“Well begun is half done...” You cannot be great at the start, but you have to start to be great. So, making a beginning is important. This chapter will help you wet your feet, before beginning a more arduous CG journey...2 — ° What is C? Which C are we ‘© » Getting Started with C coe Learning? Alphabets, Digits and Special Symbols Constants, Variables and Keywords Types of C Constants Rules for Constructing Integer Constants Rules for Constructing Real Constants Rules for Constructing Character Constants Types of C Variables Rules for Constructing Variable Names C Keywords The First C Program Form of a C Program Comments in a C Program What is main( )? Variables and their Usage printf() and its Purpose Compilation and Execution Receiving Input Programs Exercises KanNotesrem rrr re Chapter 1: Getting Started ? efore we i : : Be out et begin to write programs in C, it would be interesting t© compare with ee is C, how it came into existence and how does it i er Programming la i we would briefly outline these issues. g languages. In this chapter, Four i et rhe aspects of any language are—the way it stores data, the it cee upon this data, how it accomplishes input and output, ow it lets you control the sequence of execution of instructions in a program. We would discuss the first three of these building blocks in this chapter. What is C? Cis a programming language developed at AT & T's Bell Laboratories of USA in 1972 by Dennis Ritchie. C became popular because it is simple and easy to use. An opinion that is often heard today is—“C has been already superseded by languages like C++, C# and Java, so why bother = learn C today”. | seriously beg to differ with this opinion. There are several reasons for this. These are as follows: Trogramming (OOP) to organize programs which offers many advantages. While using OOP, you need basic programming skills. So, it makes more sense to first learn C and then migrate to C++, cH or Java. Though this two-step learning process may take more time, but at the end of it, you will definitely find it worth the trouble. (b) Major parts of popular operating systems like Windows, UNIX, Linux and Android are written in C. Moreover, if one is to extend the operating system to work with new devices, one needs to write device driver programs. These programs are written exclusively in C. (c) Common consumer devices like microwave ovens, washing machines and digital cameras are getting smarter by the day. This smartness comes from a microprocessor, an operating system anda program embedded in these devices. These programs have to run fast and work in limited amount of memory. C is the language of choice while building such operating systems and programs. (d) You must have seen several computer games where the user navigates some object, like say a spaceship and fires bullets at invaders. The essence of all such games is speed. To match this expectation of speed, the game has to react fast to the user inputs. The popular gaming frameworks (like DirectX) that are used for creating such games are written inc.4 4 _ tert | hope that these are very convincing reasons Why YoU should aq, the first step in your quest for learning programming. Pt Cay Which C are we Learning? ae afte description of the C programming language was pubjish rian Kernighan and De it i a vet Yennis Ritchie in 1978. It is commonly referee! ar ae American Na jonal Standards Institute formed a comm S311 to enablsha standard specification of C. The ANSI standard s in 1989 and ratified as ANS! X3.159-1989 "Program, "tt guage C." This version of the language is often referred to =a Ns} C". It is sometimes also known as C89. In 1995, the ISO published i , an extension to ANSI C which j, ore as ISO C. In March 2000, ANSI adopted ISO C. This stay te monly referred to as C99. All programs in this book are baw’ C99 standard. aise 3 Getting Started with C There is a close analog gy between learning English langu: lage C language. This is illustrated in the Figure 1.1. an ae ‘Steps in learning English language: "Alphabets | + Words +! sentences 4 Paragraph | Steps in learning C language: * Instructions |» Program As with English, C lan 1, C language too has a s ale cae mee et of rules that one must follow Alphabets, Constants, Digits + Variables