GRAMMAR for Revision and Reference -

Tense Table and Structures

Tense Form Structure Past Present Future

Simple Subject + I wrote I write I will write

V1/V2/will +
V1

Continuous Subject + I was writing I am writing I will be

was/am/will be writing
+ V1+ing

Perfect Subject + I had written I have written I will have

had/have/will written
have + V3

Perfect Subject + I had been I have been I will have

Continuous had/have/will writing writing been writing
have been +
V1+ing

Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verb in brackets.

[Link] usually ______ (go) to school by bus.

2.I __ (study) when the lights went out.

[Link] train __ (leave) before we reached the station.

[Link] __ (live) in Delhi since 2018.

[Link] __ (watch) TV when I entered the room.

6.I think it __ (rain) soon.

[Link] the time she arrived, we __ (already/leave).

[Link] baby __ (sleep) for two hours now.

[Link] often __ (forget) his keys at home.

[Link] __ (plan) this trip for months.

[Link] __ (complete) the assignment yesterday.

[Link] I __ (walk) in the park, I met an old friend.

[Link] __ (visit) Agra next weekend.

[Link] __ (not/finish) his homework yet.

[Link] this time tomorrow, I __ (fly) to London.

[Link] children __ (play) outside since morning.

17.I __ (just/see) a shooting star!

[Link] __ (read) this novel for the third time.

[Link] I was young, I __ (go) cycling every morning.

[Link] __ (cook) dinner when the phone rang.

Answer Key:

[Link]

[Link] studying

[Link] left

[Link] been living

[Link] watching

[Link] rain

[Link] already left

[Link] been sleeping

[Link]

[Link] been planning

[Link]

[Link] walking

[Link] visiting

[Link] not finished

[Link] be flying

[Link] been playing

[Link] just seen

[Link] reading
[Link] to go

[Link] cooking

Choose the correct option to reorder or transform the sentence correctly.

Transformation (Assertive to Interrogative):

[Link] is singing a song.

a) Is she singing a song?

b) Does she sing a song?

c) Was she singing a song?

d) Did she sing a song?

Ans: a

Transformation (Imperative to Passive):

[Link] the door.

a) Let the door be closed.

b) The door is closed.

c) Let us close the door.

d) You close the door.

Ans: a

Transformation (Negative to Affirmative):

[Link] is not always late.

a) He is sometimes on time.

b) He is never on time.

c) He is often late.

d) He is rarely on time.

Ans: a

Transformation (Direct to Indirect Speech):

[Link] said, "I am tired."

a) She said that she is tired.

b) She said that she was tired.

c) She says that she is tired.

d) She says that she was tired.

Ans: b

Transformation (Exclamatory to Assertive):

[Link] a wonderful idea!

a) That was a wonderful idea.

b) This is a very wonderful idea.

c) It is a wonderful idea.

d) It was so wonderful idea.

Ans: c

Transformation (Interrogative to Assertive):

[Link] you see the movie?

Ans: You saw the movie.

Transformation (Simple to Complex):

[Link] the lion, he ran away.

Ans: When he saw the lion, he ran away.

Transformation (Complex to Simple):

[Link] he was tired, he slept early.

Ans: Being tired, he slept early.

Transformation (Active to Passive):

[Link] painted the wall.

Ans: The wall was painted by him.

Transformation (Assertive to Exclamatory):

[Link] is a very hot day.

Ans: What a hot day it is!

1. Simple Sentence
Definition: A sentence with one independent clause (a subject and a verb) and no dependent
clause. It expresses a complete idea.
Structure:
Subject + Verb (+ Object/Complement)
Examples:
[Link] reads every evening.
[Link] sun rises in the east.
3.I like ice cream.
[Link] play football on Sundays.
[Link] went to the market.
2. Compound Sentence
Definition: A sentence made of two or more independent clauses, joined by a coordinating
conjunction (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so — FANBOYS).
Structure:
Independent Clause + Coordinating Conjunction + Independent Clause
Examples:
1.I wanted to play, but it was raining.
[Link] studied hard, so she passed the exam.
[Link] can go to the park, or we can stay home.
[Link] is tall, and he is good at basketball.
5.I was tired, yet I continued working.
3. Complex Sentence
Definition: A sentence that has one independent clause and one or more dependent
(subordinate) clauses.
Structure:
Independent Clause + Subordinating Conjunction + Dependent Clause
(or vice versa)
Subordinating Conjunctions: because, although, since, if, when, unless, etc.
Examples:

[Link] it was raining, we went out.

[Link] left early because she was tired.

[Link] you study hard, you will succeed.

[Link] the bell rang, the students left the class.

5.I know that she is coming.

Degrees of Comparison

Degree Usage Form Examples

Positive Degree Used when no Adjective base form She is tall.

comparison is made; (e.g., tall, fast)
describes a quality This book is
interesting.

