Module 1 – Introduction to Artificial Intelligence (Detailed
Notes)
1. Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines,
especially computer systems. It involves learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception,
and natural language understanding. - How Does AI Work? AI works using algorithms and
models that process data, learn from it, and make predictions or decisions. - Advantages:
Automation, efficiency, handling big data, supporting decision making. - Disadvantages:
High cost, lack of creativity, risk of unemployment, ethical issues. - History of AI: - 1950s:
Alan Turing’s “Computing Machinery and Intelligence”. - 1956: Dartmouth Conference
(birth of AI as a field). - 1980s: Expert Systems. - 2000s–Present: Machine Learning, Deep
Learning, Generative AI. - Types of AI: - Weak AI: Focused on narrow tasks (e.g., Siri,
Google Translate). - Strong AI: Hypothetical, with human-like reasoning ability. - Reactive
Machines: E.g., IBM’s Deep Blue. - Limited Memory: E.g., Self-driving cars. - Theory of
Mind: Future AI understanding human emotions. - Self-Awareness: Still a concept, where
AI understands itself. - AI vs Augmented Intelligence vs Cognitive Computing: -
Augmented Intelligence = AI as a supportive tool to enhance human intelligence. -
Cognitive Computing = Mimics human thought processes (IBM Watson).
Machine Learning and Deep Learning
- Machine Learning (ML): A subset of AI that enables machines to learn patterns from
data. - Deep Learning (DL): A subset of ML using multi-layered neural networks for tasks
like image recognition, NLP, etc.
2. Machine Intelligence
- Defining Intelligence: Ability to learn, understand, and apply knowledge. - Components of
Intelligence: Reasoning, learning, problem-solving, perception, language understanding. -
Human vs Machine Intelligence: - Humans excel at creativity, emotions, ethics. - Machines
excel at speed, accuracy, and handling large data. - Agent and Environment: An agent
perceives its environment and takes actions to maximize performance (e.g., a robot
vacuum cleaner). - Search in AI: - Uninformed Search (Blind Search): No prior knowledge
(e.g., BFS, DFS). - Informed Search: Uses heuristics (e.g., Greedy Search, Best-First
Search).
3. Knowledge Representation
Knowledge representation (KR) is a way to represent information about the world so that
AI systems can use it to solve problems intelligently. - Types of Knowledge: - Declarative
Knowledge (facts). - Procedural Knowledge (how-to). - Semantic Knowledge (meanings,
relationships). - Meta-Knowledge (knowledge about knowledge). - Knowledge-Based
Agent: Uses stored knowledge to make informed decisions.
■ Textbook Reference
- Reema Thareja, Artificial Intelligence: Beyond Classical AI, Pearson Education, 2023. -
Module 1 Coverage: Chapter 1 (1.1–1.5), Chapter 3 (3.1–3.7.2), Chapter 4 (4.1–4.4)
■ Suggested Online Resources
1. Elements of AI – https://www.elementsofai.com 2. CS50’s Introduction to AI with Python
– https://cs50.harvard.edu/ai/ 3. Google Machine Learning Crash Course –
https://developers.google.com/machine-learning/crash-course 4. Google AI Education –
https://ai.google/education/ 5. Coursera (Machine Learning by Andrew Ng) –
https://www.coursera.org/learn/machine-learning