Special Symbols | Keywords Figure 1.1 Steps in learning a language. Alphabets, Digits and Special Symbols alphabets, numbers and special symbols Figure “1.2 shows the val ‘Alphabets 8, By mes Vit | cits © 0,1,2,3,4,5,6.7,89 Special symbols ene ye IU cc Figure 1.2 Alphabets, digits, special symbols used in C Lends os, Constants, Variables and Keywords bols when properly ri ‘The alphabets, digits and special symbols when ProPeTy TN doesn’t constants, variables and keywords. A constant is a0 £0 isa change, whereas, a variable is an entity that may change-& keer ne ners ial meaning. In programming IanguaBes. O77 ys are often called literals, whereas variables are called dentifiers, now see what different types of constants ‘and variables exist in © combined form Types of C Constants Constants in C can be divided into tw Uo Primary Constants — Integer, Real, Character Ab) Secondary Constants — Pointer, Array, String, structure, Enum At this stage, we would rest Integer, Real and Character constants. j down for constructing these different type: Rules for Constructing Integer Constants ant must contain at least one digit. 10 major categories: union, rict our discussion to only Primary constants, Following Rules have .s of constants: (a) Aninteger const (b) It must not contain a decimal point. Its value can be zero, positive or negative. integer constant, it is assumed to be positive: fed within an integer constant. s is -2147483648 to ) If no sign precedes an (d)_ Commas or blanks are not allow’ The allowable range for integer constant: +2147483647, +782 -8000 -7605 (e) Ex: 4266 Let Us¢ Oe - Truly speaking, the range of an Integer constant depends Upon compiler. For compilers like Visual Studio, GCC, it is “2147483649 he #2147483647, whereas for compilers like Turbo C or Turbo cH at range is -32768 to +32767. i Rules for Constructing Real Constants Real constants are often called Floating Point constants, Real Constan could be written in two forms—Fractional form and Exponential for s Following rules must be observed while constructing real constant S expressed in fractional form: (a) Areal constant must contain at least one di (b) It must contain a decimal point. (c)_ It can be zero, positive or negative. Default sign is positive, (d) Commas or blanks are not allowed within a real constant, Ex.: +325.34 426.0 -32.76 ~48.5792 The exponential form is usually used if the value of the constant js ej ither £00 small or too large. It, however, doesn’t restrict us from usin exponential form for other real constants. : In exponential form, the real constant is represented in two parts, The part appearing before ‘e’ is called mantissa, whereas the part folloy ving /£' is called exponent. Thus 0.000342 can be written in exponential fond as 3.42e-4 (which in normal arithmetic means 3.42 x 10%), Following rules must be observed while constructing real constants expressed in exponential form: (a) The mantissa part and the exponential part should be separated by aletter e or E, : (b) The mantissa part may have a positive or negative sign. Default sign is positive. (c) The exponent must have at least one digit, which may be a positive Or negative integer. Default sign is posi e, (d) Range of real constants i expressed in e; Ee ees xponential form Is Ex.: +3.2e-5 4.1¢e8 -O0.2E+3— -3.2e-5 7 Chapter 1: Getting Started ee ee a Rules for Constructing Character Constants (a) A character constant is a single alphabet, digit or SI enclosed within single inverted commas. (b) Both the single inverted commas. should poin! ‘éxample, ’A’ is a valid character constant, whereas pecial symbo! t to the left. For “p’ is not. of constant. — A particular type of variable can store only the same nye constant, 2 For example, an integer variable can store only an ae variable can aah acter variable cot real variable can store only a real constant and a ET CnY types of Store ¢ Sore only a character constant. Hence there are a5 variables in C, as the types of constants in it. z Its of these In any C program many calculations are done. The ee sae calculations are stored in some cells (locations) of comp emory cells To make the retrieval and usage of these values easy, the = eee are given names. Since the value stored in each location 7 i S. the names given