
Two phas e: Two repeat i
ng wavef orms
havi ngaphas ediff
erenceof90°.

UHF: Abbrevi ation f or "ultra high

frequency.
Ultrasoni
c:Signalst hatarejustabovethe
frequency range of human heari ng of
approximately20kHz.
Uncharged:Mat erialhavi ng at
oms wi t
h
thes amenumberofel ect
ronsinorbitas
the number ofprot ons inthe nucleus.
Havi ngnoelectri
calcharge.

Page115of115
Unijuncti
on t rans i
st or: three terminal
devicesthatact sasadi odewi thitsown
int
ernalvol t
agedi viderbi asingci
rcuit
.
Unity gai n f requency: Frequency of
operati
on foradevi cewheret hegain of
thecomponentdropst ounity.

VA:Abbrevi ationf or"voltampere"

Vacuum t ube:El ectront ubeevacuat edt o
such a degree t hat i ts el ectrical
charact eristi
csarees sential
lyunaf fected
byt hepres enceofres idualgasorvapor.
Have been es senti
ally repl aced by
transistors f or ampl ifi
cation and
recti
f i
[Link] hode ray tubesare s ti
ll
usedasdi splaydevi ces.
Valence s hell: The out ermos t electron
shellf or a gi ven [Link] number of
electrons i n t hiss hell determines t he
conduct ivityoft heatom.
Varact ordi ode:PN j unctiondi odewi tha
high junct ion capaci t
ance when revers e

Page116of116
biased. Mos t of ten us ed as a vol tage
cont rol ledcapaci [Link] orisal so
called:vari cap,tuni ngdi odeandepi cal.
Vari abl e capaci tor: Capaci t
or whos e
capaci tancecanbechangebyvaryi ngt he
effect iveareaoft hepl atesort hedi st
ance
betweent hepl ates .
Vari abl e res i
st or: Res i
stor whos e
resist ance can be changed by t urning a
shaf t. See al so "pot entiomet er and
rheos tat."
VCR: Abbrevi ation f or "vi deo cas sette
recorder. "
Vect or:Quant it
y havi ng bot h magni t
ude
anddi [Link] l
yrepres entedbya
line. Lengt h of t he l i
ne i ndicates
magni tude and ori ent ati
on i ndicates
direct ion.
Vect ordi agram:Arrangementofvect ors
showi ngphas erel at
ions hipsbet weent wo
or more AC quant iti
es of t he s ame
frequency.
Vert icalMOS:Enhancementt ypeMOSFET

Page117of117
des i
gnedt ohandl emuchgreat ervaluesof
draincurrentt hans tandardE- MOSFET.
Very high frequency :
( VHF)
Electromagnet icf requencyband f rom 30
MHzt o300MHz.
Very l ow f requency: ( VLF) Frequency
bandf rom 3kHzt o30kHz.
Video:Rel ating to any pi ct
ure orvi s
ual
informat ion. From t he Lat in word
meani ng"Is ee."
Videoampl ifi
er:Ampl i
fierhavi ngoneor
mare s tages des igned t o ampl i
fy video
signals .
Virtualground:Poi nti n aci rcuitthati s
alwaysatapproxi mat el
ygroundpot enti
al.
Of t
en a ground f orvol tage,butnotf or
current .
Voicecoi l:Coi lat tachedt ot hedi aphram
ofamovi ngcoi llouds [Link] li s
moved t hrough an ai r gap bet ween
magnet icpol epi eces .
Voice s ynt hes izer:Synt hesizer that can
simul ate s peech by s tringing together

Page118of118
phenomes .
Vol t: Uni t of pot ential di f
ference or
elect romot ive f orce. One vol t i s t he
pot ent ialdi fference needed t o produce
one ampere of current t hrough a
res i
s tanceofoneohm.
Vol tage: ( V) Term us ed t o des i
gnat e
elect ricalpres sure or f orce thatcaus es
currentt of l
ow.
Vol tage ampl ifier:Ampl ifi
erdes i
gned t o
bui ld up s ignal vol tage. By des ign
ampl ifierscanhaveal argevol tagegai nor
al argecurrentgai noral argepowergai n.
Vol tage ampl ifi
ers are des igned t o
maxi mi ze vol tage gai n of t
en at t he
expens eofcurrentgai norpowergai n.
Vol tage cont rolled os cill
ator: Os ci
llator
whos e out putf requency dependson an
inputcont rolvol tage.
Vol tagedi vi der:Fi xed orvari ables eries
res i
s tor net work connect ed acros s a
vol taget oobt ainades iredf racti
onoft hat
vol tage.

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Vol tage di vi
der bi asing:Bi asing met hod
us ed wi th ampl ifiersi n which t wos eri es
res i
s t
orsconnect ed acros sa s [Link]
junct ion of t he t wo bi asing res i
s t
ors
provi des correct bi as vol tage f or t he
ampl ifi
er.
Vol tage drop:Vol tage or di fference i n
pot ent i
aldevel oped acros sa component
duet ocurrentf low.
Vol tagef eedback:Feedbackconf iguration
whereaport ion oft heout putvol t
agei s
fedbackt othei nputofanampl ifier.
Vol tage f oll
ower:Operat ional ampl ifi
er
circui t charact erized by a hi gh i nput
impedance,l ow out put i mpedance and
uni ty vol tage gai n. Us ed as a buf f
er
bet ween a s ource and a l ow i mpedance
load.
Vol tage gai n: Al so cal l
ed vol tage
ampl ifi
[Link] io ofampl if
ier out put
vol taget oinputvol tageus ual l
yexpres sed
indeci bels.
Vol tagemul tiplier:Rect ifi
erci rcuitus i
ng

