History Cold War Knowledge

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1.What mistakes did Hitler make? He betrayed Stalin who was his ally
and he allied with Japan after the
bombing of Pearl Harbour on the 8th
December 1941.

2.Who formed the Grand Alliance and The Big Three were Roosevelt
what were they known as? (representative of the USA which had
the biggest economy), Stalin
(representative of the USSR which was
the biggest country) and Churchill
(representative of the UK which had
the biggest empire).
3.What was the first conference and The Tehran Conference in November
when was it? 1943.
4.What was the first conference To plan a winning strategy after in
about? 1941 where Hitler betrayed Stalin and
invaded the USSR and Germany
declaring war on Stalin.
5.What agreements were made at the The USA and Britain would open a
first conference? second front, Stalin would declare war
on Japan, and they should make
Germany denazified.
6.How did the first conference impact Stalin was happy that a second front
the Big Three’s relationship? had been agreed, Churchill was less
pleased as he wanted a second front
in the Balkans rather than through
France.
7.What was the second conference The Yalta Conference in February in
and when was it? 1945
8.What was the second conference The Big Three met to discuss winning
about? the war and the government of post-
war Europe.
9.What agreements were made at the After the war, Germany would be split
second conference? up into 4 zones, Germany would have
to pay $20 billion in reparations (50%
to the USSR), the Nazi party would be
banned, and war criminals would be
put on trial. Also, the UN was
established on the 25th of April 1945.
All nations could join but the USSR
was only allowed three members.
10.How did the second conference There were some tensions for the
impact the Big Three’s relationship? future of Poland, but Roosevelt and
Stalin were pleased with the outcome
of the UN.
11.When did the USA dropped their 6th August 1945 in Hiroshima
first atomic bomb and where in Japan?
12.How many people were killed 140,000 people
within seconds?
13.When did the USA dropped their 9th August 1945 in Nagasaki
second atomic bomb and where?
14.How many people were killed 74,000 people
within seconds?
15.When did Japan surrender? 15th August 1945
1.What was the third conference and The Potsdam Conference in July to
when was it? August 1945
2.Who replaced Roosevelt after he Harry Truman
died in April 1945?
3.Who replaced Churchill after he lost Clement Atlee
the general election?
4.What agreements were made at the Germany would be divided into 4
third conference? zones, administered by the USSR, the
USA, Britain and France but the
German economy would be run as a
whole. Berlin would be divided into
four zones controlled by the 4
counties even though it was in the
Soviet-controlled Germany.
5.What disagreements were made at Soviet Union wanted Germany to pay
the third conference? reparations, but the Truman was
concerned that this would make it
hard for the German economy.
Truman objected to the control that
the Soviet Union had over the
countries it had liberated from Nazi
rule. No agreements were made for
Poland.
6.What was the Iron Curtain Speech? Made in the USA by Churchill in March
1946 where he stated that an “Iron
Curtain” has descended on Europe
dividing it into the West and the East.
7.How did Stalin respond to the Iron He used Salami tactics to gain control
Curtain Speech? Eastern Europe.
8.What did Salami tactics include and 1945-1948. Rigging elections so that
when were they used? the main political party in the East
had to go into coalition with the
Communist Party. Force opponents to
leave the country. Outlaw opposition
to the new government and execute
opponents.
9.What was the Truman Doctrine? In March 1947, Truman promised that
the USA would provide aid to any
country taking a stand against
communism.
10.What policy did the USA follow A policy of isolationism.
before the Truman Doctrine?
11.What was the Marshall Plan and In June 1948, the USA provided
what when was it established? economic aid to help war-torn
countries in order to stop communism
from spreading to the West.
12.How many countries benefited It gave 16 countries over $13 billion in
from the Marshall Plan? aid.
13.What is ‘dollar imperialism’? The Soviets idea that the Marshall
Plan was trying to split Europe in half
with an American side and Soviet side.
14.What was the Allied Controlled A joint organisation called the Allied
Commission? Control Commission (ACC) was in
charge of the running of Germany.
15.Why was Stalin threatened by the Stalin thought that they were ganging
ACC? up on him.
1.In June 1948, what did Stalin do? He ordered that 1 million soldiers
were to surround Berlin and to
prevent anything going in or out of the
city to starve the people out Berlin.
2.What was the USA’s response to the American planes flew in supplies like
Berlin Blockade? food and water to Berlin.
3.In January 1949, how many tonnes 170,000 tonnes
was dropped off to Berlin?
4.What would happen if the USSR shot Truman threatened to drop an atomic
down an USA plane? bomb on the USSR.