to these locations are called variable name: e different. ; ar The rules for constructing different types of constants are @TICT NE i sa However, for constructing variable names of all types, the rules applies. These rules are given below. Rules for Constructing Variable Names : (a) A variable name is any combination of 1 to 31 alphabets, digits or me con allow vari th Gnderscores. Some compilers allow variable names whose leng! you should not create could be up to 247 characters. However, poi unnecessarily long variable names as it adds to your typing effort. (b) The first character in the variable name must be an alphabet or underscore (_). avg _ basic_salary |_int pop_e_89 We should always create meaningful variable names. For example, while calculating simple interest, we should construct variable names like prin, roi, noy to represent Principle, Rate of interest and Number of years, rather than arbitrary variables'like a, b, c. Scnsaie 9 ani a Chapter 1: Getting Started 8 same for all the types of in james fem ip differentiate betweg,, The first program is very simple. It calculates simple interest for a set of ble Jes for creating varia Ss mary and secondary variables 5 ey ae tha sg mec” eee values representing principal, number of years and rate of interest. is type dee wish to use in a program. This t¥ /* Calculation of simple interest */ z hs ex: int si, m_hra; int main() char code ; int pn; e meaning has already Been explained to tos Keywords are the words whose Oe se computer) There are only 37 p10 the C compiler (or in a broad s keynote z tp /* formula for simple interest */ Figure 1.3 gives @ leinC. si=p*n*r/100; printf ( "%6f\n", si return i Let us now understand this program in det Form of a C Program Form of aC program indicates how it has to be written. Though C is free- form language, there are certain rules about the form of a C program that are applicable to all C programs. These are as under: {a) Each instruction in a C program is written as a separate statement. SERN SS 4 SOAS Serer The statements in a program must appear in the same order in Figure 1.3 C keywords. Ké not be used as variable names. However, some C ‘The keywords shoul compilers alow you to construct variable names that exactly resemble ibs ~ the keywords. which we wish them to be executed. Compiler vendors provide additional keywords apart from the ones (c) Blank spaces may be inserted between two words to improve the given in Figure 13. Though it has been suggested by the ANSI committee readability of the statement. that every such compiler-specific keyword should be preceded by two (d) Allstatements should be‘in lower case letters. underscores (as in_asm), not every vendor follows this rule. a (e) Every C statement must end with a semicoion ( ; ). Thus ; acts as 2 The First C Program statement terminator. eee (f)_ Usually, each line contains one statement. However, you can write le statements in one line, provided each statement is Once armed with the knowledge of variables, constants and keywords, the next logical step isto combine them to form instructions. However, instead of this, we would write our frst C program now. Once we have done that, we would see in det Comments in a C Program Comments are used in a C program to clarify either the purpose of the program or the purpose of some statement in the program. It is a good terminated with a ;.—_ 10 dicating the Purpose of tine coma the program Is writen, on ina ¢ program: a combination. They first two statements jn gram with & a proy practice to begin 2 Pi aie the program, its author and the ‘comments case, capital © ye t/. Thus, the Here are a few tips for writing {a) Comments can be ir J should be enclosed within sci a soo tomention the purpose of mple int 100 lace in the written at any Pl e ne mpefore the statement, after wn beloW. ‘of comments can be a comment can be writen 0° 1 within the statement as s (¢) Any number program. $0, the statement or sizp*n* ‘Comments cannot be nested. This means. oe be written inside another commient. So, following com 25/03/2021,*/*/ S1/* Author: gekay date: (e) Acomment can be split over more than one line, 25 comment has (f)ANSIC permits comments tobe written in another way as follows: // Calculation of simple inter // Formula What