INSTITUTE OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING

(Autonomous)
Dundigal, Hyderabad - 500 043

AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
QUESTION BANK

Course Title AIRCRAFT STABILITY AND CONTROL

Course Code AAED21
Program B.Tech
Semester V AE
Course Type PE
Regulation IARE - BT23
Theory Practical
Course Structure Lecture Tutorials Credits Laboratory Credits
3 - 3 -
Course Coordinator Dr. Y D Dwivedi, Professor

COURSE OBJECTIVES:
The students will try to learn:

I The fundamental knowledge on static stability of aircraft in multiple directional motions

with their relationship for critical applications in flight vehicles.
II The aircraft equations of motion to correlate qualitatively with potential applications in
aircraft stability in different degrees of freedom (DOF).
III The methods of optimizing the aircraft equations of motion and its derivatives for
aircraft dynamic stability in various flight modes.
IV The utilization of advances of flight dynamics and control in design and development of
modern airplane control systems.

COURSE OUTCOMES:
After successful completion of the course, students should be able to:
CO 1 Identify the concept of static stability in longitudinal, lateral and Apply
directional modes by using mathematical expression for different aircraft
stability conditions.
CO 2 Solve Solve the design problems of the airframe components considering Apply
the aircraft static stability by using stability criteria equations and plots.
 CO 3 Make use of the aircraft equations of motion in 6- degree of freedom Apply
and transform one axis to another axis system by using mathematical
formulations for understanding the behavior in different flight maneuvers.
CO 4 Develop the procedure to linearization of equations of motion by using Apply
perturbation theory for determining aerodynamic derivatives of the
airplane.
CO 5 Examine the different types of dynamic modes in longitudinal, lateral Analyze
and directional motion for the aircraft and their influence on dynamic
stability and safety.
CO 6 Apply the advance theories of flight dynamics in design of modern Apply
control airplane control systems for enhancing aircraft performance,
Modern control systems and autopilot system.

QUESTION BANK:
Q.No QUESTION Taxonomy
How does this subsume CO’s
the level
MODULE I
AIRCRAFT IN EQUILIBRIUM FLIGHT- ELEVATOR ANGLE TO TRIM
PART - A (PROBLEM SOLVING AND CRITICAL THINKING)
1 An airplane has the following Apply The learner to define CO 1
data: Wing lift curve slope understand the stability data,
CLa lpha = 0.08 per then make use of the neutral
degree,Tail lift curve slope point formula to find the
Cltail = 0.06 per degree, neutral point of the given
Distance from wing airplane.
aerodynamic center to tail
aerodynamic center = 5 m,
Wing area S = 20 m², Tail
area = 5 m², Mean
aerodynamic chord = 2 m.
Calculate the neutral point of
the airplane.

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2 An aircraft has the following Analyze The learner to understand the CO 1
characteristics during steady given quantities and use the
level flight at sea level: Mass formulation to find lift and
(m): 8,000 kg, Wing Area static margin to analyses the
(S): 30 m2, Mean longitudinal stability of the
Aerodynamic Chord (MAC): airplane..
2.5 m, Aerodynamic Center
(AC) Location: 0.25 of MAC,
Neutral Point (NP) Location:
0.40 of MAC, Center of
Gravity (CG) Location: 0.30
of MAC, Tail Moment Arm:
6 m, Tail Efficiency: 0.9, Lift
Curve Slope: 5.0 per rad,
Tail Lift Curve Slope : 4.5
per rad, Elevator Hinge
Moment Derivative : -0.012
per rad, Dynamic Pressure :
2,500 N/m². Calculate
a)the lift coefficient required
to maintain steady level
flight.
b) Compute the static margin
for stick-fixed stability.

Page 3
3 An aircraft has the following Apply The learner to recall CO 1
characteristics: equilibrium and then describe
Wing area = 25 m², Mean these terms in detail,
aerodynamic chord = 2.5 m,
Wing lift curve slope = 5.5
per rad, Wing pitching
moment coefficient about its
aerodynamic center= -0.03,
Center of gravity is located
at 30 percent of the MAC
behind the wing’s leading
edge. The wing’s
aerodynamic center is at 25
percent of MAC.
Calculate:
a. The wing’s contribution to
the aircraft’s pitching
moment coefficient about the
CG of wing at an angle of
attack of 3°.
b. The slope of the pitching
moment curve due to the
wing.
4 An aircraft has the following Apply The learner to understand the CO1
parameters: tail contribution and apply the
Wing area = 30 m², MAC= force and moment equation of
2.0 m, Horizontal tail area = the tail to find the value.
6 m² Tail lift curve slope =
4.0 per rad
Tail volume coefficient = 0.6
Downwash gradient = 0.35
The aircraft’s angle of attack
= 5°
Tail incidence angle = 2°.
Calculate:
a. The tail’s contribution to
the pitching moment
coefficient about the CG.
b. The tail’s contribution to
the pitching moment slope .