Page120of120
diodes and capaci tors t o produce a DC
out putvol taget hati ss omemul tipleoft he
peak val ue of AC i nput vol t
age. Cos t
effect i
ve way of produci ng hi gher DC
voltages .Vol tage doubl ers and vol tage
tri
pl ersareexampl es .
Volt age rat ing: Maxi mum vol tage a
component can wi ths tand wi thout
breaki ngdown.
Volt age regul ator:Devi ce orci rcuitt hat
mai nt ainscons t
antout putvol tage( within
cert ainl imits)i ns pi t
e ofchangi ng line
voltageand/ orl oadcurrent .
Volt age s ource: Ci rcui t or devi ce t hat
suppl i
esvol taget oal oad.
Volt aic cell: Pri mary cel l having t wo
unl ikeel ectrodesi mmers edi n as olution
that chemi cal lyi nt eract st o produce a
voltage.
Volt -ampere:Uni tofapparentpoweri nan
AC ci rcuit cont ai ning capaci t
ive or
induct ive react [Link] i s
theproductofs ourcevol tageandcurrent .

Page121of121
Voltmeter:Inst
rumentus ed t
o meas ure
dif
ferenceinpotenti
albetweent wopoints
.
Volume: Magni t
ude or power l evel of
audio frequency. Measured in volume
units(VU).

Wat t:Uni tofel ectri

calpowerrequi redto
do work at t he rate of one j oule per
[Link] wat tofpower i sexpended
whenoneampereofdi rectcurrentf lows
throughares i
stanceofoneohm.I nanAC
circui t
,t rue power i st he product of
effective vol t
s and ef fective amperes,
mul tipliedbyt hepowerf actor.
wat tagerat i
ng:Maxi mum poweradevi ce
cans af elyhandl econtinous l
y.
wat t-hour:Uni tofel ect ricalwork,equal
toapowerofonewat tbei ngabs orbedfor
onehour.
Wat tmet er:Ins trumentus ed to measure
electricpoweri nwat ts.

Page122of122
Wave:El ect ric,el ect romagnet ic,acous ti
c,
mechani calorot herf orm whos ephys ical
act ivity ris esand f allsor advancesand
ret reat speri odi callyasi ttravel sthrough
somemedi um.
Wavef orm:Shapeofawave.
Wavegui de:Rect angul arorci rcul arpipe
us ed t o gui de el ectromagnet i
c wavesat
mi crof requenci es .
Wavel ength: ( l) Di s t
ance bet ween t wo
poi nts of corres pondi ng phas e and i s
equalt o wavef orm vel ocity di vided by
frequency.
Weber:( Wb)Uni tofmagnet i
cf l
[Link]
weber i st he amountoff lux t hatwhen
linked wi t
h as inglet urn ofwi reforan
interval of one s econd wi lli nduce an
elect romot ivef orceofonevol t.
wi en- bridgeos cillator:Os ci
llatort hatus es
anRCl ow- pas sf ilt
erandanRChi gh-
pas s
filtert os ett hef requncyofos cill
ations.
wetcel l:Secondarycel lusingal iquidas
anel ectrol yt e.

Page123of123
Wet ti
ng: Term us ed i n s oldering t o
des cribet hecondi tion thatoccurswhen
themet alsbei ngs olderedarehotenough
to mel tt he s olders oi tf lowesovert he
surf ace.
wheat stone bri dge: Four arm bri dge
circui t us ed t o meas ure res istance,
induct anceorcapaci tance.
wi deband ampl if
ier: Al so called
"broadband ampl if
ier."Ampl ifierwi tha
flat res pons e over a wi de range of
frequenci es.
Wi ndi ng: One or more t urns of a
conduct orwoundi nthef orm ofacoi l.
Wi re:Si ngles olid or s tranded group of
conduct ors havi ng a l ow res ist
ance t o
currentf [Link] ed t o make connect ions
bet weenci rcui tsorpoi ntsinaci rcui t.
wi regauge:Ameri canwi regauge( AWG)i s
as ystem of numeri cal des i
gnat ions of
wi redi amet ers.
Wi reles s: Term describing radio
communi cation t hat requi res no wi red

Page124of124
betweent wocommuni catingpoi nts.
wirewoundres i
stor:Res istori nwhi cht he
resist
ive el ement i sa l engt h of hi gh
resist
ance wi re or ri bbon us uall
y
nichromewoundont oani ns ulatingf orm.
wire wrappi ng: Met hod of maki ng a
connect ion by wrappi ng wi re around a
rectangul arpin.
Woof er: Large l ouds peaker des igned
primari ly to reproduce l ow f requency
audios ignals.
Work:Work i sdone any t ime energy i s
transformed f rom one t ype t o anot her.
Theamountofworkdonei sdependenton
theamountofenergyt rans formed.

X:Symbolforreactance.
Xaxis:Hori
zontalaxis.

Page125of125
Y:Symbolforadmi t
tance.
Yaxis:Vert
icalaxi
s.

Zaxis :Axi sperpendiculart

obot hXandY
axes.
zener di ode: Semiconductor diode i n
whichrevers ebreakdownvol tagecurrent
causes t he diode to devel
op a constant
volt
age. Us ed as a cl amp for voltage
regulation.
Zeroing:Cal i
brati
ng a met er sothati t
showsaval ueofzerowhenzeroi sbei ng
meas ured.

………….
………….
………….
……………….
.….
…….
Thanksf
orReadi
ng.
..
Raji
vRanj anKumar
Elec
t r
icalEngineer
NGPPat naBihar
saytoraji
v.r
2k@gmai l
.com /
/7677920820
..
.…………………………………………………………

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