is main( )? main ) forms a crucial part of any C program, Let us understand its Purpose as well as its intricacies, Chapter 1: Getting Started 11 ‘program may have multiple functions. (if it contains only one. function its name has to be main( ). All statements that belong to “main{ ) are enclosed within a pair of braces {}.) (b) Like functions in a calculator, functions in C also return a value. function always returns an integer value, hence there is an it is known as return type of the function. The a non-zero number from main{ ). This would indicate failure. (c) The way to watch the value returned by main( ) varies from one compiler to another, as shown below. Turbo C, Turbo C++ - Alt C | Information Visual Studio - $ReturnValue in Watch Window of Debugger Linux - echo $? at command prompt after execution of the program (d) Some compilers like Turbo C/C++ even permit us to return nothing irom main( ). In such a case we should precede it with the keyword void. But this is the non-standard way of writing the main( ) function. We would discuss functions and their working in det Chapter 8. ee AL aera Ta) Variables and their Usage Let us understand the significance of constants and variables with reference to our program. Any variable used in the program must be declared before it is used. For example, int p.n; 7* declaration */ float r, /* declaration */ sizp*n2r/100; /* usage */ (b) Inthe statement, si=p*n*r/100; * and / are the arithmetic operators. The arithmetic operators available in Care +, -, *, / and %. (NNNfet Usc pe eer he scree, intf() and its Purpose output on t All printf() 10 dsPlAY OF brary functions like y keywor does not contain an ea tutput to screen is achieved UI in respet to our Program tion wit ct sderstand this fun sto be ds13708 On the intl OOF itis necessary to use ction, funetine program. include is q clarified in Chapter 12.—~ {b) To be able to use the since 2 sew Frrorocessor rete Bu al form of printf) function '» tof variables?) «format string> can contain, ing real values Sa for printing integer values ‘Ke for printing character values ye sf, d and %c, the format In addition to format species IME TT hese characters are ! string may also contain any of es printed as they are when prints executes of printf) function: ( pri print ("hd Sd FF, BM printf ("Simple interest = RS. print (“Principal = lnRate = 8F this. The output ofthe last statement would look Principal = 1000 Rate = 8.500000 The output i split over two lines because of newline character ‘\n’. It sends the cursor to next line, It is one of the several Escape ‘Sequences availble in C. These are discussed in detall in Chapter~ 18. (e) printt() can print values of variables as well as result of an expressions lke 3, 3+ 2, cand a+b * c- das shown below. ae 13 Chapter 1: Getting Started Chapter 1: Getting Sturted Se printf ( "%6d %d %d %6d", 3,3 +2, c,a+b*c—d); Note that 3 and ¢ also represent valid expressions. Compilation and Execution ‘Once you have written the program, you need to type it and instruct the machine to execute it. Two other programs are needed to do Editor and Compiler. Editor lets us type our program, whereas Compiler converts our program into machine language program. This conversion iF necessary, since machine understands only machine language. ‘Apart from these two, there are other programs which you may need to improve your programming efficiency—Preprocessor, Linker_and Debugger. Working with each one of them idually is a tedious job. Hence, often all these are bundled together with a layer of GUI on top of them. GUI makes these programs easier for you. This bundle is often called Integrated Development Environment (IDE). There are many IDEs available. Each IDE is targeted towards a particular operating system + microprocessor combination. This combination is known as a platform. A compiler created for one platform does not work with other platforms. Details of which IDE to use, from where to download it, how to install and use it are given in Appendix A. Insteac installing an IDE, there are online options available for compiling and executing programs. These are also discussed in Appendix A. Receiving Input In our first C program we assumed the values of p, n and r to be 1000, 3 and 8.5. Every time we run