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5 An airplane has the following Understand The learner to relate the wing CO 1
data: and tail lift coefficient and
Wing lift coefficient = 0.6, make use of the equations to
Tail lift coefficient = -0.2, obtain thepitching moment of
Distance from wing the given aircraft wing.
aerodynamic center to tail
aerodynamic center = 8 m²,
Wing area = 30 m², Mean
aerodynamic chord = 3 m.
Calculate the pitching
moment coefficient about the
center of gravity.
6 Find the maximum lift Analyze The learner to relate the lift CO 1
coefficient which can be coefficient of the wing and tail
trimmed by the aircraft with of the airplane to analyze the
the following characteristics, trimmed condition of the given
when the cg is at its forward flight.
limit of 0.13 of the amc,
assuming the tab angle to be
zero: VT = 0.48, a = 4.5, a1
= 2.8, a2 = 1.2, dη/dα = 0.4,
aerodynamic centre position
h o = 0.18, tailplane setting
angle ηT = - 1.8 deg, CM o =
-0.018. The elevator angle
travel limits are ±30deg.
7 A jet airplane has the Apply The students to understand CO 1
following characteristics the given data in the problem
CLαw =4.87 rad−1 , CLαt in relation to the required
=3.32 rad−1 , CM αf np =0.39 quantity and use the equation
rad−1 , St /S = 0.25, lt /c= to find the horizontal tail
dϵ
3.0, η =0.9, dα =0.4. At the increased area as per need.
rear most c.g. location the
airplane has a static margin
stick-fixed of -0.02. By how
much the area of the
horizontal tail is increased to
have a static margin of
+0.05?

Page 5
8 An aircraft without tail has Analyze The learner to find condition CO 1
the following characteristics: for stability then describe
CM 0 = -.4and CM α = about steady state motion and
-.2/deg. Describe the steady identify formulae to be used
state motion. Find the and get the results and then
tendency of aircraft nose. Is analyze the answer for aircraft
it statically stable? stability.
9 An aircraft with wings of Apply The learner to find condition CO 1
rectangular planform and the for steady and level flight then
characteristics given below is describe about elevator angle
in steady level flight at a lift to trim and identify formulae
coefficient of 0.3. Find the to be used and get the results
elevator angle to trim with and then analyze the answer
zero tab angle and the cg for aircraft stability.
margin stick fixed. Wing area
= 25 m 2, aspect ratio = 6,
c.g at 0.6 m aft of the leading
edge, tail arm = 6 m, tail
plane setting angle = - 1 deg,
dϵ
dα = 0.46, am = 4.6, a2 =
3.1, a3 = 1.6, CM 0 = -0.036,
tail plane area = 3.7 m2 ,
aerodynamic center at 0.25c.
10 An aircraft is flying close to Analyze The learner to find condition CO 1
the ground at a speed of 50 m for stability at near the
s-1. Determine the elevator ground then describe elevator
angle to trim the aircraft, angle and identify formulae to
with zero tab angle, if the be used and get the results
aerodynamic characteristics and then analyze the answer
in this condition are as for aircraft stability in ground
follows: Wing loading = 360 effect.
kg m -2, a = 4.7, a1 = 3.4, a2
= 2.0, VT = 0.48, δCL due
to flap = 0.9, CM0 flaps
dϵ
down = -0.162, dC L
= 0.11.
The cg is 0.03 c aft of the
aircraft-less-tail aerodynamic
centre. Thereduction in
downwash due to ground
effect is 1.60 and thetailplane
setting angle is – 30 . All
slopes are expressed per
radian.

Page 6
 PART-B LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS
1 An airplane has the following Apply Learner to name all the axes CO1
data: Neutral point = 0.75 , system and then describe the
Center of gravity = 0.65, Body Axis system and then
Mean aerodynamic chord = 2 illustrate with forces and
m moments on the airplane.
Check if the airplane is
longitudinally stable.
2 In unaccelerated level flight, Understand Learner to define all the three CO1
how do the aerodynamic axes and then explain about
forces (lift, drag, thrust, and stability in different axes
weight) balance to maintain system.
equilibrium? Derive the
relationship between these
forces and explain the
significance of the pitching
moment being zero for
trimmed flight.
3 Describe the conditions Understand Learner to select configuration CO1
required for longitudinal and position and then recall
static stability in different forces acting on it at
unaccelerated flight. How last demonstrate all forces and
does the aircraft’s center of moments.
gravity (CG) location affect
the pitching moment curve,
and what happens if the CG
moves forward or aft of the
neutral point?
4 Explain how the wing, Understand Learner to define all the three CO1
horizontal tail, and fuselage types of static stability and
each contribute to an then draw the plots of moment
aircraft’s static longitudinal diagram and assess its
stability. Discuss the role of stability.
the horizontal tail in
providing a restoring moment
and how its size, position,
and angle of incidence affect
stability.

