International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056

Volume: 09 Issue: 01 | Jan 2022 [Link] p-ISSN: 2395-0072

Autonomous Car using Arduino

Shambhavi Lalsinge1, Yash Mali2, Akshit Mahale3, Mrunmayee Kulkarni4, Omkar Kurade5,
Professor. Pramod Patil6
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Abstract - We propose a model of a self driving car which is In the paper, “Self-driving car to demonstrate real time
analogous to an actual self driving car, but is a simpler and obstacles & object detection.” by Mayur Bhangale, Gaurav
value effective version. This model will help students to Dabhade, Akshay Khairnar, Mamta Bhagat, a model of an
understand the working of an actual autonomous car. This autonomous car has been proposed which uses an Arduino
model can also help in solving some real world problems. along with Rasberry pi for processing. For obstacle detection
Using the logic and algorithm used in this model , in a any they have used ultrasonic sensor and for path detection they
other vehicle such as a wheel chair can make it autonomous have used camera which does real time image processing.
and help the user to operate it without anyone else’s help. Also,
hardware architecture is described which may be tweaked in In the paper “The key technology toward the self-driving car
step with the need. “ by Jianfeng Zhao, Bodong Liang and Qiuxia Chen, the paper
analyzes the key technology of self-driving car and
Key Words: Arduino, self driving car, Autonomous, illuminates the state-of-art of the self-driving car.
ultrasonic sensor, motor, batteries, object detection, obstacle
detection. In the paper “Autonomous Vehicles: Levels, Technologies,
Impacts and Concerns” by Mohsin Raza, the author has
[Link] demonstrated the various technologies that can be
implemented in self – driving cars. These technologies are
Autonomous vehicles are generating significant attention stated according to levels of [Link] author has also defined
and discussion, since recently every automobile company is the various impacts of self driving car and concerns
working to develop their respective autonomous vehicle regarding this.
concept and many are getting successful in achieving some
levels of autonomy and are planning to start production of In the paper “Self-Driving and Driver Relaxing Vehicle” by
autonomous vehicles in few years. Even though people are Qudsia Memon, Muzamil Ahmed, Shahzeb Ali,Azam Rafique
not yet sure and still have mixed feelings of excitement and Memon, Wajiha Shah. This paper states a model of self
insecurity regarding the autonomous concept but they will driving car which uses a GPS module along with a GSM
either accept it or reject it on the basis of the impacts of module. This model analyses another car in front of itself and
autonomous vehicles, such as safety, etc. Researchers and analyses it’s movements. So it keeps following the another
analysts from various universities and companies around the car with the help of ultrasonic sensor.
world have already started considering the consequences of
autonomous vehicles on carbon emission, number of cars 3. METHODOLOGY
per person, safety of the people sitting in car etc. and are
providing their insights on driverless car concept. Self- 3.1 Components and Design
driving cars will need to outperform human driving
Arduino Uno:
capabilities for securing a larger consumer market. Surely, it
It is a type of microcontroller that works with ATmega328P.
will have a huge impact on the timeline of transportation and
It is used for processing the data received from the sensors
it will completely change the way of people’s thinking
and give accurate commands to the actuators according to
towards future technologies.
the input received.
2. LITERATURE SURVEY
Servo Motor:
The development of the autopilot airplanes was a big step in It is a type of actuator that allows to control the angular
human history towards any type of vehicle automation. This position control precisely. It contains a motor that coupled
invention has set the pillars for the innovation of the self with a sensor that helps for the proper position feedback.
driven cars. From the year 1920, researchers have been
working on solving the challenge to build driverless Motor Driver Circuit:
autonomous cars. During the year 1926, Lihirrican Wonder An arduino pin is able to deliver only 40mA current but a DC
used radio antennas to and sent radio impulses which were motor requires more current so we use Motor Driver. It is
further caught by the antennae. The antennae introduces the like a current amplifier which drives the motor according to
signal to circuit breakers which operate small electric signals from the arduino.
motors that direct every movement of the car. This was the
first step in the innovation of autonomous cars. Currently,
Tesla has successfully implemented the concept of driverless
cars.

© 2022, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1653
 International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 09 Issue: 01 | Jan 2022 [Link] p-ISSN: 2395-0072

Gear Motor: 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

A gear motor is basically a combination of a motor with a
reduction geartrain. The geartrain is used to reduce the The project has been tested and found working smoothly in
speed of the motor with an increase in torque. figure 3, 4 . When we turn on the switch , the ultrasonic
sensor starts collecting data of the surroundings and sends it
Ultrasonic Sensor: to the Arduino. The Arduino collects the data and processes
An ultrasonic sensor is a sensing device that helps to it. After processing it sends signals to the gear motors. The
measure the distance of an object around it with the help of gear motors then help the car to move according to the
ultrasonic waves. commands sent by the Arduino.

Fig-1: Circuit diagram of the components

3.2 Algorithm

According to the flowchart in fig 2, the basic condition for

movement of the car will be distance which will be sensed
with the help of ultrasonic sensor. So we will be specifying
the distance according to which, it will decide to move Fig-3 : Prototype of the car
forward, backward, left, right or stop. The degree of freedom
of the ultrasonic sensor is increased with the help of servo
motor , since the ultrasonic sensor is mounted on the servo
motor . So, the ultrasonic sensor will also sense the distance
to it’s left and right and change the path accordingly.

Fig-4 : Top view of the car.

The car will first sense the distance of the nearest object,
which is defined in the code . It will check if the distance
satisfies the condition defined in the code and change the
Fig-2 : Flowchart for working of the car. path accordingly either to right or left, or it can also move in

© 2022, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1654
 International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 09 Issue: 01 | Jan 2022 [Link] p-ISSN: 2395-0072

the backward direction and sense for the objects again.

5. CONCLUSIONS

According to all the results discussed in this paper, we

conclude that the car uses ultrasonic sensor to calculate the
distance and detect the obstacles around it and is also
capable of taking it’s own decisions regarding changing the
directions to make a movement. The vehicle routes itself
with the help of input from the ultrasonic sensor. The input
from the ultrasonic sensor is passed to arduino where it is
processed and then the commands by the arduino are passed
to the motors. In this way the car operates and takes
decisions to move in any of the directions.

REFERENCES

[1] Mayur Bhangale, Gaurav Dhabade, Akshay Khairnar,

Mamta Bhagat “Self Driving car to demonstrate real time
obstacles and object detection” International Research
Journal of Engineering and Technology Volume 03 Issue:
11 Nov-2016.
[2] Mohsin Raza “Autonomous Vehicles: Levels,
Technologies, Impacts and Concerns” International
Journal of Applied Engineering Research Volume 13,
Number 16 (2018).
[3] Jianfeng Zhao, Bodong Liang, Quixia Chen “The key
technology towards self-driving car” IJIUS 2017.
[4] Shahzeb Ali, Azam Rafique “Self-Driving and Driver
Relaxing Vehicle” ICRAI November-2016
[5] Shubh Srivastava, Rajanish Singh “Voice Controlled
Robot Car Using Arduino” International Research
Journal of Engineering and Technology Volume: 07
Issue: 05 May 2020

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