the program; we would get the same value for simple interest. if we want to calculate simple interest for some other set of values then we are required to incorporate these valides in the program, and again compile and execute it. This means that our program is not general enough to calculate simple interest for any set of values without being required to make changes in the program. This is not a good practice. To make the program general, the program itself should ask the user to supply the values of p, n and r through the keyboard during execution. This can be achieved using a function called scanf{ ). It helps us receive input values them from the keyboard. This is illustrated in the program Biven below./* Calculation of * Author gekay stdio.h> return 0 : enter values Of PP, ON the The fst prin) cutouts the MEST on in print] which meang ot use screen. Here we have n« ay ee saan ve the variables in the scant) (&) befor fm the use of ae Saree operator. ves the seemton function is ee is sable eno awe "8 we number (address) Ee : vs ‘at which memory ghee supplied rays from the keyboard The detailes 7 ‘operator would be taken up in Chapter % Stan blank, a tab or a new line must separate t! il a ~pe es a 7 cea Pa bank scrated using 2 aa f z "y 7 / ‘ard new line using the Enter key. This s shown x: Three values separated by blank: 10005 15.5 x: Three values separated by tab: 1000 5 15.5. Ex.: Three values separated by newline: 1000 5 155 Chapter 1: Getting Started 15 P int main( ) { float bp, da, hra, grpay kbp); erpay = bp +da + hra printf (“Basic Salary of Ramesh = printf ( "Dearness Allowance = %f\n", da printf ( "House Rent Allowance = %f\n", printf ( "Gross Pay of Ramesh is %f\n", grpay ) ; return 0; bp) } Output Enter Basic Salary of Ramesh: 1200 Basic Salary of Ramesh = 1200,000000 Dearness Allowance = 480.000000 House Rent Allowance = 240.000000 Gross Pay of Ramesh is 1920.000000, Problem 1.2 The distance between two cities (in kilometers) is input through the keyboard. Write a program to convert and print this distance in meters, feet, inches and centimeters.Se . .Llrle.rrr Chapter 1: Getting Started 17 wi Program { /* Conversion of distance */ ie abl tdio.h> n # include (c) C language programs can easily interact with hardware of a PC / int main() Laptop.sed ll 1 expre’ (d) A real constant 1” c can BF ; Exponential forms: creo integer conta The maxim UO rpe compiler 13" . 1c statements ar betwee! ers. Oe ene lett wa two wor chine aM rovid «if any, in the following programms: he errors, at bint ¢; 23.24;c2at+b*b~35; (b) tinclude int main() in both Fractional apy one character. ¢ can have varies fro, sina statement, guage with the help of. je an Editor tO type a ¢ to machine language. main, printf and scang —_ Chapter 1: Getting Started 19 Ghopter1:Getting Started } (a) [Fl (b) () { int a= 35; float printf ( "%d %F 9d", a, b + 1.5, 235); } Hinclude int a,b,c; scant ("%d %d 96d", a, b, ¢) ; } Hinclude it main( ) { int m1, m2, m3 scanf ( "9%d %d %d", &m1, &m2, &m3 ) Printf ( "You entered %d %d %d", m1, m2, m3) ) Attempt the following questions: ‘Temperature of a city in Fahrenheit degrees is input through the keyboard. Write a program to convert this temperature into Centigrade degrees. The length and breadth of a rectangle and radius of a circle are input through the keyboard. Write a program to calculate the area and perimeter of the rectangle, and the area and circumference of the circle. Paper of size AO has dimensions 1189 mm x 841 mm. Each subsequent size A(n) is defined as A(n-1) cut in half, parallel to its shorter sides. Thus, paper of size Al would have dimensions 841 mm x 594 mm. Write a program to calculate and print paper sizes AO, Al, A2, ... AB. kong 3 top reasons for learning C: - Good base for learning C++, C# or Tava later ~ Unix, Linwe, Windows, Gaming frameworks are written in C itsoy oe __——_—— pitten in c — Embedded systems progran® are i Constants = Literals -? cannot chang} er sari primary 2) Secondary it d constants * Types of variables an ee eT 2 types in Primary dager 2) Ral (fos!) Ranges + z-byte integers * ~ } ihe ste, Cae 3) fds: pasion 2A oie otes ina char constant both 4 Variable has two meanings * sean entity whose value can Change Deeg elaonine Daas friable ames ae case-sensitive