n “Tabulation”

n INTRODUCTION

There many forms of presentation of data of which the following three are well
known: (i). Textual Presentation, (ii). Tabular Presentation, (iii). Diagrammatic Presentation.

What is a Table:

A table is a symmetric arrangement of statistical data in rows and columns.

OBJECTIVE OF TABULATION:

1. Conserves space & minimizes explanation and descriptive statements.

2. Facilitates process of comparison and summarization.

3. Facilitates detection of errors and omissions.

4. Establish the basis of various statistical computations.

BASIC PRINCIPLES OF TABULATION:

1. Tables should be clear, concise & adequately titled.

2. Every table should be distinctly numbered for easy reference.

3. Column headings & row headings of the table should be clear & brief.

4. Units of measurement should be specified at appropriate places.

5. Explanatory footnotes concerning the table should be placed at appropriate places.

6. Source of information of data should be clearly indicated.

7. The columns & rows should be clearly separated with dark lines

8. Demarcation should also be made between data of one class and that of another.

9. Comparable data should be put side by side.

10. The figures in percentage should be approximated before tabulation.

11. The alignment of the figures, symbols etc. should be properly aligned and adequately
spaced

12. Abbreviations should be avoided.

 I. According to Purpose

General Purpose Table:

General purpose table is that table which is of general use. It is does not serve any specific
purpose or specific problem under consideration.

Special Purpose Table:

Special Purpose table is that table which is prepared with some specific purpose in mind.

II. According to Originality

Original Table:

An original table is that in which data are presented in the same form and manner in which they
are collected.

Derived Table:

A derived table is that in which data are not presented in the form or manner in which these are
collected. Instead the data are first converted into ratios or percentage and then presented.

III. According to Construction

Simple Table

Complex Tables
 a. Double or Two-Way Table

b. Three-Way Table

c. Manifold (or Higher Order) Table

Simple Table

In a simple table (also known as one-way table), data are presented based
on only one characteristic.

Complex Tables

In a complex table (also known as a manifold table) data are presented according to two or more
characteristics simultaneously. The complex tables are two-way or three-way tables according to
whether two or three characteristics are presented simultaneously.

a. Double or Two-Way Table

b. Three-Way Table

c. Manifold (or Higher Order) Table

Double or Two-Way Table

In such a table, the variable under study is further subdivided into two groups
according to two inter-related characteristics.

Three-Way Table

In such a table, the variable under study is divided according to three interrelated
characteristics.

Manifold (or Higher Order) Table

Such tables provide information about a large no of interrelated characteristics in

the data set.

Parts of an Ideal Table

 Date:

The date of preparation of the table should be given.

 Stubs or Row designations:

Each row of the table should be given a brief heading. Such designations of rows are called
“stubs”, or, “stub items” and the entire column is called “stub column”.

 Column headings or Captions:

 Column designation is given on top of each column to explain to what the figures in the
column refer. It should be clear and precise. This is called a “caption”, or, “heading”. columns should
be numbered if there are four, or, more columns.

 Body of the table:

 The data should be arranged in such a way that any figure can be located easily.
Various types of numerical variables should be arranged in an ascending order, i.e., from left
to right in rows and from top to bottom in columns. Column and row totals should be given.

 Unit of measurement:

 If the unit of measurement is uniform throughout the table, it is stated at the top
right-hand corner of the table along with the title. If different rows and columns contain
figures in different units, the units may be stated along with “stubs”, or, “captions”. Very
large figures may be rounded up but the method of rounding should be explained.

Source:

At the bottom of the table a note should be added indicating the primary and secondary
sources from which data have been collected.

Footnotes and references:

If any item has not been explained properly, a separate explanatory note should be added at
the bottom of the table.

Limitation of Tabulation

Tables contain only numerical data. They do not contain details.

qualitative expression is not possible through tables.

Tables can be used by experts only to draw conclusions. Common men do not understand them
properly.

CONCLUSION

With the help of above discussion we can say that table are help us to represent the data in the
form of rows and columns and make it useful for the purposes.

ANALYSIS OF DATA

The important statistical measures that are used to analyze the research or the survey are:

Measures of central tendency(mean, median & mode)

Measures of dispersion(standard deviation, range, mean deviation)

Measures of asymmetry(skew ness)

Measures of relationship etc.( correlation and regression)

Association in case of attributes.

INTERPRETATION:

Interpretation is the relationship amongst the collected data, with analysis.

Interpretation in a way act as a tool to explain the observations of the researcher during the
research period and it acts as a guide for future researches.

WHY Interpretation?

- the researcher understands the abstract principle underlying the findings.

- Interpretation links up the findings with those of other similar studies.

- The researcher is able to make others understand the real importance of his research
findings.

PRECAUTIONS IN INTERPRETATION:

1. Researcher must ensure that the data is appropriate, trust worthy and adequate for drawing
inferences.

2. Researcher must be cautious about errors and take due necessary actions if the error arises

3. Researcher must ensure the correctness of the data analysis process whether the data is
qualitative or quantitative.

4. Researcher must try to bring out hidden facts and un obvious factors and facts to the front
and combine it with the factual interpretation.

5. The researcher must also ensure that there should be constant interaction between initial
hypothesis, empirical observations, and theoretical concepts.