BSES 34 l KRISTINE JOY REYES 1

ROCKS & MINERALS TWO WAYS TO FORM IGNEOUS ROCK

Lesson 2 Intrusive Igneous Rocks
ROCKS - form when magma hardens beneath Earth’s
surface· Magma intrudes into existing rocks.
- A rock is naturally-occurring solid material
usually composed of an aggregate of mineral Extrusive Igneous Rocks
matter. Rock is a naturally formed, non-living
Earth material. 2 exceptions are coal & - form when lava hardens on the surface of the
obsidian. Earth· Extruded onto the surface

ROCKS CYCLE

- The rock cycle is a - Magma- molten material underground

continuous - Lava- magma that reaches the surface
process that
forms, alters, and - Igneous rocks are formed from magma that
reforms rocks. has cooled and hardened either beneath the
surface or from a volcanic eruption
- The cycle has no
beginning and no
end.

- Rocks deep within the Earth are right now

becoming other types of rocks.

- Rocks at the surface are lying in place before

they are next exposed to a process that will
change them.

TYPES OF ROCK
IGNEOUS ROCKS INTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKS

- One of the most common igneous rocks is - also known as Plutonic rocks, are formed when
granite. Granite is used extensively in building magma cools and solidifies below the Earth's
materials and making statues. surface.

- Igneous rocks form from cooling magma. - The magma rises up from the mantle, the layer
beneath the crust, and gets trapped in cracks
- Magma that erupts onto Earth’s surface is lava. or pockets in the crust.
- The chemical composition of the magma and - Examples of intrusive igneous rocks: are
the rate at which it cools determine what rock diorite, gabbro, granite, pegmatite, and
forms as the minerals cool and crystallize. peridotite.
- Igneous rocks are EXTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKS
formed from the
solidification of - also known as volcanic rocks erupt onto the
molten rock material. surface, where they cool quickly to form small
crystals.

- Some cool so quickly that they form an

amorphous glass.
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- These rocks include andesite, basalt, obsidian, METAMORPHIC ROCKS

pumice, rhyolite, scoria, and tuff.
- is the process of changing the composition
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS and texture of rocks (without melting) by
heat and pressure.
- Sedimentary rock is formed from the
weathered products of preexisting rocks - During metamorphism, new minerals are
that have been transported, deposited, formed, and mineral grains are sheared to
compacted, and cemented. give a foliated texture to metamorphic rock.

- Sediments accumulate and overtime may - Metamorphic rocks start as igneous,

be hardened into rock. Lithification is the sedimentary, or other metamorphic rocks.
hardening of layers of loose sediment into These rocks are changed when heat or
rock . pressure alters the existing rock’s physical or
chemical makeup.
- Lithification is made up of two processes:
There are two main types of
- Cementation And Compaction. metamorphism:
❖ CEMENTATION 1. Contact metamorphism—occurs
➢ occurs when substances when magma contacts a rock,
crystallize or fill in the changing it by extreme heat.
spaces between the loose 2. Regional metamorphism—occurs
particles of sediment. These when great masses of rock change
cementing substances over a wide area due to pressure
come from the water that exerted on rocks at plate boundaries.
moves through the
sediments. - Metamorphic rocks have been modified by
heat, pressure, and chemical processes,
❖ COMPACTION
usually while buried deep below Earth's
➢ occurs when sediments are surface. Exposure to these extreme
squeezed together by the conditions has altered the mineralogy,
weight of layers on top of texture, and chemical composition of the
them. Sedimentary rocks rocks.
made of cemented, non-
organic sediments are
called clastic rocks. MINERALS
- Sedimentary rocks are formed by the - Minerals are solid, naturally occurring
compaction of sediments. Sediments may substances found on Earth.
include:
- They are part of the composition of rocks (the
o Weathering physically and chemically building blocks of rocks) and often have
breaks rocks into small pieces called crystalline structure.
sediments.
In geology, the classic definition of a mineral is:
o Sediments are moved by wind, water,
ice, and gravity. 1. naturally occurring

o Eventually, they are dropped and form 2. Inorganic

layers that are cemented together. 3. solid at room temperature

4. regular crystal structure

5. defined chemical composition

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Cleavage: the mineral’s tendency to break along flat

surfaces.
MINERAL FORMATION
Fracture: the pattern in which a mineral breaks.
4 major processes by which minerals form:
Hardness: what minerals it can scratch and what
1. Crystallization from magma. Cooling magma minerals can scratch it.
causes minerals to crystallize.