and must begin PI Variable n Total keywords = 32. Example char, ints float, ett. tf) a fanction ta cn print mulple constants and variablee printf() Format specifiers in printf()y seand() + int - is float - %f, char - %¢ san() i afmction cat must aways return integer value « 0-ifit meets success | -ifit encounters failure veid man() i wrong. Correct form is int mmain() Use /* un */ or [| for a.comment in a program ie ‘ddrese oP opertor and must be used before a variable in eax) C Instructions L pra Me ra bers “On your mark, get set, go...” Captain of a Cricket team is as good as his team. If the team is ‘not good enough, captain alone cannot do much. Same is the case with C programming. Unless you know the instructions that it offers, you can hardly write a good program. This chapter discusses these instructions... 21«Types of Instructions # Type Declaration In « Arithmetic Instruction + Integer and Flat Conversion ' «Type Conversion in ASSI6N « Hierarchy of Operations « Assocativity of OPer=tOrs «© Control Instructions « Programs «Exercises © KanNotes chapter 2: C Instructions 23 gram is nothing but a set of instructions. Different Arete ‘ceachieve different tasks in a program. In the last chapter we how to write simple C programs by using different instructions. In sav Mhapter we would explore the instructions that we used In these thi programs. types of Instructions ere are three types of instructions in C: (@) Type Declaration Instruction ~ This instructions used to declare the types'of variables used in a C program. Avithmetic_Instr = This instruction is used to perform ‘rithmetic operations on constants and variables. (@) Control_Instruction ~ This instruction is used to control the sequence of execution of various statements in a C program. Let us now take a closer look at these instructions. (o) Type Declaration Instruction mom CY) This instruction is used to declare the types of variables being used in the program. The type declaration instruction is written at the beginning of main( ) function. A few examples are shown below. int bas; float rs, grosssal ; char name, code ; Here are a few subtle variations of the type declaration instruction... (a) While declaring the type of a variable, we can also shown below. int 1= 10,)=25; float a= 15,b=199+2.4" 1.44; (b) A variable must stand defined before using it. The following statement is illegal since we are using variable a before defining it. float b=a+3.,a=18; 9 \ (©) The following statements would work:cet. int a,b,c, signed a value 19 « a=b= 210; /* each variable would be 25°" ye) id not work: r However, the following statement WOU int a=b=c=d=10; (toassign to) before defn The error is we are trying to use B Arithmetic Instruction ‘An arithmetic instruction in C con hand side of = and variable name ‘operators on the right hand side of = ss of 2 vORBBIE FAME ON the jog and constants connected ysint Ex: int ad; float kot, deta, alpha, beta, 68M i ad = 3200; = 0,006; kot = 0.0054 a deta = alpha * beta / gamma +32 + are the arithmetic operators. an assignment operator. 2,5 and 3200 are integer constants. 3.2 and 0.0056 are real constants. adisaninteger variable. kot, deta, alpha, beta, gamma are real variable The variables and constants together are called ‘operands!. While executing an arithmetic statement, the operands on right hand side are ‘operated upon by the ‘arithmetic operators’ and the result is assigneq, Using an assignment operator, tothe variable on et-hand side, An arithmetic statement in C could be of three types. These are as statement, all operands i king, issac, noteit ; : ied; ei ee eT 2: C Instructions 25 king =issac * 234 + noteit - 7689 ; {o)Real mode arithmetic statement ~ In ths statement, all operands are either real constants or real variables. Ex: float qbee, antink, si, prin, anoy, rt ; bee = antink + 23.123 / 45 * 0.3442; si= prin * anoy * roi / 100.0; {o) Mixed mode arithmetic statement ~ In this statement, some ‘operands are integers and some operands are real. Ex: float si, prin, anoy, roi, avg; int a,b, ¢, num si= prin * anoy * roi / 100.0; avg=(a+b+c+num)/4 Note the following points about Arithmetic instructions carefully on left-hand side of =. That is, z= k * lis legal, whereas k* | legal (b) In addition to the division