5.What did the Berlin Airlift reveal USA were willing to go at any length
about the West? to stop communism. This was the
Truman Doctrine in action.
6.When was the Berlin Blockade called 9th May 1949
off?
7.When and what was it called when In June 1948, Trizonia
America, Britain and France decided
to merge their zones?
8.Where is Hungary and what is it part Behind the ‘Iron Curtain’ and part of
of? the Warsaw Pact.
9.What did the USSR gain in 1949? Their own atomic bomb
10.What was developed by the USA in American scientists made a hydrogen
1952, bomb which was 1000 times more
powerful than an atomic bomb.
11.When did Stalin die? 1953
12.Who emerged as leader of the Nikita Khruschev
USSR by 1956?
13.What was said in the ‘Secret Khrushchev criticized Stalin and
Speech’? promised most of Stalin’s policies
would be removed,
14.How was this received by the Change was coming.
people behind the ‘Iron Curtain’?
15.Who became PM of Hungary in July Imre Nagy
1956?
16.What reforms did Nagy put in place Freedom of Speech and Movement
from the Summer of 1956?
17.What did Nagy announce on 1st Nagy announced that Hungary would
November 1956? leave the Warsaw Pact.
18.What was the Soviet’s Union Khrushchev sends in 1,000 tanks in
response and when was it? Hungary. Warsaw Pact is triggered.
19.How many Hungarians died? 20,000 Hungarians
20.What did Nagy ask of NATO? Begs NATO for help
21.What was NATO’s response? NATO is a defence mechanism and
 Hungary isn’t part of NATO so it
cannot help.
22.What can a miltary attack on a A nuclear war.
satellite country could lead to?
23.Since the 1st Berlin Crisis. Which West Germany
side of Germany was seen as a lot
more better than the other?
24.How many East Germans travelled 3 million
to West Berlin and to receive a golden
ticket in 1958?
1.What did this golden ticket do? This ticket gave East Germans
permission to live in West Germany
and gave them a house, car, etc. Only
educated people got this.
2.How did the golden ticket impact Lead to the Brain Drain. Uneducated
East Germany? people were left leading to a lack of
doctors and other higher professions.
3.When did Khrushchev issue the 27th November 1958
Berlin Ultimatum?
4.What was the Berlin Ultimatum? It gave the Western Powers six
months to agree to withdraw from
Berlin and make it a free,
demilitarized city.
5.How many times did the USSR, and 4 times
the USA meet between 1959-61?
6.What were the key outcomes? At Genova (May 1959), both sides
argued how Berlin should be run but
no agreements. At Camp David
(September 1959) Khrushchev visited
America, and the Berlin Ultimatum
was withdrawn. At Paris (May 1960),
before the summit USSR had shot
down a US plane and both sides
stormed out of the meeting. At Vienna
(June 1961), nothing was agreed.
7.How many people were leaving East 40,000 people left East Berlin for the
Germany at the start of August 1961? West.
8.What did Khrushchev announce Ordered a wall to be built splitting
should be built? East Berlin and West Berlin. It was
called the Berlin Wall.
9.How did this stop the Refugee Stopped people from leaving East
problem? Berlin.
10.What were German border guards They were told to shoot anyone
ordered to do? attempting to cross over the Berlin
Wall.
11.How many people died? Over 130 people.
12.What did the Berlin Wall show It showed that Khrushchev had been
about Khrushchev powers in the forced to accept Western Control in
Western side of Berlin? West Berlin.
13.What did the Berlin Wall show That the USSR had to ‘lock’ people
about communism and USSR? into the East Germany to stop them
from leaving so it showed that many
people did not like communism.
14.What is Dollar imperialism? The policy of the USA in dominating
and maintaining over distant lands
through economic aid.
15.What evidence is there that US Cuba was the holiday destination for
businesses were doing well in Cuba? the USA. Much land was owned by the
Americans, and oil refineries, the
sugar, the electricity…
16.What the living standard of Many Cubans were in poverty.
Cubans?
17.In January 1959, what did Fidel They led the Cuban revolutions and
Castro and Che Guevara do? toppled the pro-American
government. Land once owned by
Americans was taken away.
18.What areas of tension remained The Americans lost all their assets in
after the Cuban revolution? Cuba.
1.Who became President after JFK Kennedy.
Eisenhower in January 1961?
2.What did the new President The CIA would land 1,400 Cuban
authorise? refugees in the Bay of Pigs.
3.What was the purpose of the USA soldiers would march to Havana
mission? and reinstall the pre-Revolution
leader.
4.How many soldiers landed on the 1,400 soldiers on the 17th April 1961
Bay of Pigs and when did it happen?