Mineral Groups
2. Precipitation
Mineralogists are scientists who study minerals.
- Minerals dissolve out of evaporated water; They divide minerals into groups based on chemical
precipitated. composition.
- When the water evaporates, some of the Even though there are over 4,000 minerals, most
dissolved substances in the water can minerals fit into one of eight mineral groups.
crystalize to form minerals.
Silicate Mineral
3. Pressure & Temperature
- Silicates are the largest mineral group. About
- Change in pressure and temperature cause 1,000 silicate minerals are known. Silicate
an existing mineral to recrystallize while still minerals are also extremely common. They
solid. make up over 90% of Earth's crust.
4. Hydrothermal Solutions Native Element
- A hot mixtures of water with substances - Native elements contain only atoms of one
dissolved in them. Whey they come in type of element.
contact with existing minerals, chemical
reaction occurs forming a new mineral. - They are not combined with other elements.

- There are very few examples of these types of

minerals. Some native elements are rare and
How Minerals are Identified? valuable. Gold, silver, sulfur, and diamond
A mineral is an inorganic, crystalline solid. are examples.

A mineral is formed through natural processes and Carbonates

has a definite chemical composition. - All carbonates contain one carbon atom
Minerals can be identified by their characteristic bonded to three oxygen atoms. Carbonates
physical properties such as crystalline structure, may include other elements. A few of these are
hardness, streak, and cleavage. calcium, iron, and copper.

- common carbonate minerals serve as metal

ores: siderite, for iron; rhodochrosite, for
Physical Properties of Minerals manganese; strontianite, for strontium;
Color: the color of the mineral. smithsonite, for zinc; witherite, for barium; and
cerussite, for lead.
Streak: the color of the mineral’s powder.
Halides
Luster: the way light reflects off the mineral’s
surface. - Halide minerals are salts. They form when salt
water evaporates. This mineral class includes
Specific gravity: how heavy the mineral is relative to more than just table salt.
the same volume of water.
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- Halide minerals may contain the elements

fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. Some
halide minerals combine with metal elements.

Oxides

- Earth’s crust contains a lot of oxygen. The

oxygen can combine with other elements to
create oxide minerals.

- Oxides contain one or two metal elements

combined with oxygen.

- Oxides are different from silicates, because

they do not contain silicon. Many important
metals are found as oxides. For example,
hematite and magnetite are both oxides that
contain iron.

Phosphate

- Phosphate minerals have a structure similar to

silicates. In silicates, an atom of silicon is
bonded to oxygen. In phosphates, an atom of
phosphorus, arsenic, or vanadium is bonded to
oxygen.

- There are many types of phosphate minerals,

but phosphate minerals are rare. The
composition of phosphates is complex. For
example, turquoise contains copper,
aluminum, and phosphorus

Sulfate

- Sulfate minerals contain sulfur atoms bonded

to oxygen atoms. Like halides, they can form in
places where salt water evaporates.

- Gypsum is a common sulfate mineral that

contains calcium, sulfate, and water.

- Gypsum is found in various forms. For

example, it can be pink and look like it has
flower petals. However, it can also grow into
very large white crystals.

Sulfides

- contain metal elements combined with sulfur.

Sulfides are different from sulfates. They do not
contain oxygen. Pyrite is a common sulfide
mineral.

- It contains iron combined with sulfur. Pyrite is

also known as “fool’s gold.” Gold miners have
mistaken pyrite for gold, because pyrite has a
greenish gold color.