operator, C also provides 3 modular division operator. This operator returns the remainder on ‘one integer with another. Thus, the expression 10 / 2 yi whereas, 10 %2 yields 0. s 5, Note that the modulus operator cannot be used with floats. Ao Rote that on using %, sign of the remainder is always same as e sign of the numerator. Thus -5 % 2 yields -1, whereas, 5 % -2 ign of the numerate (c) Arithmetic operations can be performed on ints, floats and chars. jing statements are val pee 218 b ASCII codes are used to represent any character in memory. ASCII codes of ‘a’ and ‘b’ are 01100001 and 01100010, Their decimal equivalents are 97 and 98. The addition is performed on these decimal values and not on characters(6) No operator is assumed to De Pr In the following example, the be explicitly written. a= c.d.b(xy) etatement acctdtb*(x*y) (e) There is no operator in Exponentiation has to be vc necessary to include (x= 3.5, assume R to be a float) ; it main( ) float a=5, b=2; the following expressions would be int c,printf ("6d\n", 4) return 0; ) (4) include int main( ) { . printf ( "an \n\n n\n printf ("nn /a/n nn return 0 ) (e) include int main( ) { int a,b; printf ( “Enter values of a and scanf(" %d %d printf ("a =%d b= %d", 3 return 0; } er the following statements 27° True or False: {E] State wheth sents the correct hit Ge eee - we jerarchy of arithmetic ‘operators in C. and {}can be used in les which operator is Use’ truction cannot contain ‘Arithmetic instructions. od first. constants on left side of (b) (c) Hierarchy 4 (d)_ In C, Arithmeti * operators used for exponentiation operation. (e) In with floats. (f) % operator cannot be used [F}_Fillin the blanks: (a) Iny=10*x/2+2;__operatio ita isan integer variable, a= 11 / 2 would store — ina. The expression, a= 22/7* 5/3 would evaluate to A The expression x = -7 % 2 - 8 would evaluate to_- n will be performed first. copter 2:Cinstrctions 37 {e) fis a float the operation d= 2/7.0 would store__in weeeain’ {[] Attempt the following questions if a five-digit number is input throug igh the k program to calculate the sum of its digits. thine Use te meats 7 ulus ) operator %) Write a program to receive Cartesian co-ordinates (x, y) of a point (b) and convert them into polar co-ordinates (r, @). Hint: r= sqrt (x? +y?) and 9 =tan*(y/x) Write a program to receive values of latitud le (L1, L2) and longit (G1, G2}, in degrees, of two places on the earth and cana distance (D) between them in nautical miles. The foi ta for distance in nautical miles is: " ree (co) 1p = 3963 cos ( sin L1 sin L2 + cos L1 cos L2 * cos (G2-G1)) Wind-chill factor is the felt air tem perature on exposed ski wind. The wind-chill temperature is always lower a i temperature, and is calculated as per the following formula a Bo wef = 35.74 + 0.6215t + ( 0.4275t - 35.75) * v6 where ‘temperature and " wind velocit receive vlucs of t andy and calculate yan Tactr a ee (wef). If value of an angle is in f put through to print alitsTrigonometic ratios, oon (f) Two numbers are in b put through the keyboard i ad D:Wite apropam te lnurhngethecomensoreoeabe + and. © Standard steps in interchanging contents of two variables : teas a=bsbets © [gives quotient, % gi i ! ient, % gives remainder. While taking %, si i tt pcb 3 ate © C offers 3 types of instructions38 Let Us c ee i) Type declaration 2) Arithmetic 3) control Declaration and assignment can be combined: ex.:inta=55 © 2 tupes of Arithmetic instruction? i) Integer mode 2) Real mode 2) © Rules for arithmetic instructions * mixed mode - one operand is float, result ig afloat = esi int only both operas ET * a= pow (2,5) would store Zine remember to include emath.h> © Every operator has i) Priority 2) associ © Priotityis * /% +> —pronty abe ced using () aay cannot decide which © Aesociaivity comes into. pla when prior a operation to perform first. pssociativity | ether LtoRorRtol, was tb has to R= has Rio ae#e" © Format string of printf) can contain + i) Format specifiers - he 6d, oF 2) Escape sequences * (ny Mes many others 3) Any other character © Format string of sscant() can contain only format specifiers «Control instructions control the sequence of execution of instructions ina program © 4 types of control instructions + i) Sequence 2) Decision 3) Repetition 4) Case