Reviewer in Purposive Communication Schramm Model of Communication- two way

and circular process that emphasizes the

Communication- is an integral part of our daily continuous exchange of messages between a
lives, enabling us to connect, share, and sender and a receiver through
exchange thoughts, ideas, and information decoding,encoding and feedback loops.
with one another.
- process of exchanging ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION
information, ideas, thoughts, or feelings between Sender- is the individual who initiates the
individuals or groups through various channels communication process of formulating and
such as transmitting a message. The sender's intention is
(spoken or written language,body language, to convey ideas or emotions to the receiver.
gestures, and visual representations.) Message- is the core content of the
*Effective communication is essential for communication
building consisting of the information,ideas or emotions
relationships,resolving conflicts, and achieving that the sender intends to share with the
successful outcomes in various personal, social, receiver.
and professional settings. Channel- channel refers to the means by
which the message is conveyed from
COMMUNICATION IS… the sender to the receiver. Different channels
•Dynamic - changes and adapts based on the include face-to-face interactions, phone
situation,people involved and responses. conversations
•Transactional - two way process where all and written correspondence.
participants influence each other at the same Receiver- is the individual or group who
time. receives and interprets the message. The
•Contextual -depends on the environment, effectiveness of​
setting, and circumstances in which it occurs communication relies heavily on the receiver's
ability to comprehend and interpret the message
COMMUNICATION INVOLVES… accurately.
•Sending - act of creating and delivering a Feedback- is an essential component of the
message to others. communication process, as it enables the sender
•Receiving- act of listening to, reading or to
observing a message from others. gauge the receiver's understanding and response
•Feedback Loops- responses that show whether to the message.
the message was understood. Noise-refers to any interference,disruption, or
barrier that hinders the smooth transmission and
COMMUNICATION OCCURS IN… reception of a message between the sender and
•Interpersonal Context- personal or small receiver.
group settings.
•Professional Context-occurs in workplace or FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION
business Inform- Share facts, ideas, or knowledge clearly​
•Multicultural Context-happens between so others understand..
people from different cultural backgrounds. Persuade-Influence someone’s opinions,
beliefs,or actions.​
Collaborate- Work together and exchange ideas
to​ Feedback Management- Give and receive
reach a common goal. feedback​
Build Relationships-Create trust, constructively to improve understanding and
understanding, and​ performance.
rapport with others.
Negotiate-discuss to reach a mutually LOCAL AND GLOBAL
acceptable agreement. COMMUNICATION IN DIFFERENT
MULTICULTURAL SETTINGS
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION •Different languages are spoken worldwide, but
Verbal communication- is one of the most​ English has. become the lingua franca —a
common and familiar forms of human​ bridge language people use to communicate
interaction. It involves the use of spoken​ across cultures.
words and active listening to convey​ •English is not always spoken in the “native”
messages between individuals. form—there are World Englishes (Philippine
Non-verbal communication- goes beyond English, Indian English, Singaporean English,
words​ etc.).
and involves expressing messages through body​ •What matters most: mutual understanding,
language, gestures, and facial expressions. It is a​ clarity, and​
powerful means of communication that can​ respect.
complement, reinforce, or sometimes contradict​ •Globalization makes communication across
verbal messages. cultures unavoidable. English serves as our
Written communication- is another vital form​ bridge, but accents, varieties, and cultural
of human expression, especially in today's​ differences must be respected—especially in
digital age. It involves conveying messages,​ nursing and law enforcement, where lives and
information, or ideas through written words. justice are at stake.
Visual Communication- utilizes images,
graphics,​ THE WORLD ENGLISHES
infographics, charts, and diagrams to convey​ PHENOMENON
information effectively. This is particularly World Englishes = The different varieties of
useful​ English spoken around the globe, influenced by
when presenting complex data or concepts in a​ local languages, culture, and history.
visually. Examples:
●​ Philippine English: “Open the light,”
COMMUNICATION PRINCIPLES “comfort room.”
Clarity and Conciseness- Express ideas in a ●​ Indian English: “Do the needful,”
clear,​ “passed out” (graduated).
straightforward way using only necessary words. ●​ Singaporean English (Singlish): “Can or
Audience Awareness- Tailor your message to not?” meaning Is it possible?
match the needs, knowledge, and expectations of Why They Exist?
your audience. ●​ Colonial history → English spread
Active Listening- Fully focus on the speaker, globally.
understand their message, and respond ●​ Local adaptation → Communities
thoughtfully. reshaped English to fit their realities.
 ●​ Global use → English functions as U.S.hospital → seen as
lingua franca, not just a “native” unprofessional.
language. ○​ Criminology: A Latin American
Key message: Communication is effective as witness may not stick to
long as meaning is clear—even if it doesn’t appointment time → not
sound “American” or “British.” defiance, but cultural norm.
Legitimacy of Non-Native English b. High-Context vs. Low-Context Cultures
●​ Traditional view: Native-speaker ●​ High-context (meaning relies on tone,
English = “correct. gestures, silence): Japan, China, Middle
●​ Modern view (linguistics): All varieties East.
are legitimate, as long as they are ●​ Low-context (direct, explicit words
systematic and functional. matter): USA, Germany.
Importance: Example:
○​ It prevents discrimination. ○​ Nursing: A Japanese patient
○​ It encourages cultural pride. stays silent when asked about
○​ It improves communication in pain → silence doesn’t mean
global fields like healthcare and “no pain.”
law enforcement. ○​ Criminology: An American
•Intercultural communication is not just about suspect says directly “I didn’t
language—it’s about different ways of thinking, do it,” vs. a Filipino witness
relating, and interacting. To succeed as​ who hints instead of saying
nurses or criminologists, you need respect, “no.”
empathy, and cultural sensitivity. c.Collectivism vs. Individualism
Key Principles ●​ Collectivism (group first): Philippines,
●​ Respect: Acknowledge differences in China → decisions based on
communication styles. family/community.
●​ Empathy: Imagine yourself in the ●​ Individualism (self first): USA, Western
other’s situation. Europe → personal choice emphasized.
●​ Cultural Sensitivity: Be mindful of ●​ Example:
gender, religion, social class,​ ○​ Nursing: A Chinese patient
and traditions. wants to consult family before
CULTURAL DIMENSIONS making a treatment decision.
a.Monochronic vs. Polychronic Cultures ○​ Criminology: A Western
●​ Monochronic (time-focused, scheduled): witness may insist on individual
USA, Germany, Japan → “time is rights over group responsibility.
money.” BARRIERS AND SOLUTIONS
●​ Polychronic (flexible with time, ●​ Barriers: Stereotypes, assumptions,
relationship-focused): Philippines, Latin language gaps,cultural norms clash.
America → being late may not mean​ ●​ Solution: Be aware of cultural
disrespect. dimensions and adjust communication.
●​ Example: PERSONAL CONNECTION
○​ Nursing: A Filipino nurse ●​ Nursing: Explaining treatment to a
arrives 10 minutes late in a foreign patient may require adjusting to
high-context or collectivist cultures.
 ●​ Criminology: Interviewing witnesses 7.)Norms- expectation from the society.
may require patience with polychronic 8.)Genre-what type of communication we are
or high-context communication styles. delivering.

