Lecture- 7
Photogrammetry- Stereo-pairs and Stereovision
Prof. P. K. Garg
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
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Why Stereovision ?
• Individual photographs are good enough for mapping plannimetric
details.
• Height of various features cannot be determined with individual
photos as these require stereo-pair.
• Height of terrain is required not only to know the topographic
variations (relief) in the area but also to determine the slope of the
terrain.
• 3-D visualisation models of the terrain may be created to represent it.
• Flat terrain or slope can be identified which is preferred in most of
the Civil Engineering Projects
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Stereo-images
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Principle of Triangulation
Determines the position of a point in space by finding the
intersection of the two lines passing through the center of
projection and the projection of the point in each image.
The goal of stereo vision
• The recovery of the 3D structure of a scene using two or more images of
the 3D scene, each acquired from a different viewpoint in space.
• The term binocular vision is used when two cameras are employed.
Stereo Matching
• Given two or more images of the same scene or object, a
representation of its shape can be computed
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CSE 576, Spring 2008 Stereo matching 6
Some Technical Terms
Stereo-pair: Two successive photographs
which are taken with two different
exposure stations with 60% or more
forward overlap are called Stereo-pair or
Stereo-images. Any stereoscopic image is Stereo-pair
called a stereogram.
Stereo-pair is used to create a Stereo-
model
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Some Technical Terms
Stereovision: Stereovision or depth perception
is the human ability to see depth (3D-view) of
the terrain. It would require two views of a
single object from two slightly different
positions.
When an object is viewed simultaneously with
the left eye and also with the right eye, the
fusion or blending of these two images
together in the brain gives rise to distance or
depth perception.
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Stereoscopic Model: The portion of
scene which is common to two
successive photographs is called
stereoscopic model or stereo-model.
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Some Technical Terms
Stereoscope: The requirement for
stereovision can be satisfied by
overlapping photographs if left eye sees
the object on left photograph and right Stereoscope
eye sees the same object on right
photograph.
The left and right vision is regulated by an
optical aid, known as stereoscope.
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Some Technical Terms
Stereoscopy: It is a technique for
creating a model of depth perception
by means of a stereo-pair.
Human vision is playing very
important role in creating
stereovision.
Stereovision
The perception of depth is a
complex process which begins with
the acquisition of visual information
through the human eyes.
Human vision
3-D stereoscopic viewing of the
Earth’s surface is possible using
overlapping pairs of vertical stereo
aerial photographs
Human vision (6-7cm)
• Human eyes, fixed on same object, provide two
points of observations which are required for
parallax.
• Human vision is binocular in most cases, and Parallactic
angle
human eyes can resolve parallax as angle of
Depth
convergence or parallactic angle.
A b
tan
2 2 DA
b
DA cot A
2 2
• Human eyes provide perception of depth and
enables us to judge distances (up to 400m)
Stereoscopy
The eyes will see two images,
which are different only in angle
of view, orientation, brightness,
etc.
The brain tries to fuse both the
images into a single 3D image to
create depth perception and
starts interpreting information
and makes intelligent and
meaningful output of the raw
information.
Stereoscopy
The human brain makes use of a
number of clues (e.g., colour, shape,
size, pattern, texture, location of
objects etc.) to determine relative
distance and depth in perceived
scenes, which are useful in
interpretation.
Human brain
Can you fuse these?
left right
No special instrument needed
Just relax your eyes
L
S. Birchfield, Clemson Univ., ECE 847, http://www.ces.clemson.edu/~stb/ece847
Stereo-pair Viewing Exercise
• It is helpful in developing the ability
to see stereovision.
• Focus your eyes on indexfingers kept
at a distance from eyes and also
apart each other.
• Slowly, bring your indexfingers closer
to each other as well as closer to
eyes.
• By doing so, both the tips of fingers
appear meeting each other while
they are still some distance away
with each other.
A stereogram for viewing stereomodel
Stereo-pair of Aerial Photographs
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Stereo-pair of Satellite Images
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Requirements of stereoscopic vision
• Both the photographs must cover same common area, with
minimum 60% overlap.
• Time of exposure of both photographs must be nearly same.
• Scale of two photographs should be the same.
• The brightness of both the photographs should be similar.
• Parallax must be present in the stereo-pair.
• Base to height ratio must be between 0.25 and 2.0. If this ratio is too
small, say 0.02, the stereoscopic view will not provide a better depth
impression. Base to height ratio increases as overlap decreases.
Stereo-photogrammetry
• Stereopair (two photographs with 60% or more overlap) is
the basic requirement to view overlapped ares in 3D and
subsequently used for mapping.
• If only a single camera is used to take two overlapping
photographs, the camera is required to be placed at two
different positions.
• If two overlapping photographs are taken from one single
position of the camera, stereometric cameras can be used.
Stereometric Cameras
Landslide Monitoring using Stereometric Camera
Stereometric Cameras mounted on the vehicle
360 Degree Cameras for panoramic view
Generation of 3-D Views
3-D view can be created through stereoscopic process, using
simple equipment, such as stereoscopes or sophisticated
equipment, such as stereo-comparator, or digital
photogrammetric systems.
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Thank You
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