Comparative Degree Used to compare Adjective + -er / - She is taller than

two people or more + adjective her sister.
things.
- This book is more
interesting than the
other.

Superlative Degree Used to compare Adjective + -est / - She is the tallest

more than two; most + adjective girl in the class.
shows the highest
degree. - This is the most
interesting book
I’ve read.

Degrees of Comparison at a glance-

Degrees of Comparison: Table with Sentence Structures & Examples

Structure / Phrase
Degree Comparative Form Superlative Form
Used
Positive As…as / So…as …er + than The + est
No other Any other The + est

One of the +
Very few Many / more than
superlative + noun
 As…as / So…as

• Positive: He is as clever as his sister.

• Negative: She is not so/as fast as her friend.

No other / Any other / The + est

• Positive: No other boy in the class is as smart as Aryan.

• Comparative: Aryan is smarter than any other boy in the class.
• Superlative: Aryan is the smartest boy in the class.

Very few / More than / One of the

• Positive: Very few players are as consistent as Virat Kohli.

• Comparative: Virat Kohli is more consistent than many other players.
• Superlative: He is one of the most consistent players in the world.

A key rule of Degrees of Comparison — when the comparison is between two objects, only
Positive and Comparative degrees are used.

Use of Positive and Comparative Degrees when Comparing Two Things

Rule:

When comparison is made between two persons or objects, only Positive and Comparative
degrees are used. The Superlative degree is used only when comparing more than two.

1. Positive Degree

• Structure:
Subject 1 + Verb + as + adjective + as + Subject 2
• Usage: Shows equality or no difference.
• Example:
Gold is as precious as silver.
(Gold and silver are equally precious.)

2. Comparative Degree

• Structure:
Subject 2 + Verb + not + more/less + adjective + than + Subject 1
(used to convert positive to comparative, often from affirmative to negative)
• Example:
Silver is not more precious than gold.
(Gold is at least as precious as silver.
Example 1:

• Positive: This pen is as costly as that one.

• Comparative: That pen is not more costly than this one.

Example 2:

• Positive: Rahul is as intelligent as Ajay.

• Comparative: Ajay is not more intelligent than Rahul.

More EXAMPLES:

1. She is the most intelligent student in the class.

Comparative: She is more intelligent than any other student in the class.

Positive: No other student in the class is as intelligent as she is.

2. He is the tallest boy in the team.

Comparative: He is taller than any other boy in the team.

Positive: No other boy in the team is as tall as he is.

3. This is the most beautiful painting in the gallery.

Comparative: This painting is more beautiful than any other in the gallery.

Positive: No other painting in the gallery is as beautiful as this one.

4. Mount Everest is the highest peak in the world.

Comparative: Mount Everest is higher than any other peak in the world.

Positive: No other peak in the world is as high as Mount Everest.

5. She is the fastest runner in the school.

Comparative: She is faster than any other runner in the school.

Positive: No other runner in the school is as fast as she is.

Agreement Of the Verb with the Subject:

1. The bouquet of roses ___ beautiful on the table.

A) look
B) looks
C) are looking
D) have looked
2. Neither the teacher nor the students ___ absent today.
A) is
B) was
C) are
D) has been
3. The jury ___ divided in their opinion.

A) is
B) was
C) are
D) has

4. One of the boys ___ broken the window.

A) have
B) has
C) are
D) were

5. Mathematics ___ my favourite subject.

A) are
B) were
C) is
D) have been

Use of ‘Too’:

1. The tea was ___ hot for me to drink.

A) enough
B) very
C) too
D) so

2. He is ___ weak to lift the heavy suitcase.

A) so
B) very
C) too
D) enough

3. The boy is ___ intelligent to make such a silly mistake.

A) very
B) too
C) so
D) too

4. This problem is ___ difficult for me to solve.

A) too
B) very
C) enough
D) so

5. She is ___ tired to go out for a walk.

A) so
B) enough
C) too
D) very

Use of Enough:

1. She is not ___ to participate in the competition.

A) brave enough
B) enough brave
C) braver enough
D) enough braver

2. He didn't run fast ___ to win the race.

A) enough fast
B) so fast
C) fast enough
D) too fast

3. The room was not big ___ for all the guests.

A) too
B) enough
C) so
D) very

4. We have ___ time to complete the project.

A) much
B) too
C) very
D) enough
5. They are not working hard ___ to pass the exam.

A) so
B) enough
C) too
D) very

6. He wasn’t strong ___ to lift the box.

A) too
B) strong enough
C) enough strong
D) stronger enough

7. The movie was interesting ___ to watch till the end.

A) very
B) enough interesting
C) interesting enough
D) too interesting

8. Do we have ___ chairs for everyone?

A) so
B) enough
C) too
D) much

9. The weather was not warm ___ to go swimming.

A) enough
B) too
C) very
D) much

10. She didn’t speak loudly ___ for everyone to hear.

A) so
B) loud
C) loud enough
D) enough loud