Effective communication isn’t about perfect Developing Intercultural Sensitivity

English—it’s about respect, clarity, and Bennet’s Developmental Mode of
connection​ Intercultural Sensitivity(DMIS)- provide
across cultures.In a global world, the best framework for understanding individual
communicators are those who listen with development and awareness highly from
empathy and speak with cultural sensitivity. ethnocentric and ethnorelative.

Register and Varieties Ethnocentric Stages

• register - first used by Thomas Bertam Reid in •Denial-inability to see cultural differences and
1956 and popularized by linguists in 1960; refers is reflective of individuals who isolate
to how language changes depending on context, themselves in homogenous groups.
audience, and purpose. -At this stage individual in the denial
• The Five Clocks by Martin Joos - presents a stage tend to ignore the reality of diversity and
typology to describe speech styles. are often characterized by
Dell Hymes Speaking Model- guide us to well meant but ignorant stereotyping and
effective communicators superficial statements of tolerance.
8 components: -Bennet called this stage Stupid
1)Scene and Setting- location in the Question Syndrome tend to a few say perhaps
communications. four ideas or pieces of stereotypic knowledge
2.)Participants- everyone who is included in the about a given country/culture.Moving individual
settings. from the indenial stage to the next involves
3.)End-goal or purpose of the communication. helping them to: -develop better skills of
4.)Act Sequence-structure of the category discrimination
communication.(Ex.when we delivered -become more sophisticated in thinking
speech/storytelling. -become more complex in their cognitive process
5.)key- tone and manner for delivering speech.
6). Instrumentalities- styles used in the •Defense -characterized by recognition of
communication. cultural differences couple with negative
Five components: evaluations of other cultures.
• Frozen - fixed, ritualistic, unchanging (e.g., 3 areas of defense
prayers, pledges, legal texts) Police crimes,court 1.Denigration-actively discriminating
• Formal - structured, no slang, precise (e.g. 2.Superiority-extreme ethnocentrism
academic writing speeches) 3.Reversal-changing side/evaluating one’s
• Consultative - professional, respectful, culture as inferior
interactive (e.g. teacher-student, doctor-patient)
• Casual - everyday, with slang/idioms (e.g., •Minimization-recognize and accept superficial
friends, group chats) cultures differences( belief that all human beings
• Intimate - private, personal, often non-verbal are the same)tend to ignore the influence of
cues (e.g.. culture
family, partners)
 -most advanced stage of
ethnocentric side

Ethnorelative-change in one views of

difference and recognize that people live in
culturally different

Ethnorelative Stages
•Acceptance-ability to recognize and appreciate
cultural differences in term of both people
values and behavior
•Adaptability-people begin to see cultural
categories as more flexible and competent in
their ability to communicate across:
-Use empathy actively
-Shift frames of references
-Better able to understand others
-Understood across cultural boundaries

*In this stage individual are looking at life

through the perspective of others
*Driven by a need for action such as better
teaching and cognitive empathy-ability to see
things from the perspective of others.
Ways to increase intercultural sensitivity and
competence:
• Opportunities for interaction with other-culture
partners
• Facilitated multicultural group discussions
• Training in the practice of empathy
• Activities that relate to real-life situations
• Facilitate opportunities for learners to practice
behavior in known cultures.

•Integration-final stage of the developmental

model of Intercultural sensitivity.
-reflects to those individual who
might have multiple frames of reference and can
identify and move freely within more than on
culture.