5.Why was the Bay of Pigs such a It was a failure – many of the
disaster for the USA? volunteers had little military
experience and the USA assumed that
the Cubans wanted freedom, but they
were wrong.
6.Why was the Bay of Pigs so It looked like the USA were trying to
humiliating for the USA? restore power and American influence
like the USSR by supporting an armed
uprising against another country’s
government.
7.What were the relations between They developed stronger relations and
the USSR and Cuba? in September 1961, Khrushchev
publicly announced that he would
provide arms to Cuba and placed
nuclear bombs in Cuba.
8.What was discovered on the 14th There were missile bases in Cuba
October 1962 by a USA spy plane?
9.Why was this a threat to the USA? Before, the USSR was too far away,
and so nuclear bombs were difficult to
reach the USA if there were to be a
nuclear war. But Cuba is next to the
USA so nuclear bombs shot from the
missile base in Cuba were more likely
to hit the USA.
10.Why did JFK see these Khrushchev had promised that no
developments as a threat? weapons would be transported to
America’s neighbour. Also USSR ships
were heading to Cuba which were
carrying nuclear weapons.
11.On the 16th October, what did JFK EXCOMM – they were the most
assemble and what were they? accomplished brains in the country,
and they would advise JFK on what to
do next.
12.What did this group advise JFK? On all the options: Invade Cuba, Bomb
Cuba or sink any Soviet ships
approaching Cuba.
13.On the 22nd October 1961, what Sink any Soviet ships approaching
option did JFK pick? Cuba.
14.How did JFK manage to tell the By TV where he announced his
USSR on what he is planning on decision and said there would be a
doing? blockade made around Cuba.
15.Why was the White House tense at The ships were still shipping for Cuba.
3am on the 24th October 1962?
16.What happened at 3:15 am? The Soviet ships turned around.
17.What communication was set up In June 1963, a direct communication
after this event? line was set up between Washington
and Moscow. This became known as
the hotline.
18.How did the popularity of JFK and JFK became popular as he proved to
Khrushchev change? be a strong leader whilst Khrushchev
was seen as weak and became
unpopular.
1.What was the Test Ban treaty? In August 1963, this treaty was signed
by the USA, USSR and Britain and
agreed to prohibit the testing of
nuclear weapons in outer space,
underwater and in the atmosphere.
2.What was signed in 1967? The Outer Space Treaty.
3.What was signed in 1968 and what The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treat
was agreed? was signed to stop the spread of
nuclear weapons and countries that
signed agreed not to share their
nuclear technologies with other
countries.
4.What was the Space Race? The USA and the USSR began a space
race competing to explore Earth’s
orbit, the moon and beyond.
5.Why was life difficult for people In 1948, they were forced to be
living under Communism in Communist and secret police was
Czechoslova kia? used to maintain control and there
were few customer goods. No freedom
of speech and radio were censored.
6.Between 1949-54, the Czech Catholics, Jew and people connected
government carried out purges on with the West.
who?
7.What did people start to do in the People began to protest against the
mid-1960s? low standard of living and lack of
freedom.
8.In 1968, what was Dubcek First Secretary (leader) of the Czech
appointed as? Communist Party.
9.What USSR trust Dubcek to do? To make the government more
effective and less unpopular whilst
 also keeping the country completely
loyal to the Soviet Union.
10.What did he believe about the Dubcek was committed to the Warsaw
future of communism? Pact he believed that communism
should not make people miserable.
11.When did Dubcek introduce the April 1968
‘Prague Spring’?
12.What did the Prague Spring Censorship relaxed and criticism of
reforms include? the government was allowed. Trade
Unions were given wider powers. More
power was given to Czech regional
governments. Trade with the west was
increased and Czech people were
given greater freedom to travel
abroad.
13.How did people feel about the These reforms were met with great
Prague Spring? enthusiasm by the Czech people, not
so much in Moscow. Brezhnev
disapproved of many of these
measures.
14.When did the Soviet react to the 20th August 1968
reforms?
15.What did the Soviet Union do? Triggered the Warsaw Pact troops
invaded Czechoslovakia, and 500,000
troops invaded Czechoslovakia.
16.What opposition did the USSR Very little opposition as Brezhnev
troops faced? ordered the Czech army to remain in
the barracks just in case they tried to
fight,
17.What happened to Dubcek? He was arrested in 1969.
18.Who replaced Dubcek? Gustav
1.Who was Husak and what did he do? A Moscow loyalist who arrested over a
thousand Czechs.
2.How did the USA and Western They were outraged and many of
governments felt about the invasion? them made strong protests to the
Soviet Union.
3.How did the Soviet Union view these The Soviet Union was not worried as
protests? they knew the USA would not take
direct action.
4.How did the governments of East They welcomed Brezhnev’s actions
Germany and Poland feel about this and felt more secure as they would
crisis? not feel challenged by the reformers
in their own country.
5.When was the Brezhnev Doctrine 26th September 1968
set?
6.What the Brezhnev Doctrine? Brezhnev declared that the USSR
would not allow the countries of
Eastern Europe to reject communism
even if it meant WW3.
7.How did the USA appear? The USA was keen to criticise the
Soviet Union but less prepared to act.
8.What was détente? A period of peace between two groups
that were previously at war, or hostile
 to each other.
9.When was President Nixon elected 1968
president of the USA?
10.What did Nixon wanted to achieve? Wanted to get the USA out of the
Vietnam war as it had caused the
death of 60,000 USA soldiers. He also
wanted to fix many social problems in
his country.
11.What is the problem of nuclear It is expensive.
weapons?
12.What does SALT stand for? Strategic Arms Limitations Treaty
13.When was SALT 1 issued? May 1972
14.What was the treaty a result of? The result of several years of difficult
negotiations between the USA and the
Soviet Union about which weapons
should be limited.
15.What did the Anti-Ballistic Missile That ABMs were allowed at only two
Treaty state? sites, each site should have a
maximum of 100 missiles.
16.What did the Interim Treaty do? It placed restrictions on the number of
ICBMs and SLBMs each country could
have.
17.What was a weakness of SALT 1? It didn’t cover the latest technological
development.
18.What were the Helsinki Accords? In 1973, 33 nations from NATO and
the Warsaw Pact met to build on the
spirit of co-operations which had been
established in SALT 1.
19.In 1975, what three agreements European boarders cannot be altered
had been reached? even by force, the West and USSR
controlled countries will work
together, and human rights will be
respected.
20.When did talks of SALT 2 continued 18th June 1979
until?
21.Who were ratifying SALT 2? President Carter and President
Brezhnev
1.What did SALT 2 include? Restrictions between on missile
launchers and strategic bombers, as
well as a ban on testing or deploying
new types of ICBM.
2.How did the relations between the The USA Democrats and Republicans
USA and USSR fade? believed that the Soviets could not be
trusted. November 1979 – American
hostages were held in Iran. In
December 1979, The Soviet Union
invaded Afghanistan bringing an end
to détente.
3.The SALT 2 was in ratification but He withdrew the treaty.
what did Carter do?
4.How was Afghanistan viewed by the Important neighbour – Afghanistan
USSR? shared a boarder with the USSR.
5.In early 1979, what happened to They had a revolution which led to
Iran? Muslim extremists assuming power.
6.In April 1978, what type of A pro-Soviet government.
government had been installed?
7.How did this benefit both the USSR Afghans largest trading partner was
and the Afghans? the USSR. USSR did not want Muslim
fundamentalists entering the USSR.
8.In September 1979, what happened Amin (another pro-Soviet Afghan) took
to this pro-Soviet government? over the government and he wanted a
revolution to turn Afghanistan into a
strict religious state.
9.When did the Soviets invaded 24th December 1979
Afghanistan?
10.What happened to Amin? He was replaced with Babrak Kamal
11.When did the West found out about 28th December 1979
the invasion?
12.On the 3rd January, how did Carter Ordered the US senate not to ratify
respond? SALT 2.
Détente was over and the Cold War
was back on.
13.When was the Carter Doctrine 23rd January 1980
released?
14.What did the Carter Doctrine state? America would defend American
interests in the Persian Gulf from
Soviet aggression and economic
sanctions would be placed on the
USSR.
15.What was the problem with the The Perian Gulf did not cover
Carter Doctrine? Afghanistan or even close to it.
16.How did the invasion influence the Carter was replaced by Reagan who
US election? promised to help people trapped by
communism to free themselves.
17.Reagan persuaded the US congress In 1982. 13% more was spent with a
to boost America’s armed forces by further 8% in 1983 and1984.
how much?
18.What was the Reagan Doctrine? The USA would not only support anti-
Communist groups trying to overthrow
Communist governments.
19.In 1980, where was the Olympic In Moscow
Games held?
20.How many countries supported the Over 60 nations supported the US
US boycott? boycott.
What did this boycott reflect? It reflected the influence the USA had
in international affairs.
In 1984, how many communist 15 Communist counties
countries boycotted the games?
What did Reagan argue when trying to He argued that America needed to
become President? reclaim its position on the world stage
and stand up to communism.