Page 7
5 How does the center of Understand Learner to define the pitching, CO1
gravity (CG) location Rolling and Yawing moment
influence the static and then write the equations
longitudinal stability of an and describe each term
aircraft? Compare the effects
of a forward CG versus an aft
CG on the pitching moment
characteristics and discuss
why an excessively aft CG
can lead to instability.
6 Using the longitudinal Apply Learner to recall CG, and NP, CO1
equations of equilibrium, then describe these and use
derive the relationship necessary formula to get the
between thrust, angle of attitude of the airplane.
attack, and elevator angle
required to trim an aircraft in
steady level flight. How does
a change in airspeed or center
of gravity (CG) position
affect these trim conditions?
7 For a given aircraft Understand Learner to know the flow CO1
configuration, explain how parameters and then how the
the required elevator flow will change its path with
deflection for trim varies with interaction of the aircraft
angle of attack and thrust components.
setting. What happens to the
elevator angle if the CG
moves aft, and why does this
impact the aircraft’s
stick-fixed stability?
8 Define the elevator control Apply Learner to define the CO1
gradient and explain its aerodynamic center, CG and
relationship with the total then describe the effects of
airplane lift curve slope and these points on static
pitch stiffness . How does an longitudinal stability with
increase in static margin diagram.
affect the control gradient,
and what implications does
this have for pilot handling
qualities?

Page 8
9 Using the longitudinal Apply Learner to recall fuselage and CO1
stability derivatives, derive longitudinal stability and then
an expression for pitch explain it’s significant on
stiffness in terms of the airplane.
horizontal tail volume
coefficient and the tail lift
curve slope . How do changes
in the total airplane lift curve
slope influence the aircraft’s
pitch stiffness and control
gradient?
10 Explain the challenges in Understand Lerner to define the trim and CO1
achieving longitudinal static also trim tab and then explain
stability for a tailless aircraft its use on the aircraft static
compared to a conventional stability.
tail-aft configuration. How
do designers use wing sweep,
twist (washout), and reflexed
airfoils to provide the
necessary pitching moment
characteristics?
11 An airplane has the following Understand Learner to correlate with CO1
data: Wing lift coefficient = stability and balancing and
0.5, Tail lift coefficient = then enumerate different
-0.1, Distance from wing balancing techniques.
aerodynamic center to tail
aerodynamic center = 4 m,
Tail area = 6 m², Wing area
S = 25 m², Mean
aerodynamic chord = 2.5 m
Calculate the tail
contribution to the pitching
moment about the center of
gravity.
12 Compare the longitudinal Understand Learner to recall fuselage and CO1
static stability mechanisms of then describe its effects on
an aircraft with a canard stability at last give a suitable
(foreplane) versus a formulations.
conventional tail-aft design.
How does the canard’s lift
contribution affect the
aircraft’s trim, static margin,
and stall behavior differently
from a horizontal tail?

Page 9
13 An aircraft of mass 8000kg is Apply Learner to recall fuselage and CO1
in a steady pull-up maneuver then describe its effects on
at 250 m/s. The pilot stability at last give a suitable
experiences a load factor of 3 formulations.
g.
Find:
1.The radius of curvature (R)
of the flight path.
2. The lift force (L) required.
14 Compare among conventional Apply Lerner to find NP and define CO1
tail, canard and tail less power off condition. Then
airplane configuration in extend this to new position of
respect of the longitudinal the NP for NO condition
static stability for the
airplane.Demonstrate with a
table and a diagram all the
parameters.
15 Illustrate the Pull up Understand Learner to define longitudinal CO1
maneuver and deduce the stability and then discuss
expression for the steady pull major effects which takes
up maneuver. Draw the place in propeller.
diagram and explain in detail
about all terms used.
16 Outline the major Apply Learner to define indirect CO1
contributions of the indirect effects of propeller stability
effects of the running and then describe the moment
propellers on the static diagram and then Apply the
longitudinal stability? Draw results by necessary plots..
the diagram and summarize
the findings.
17 Develop the concept of c.g Understand The learner to define C.G and CO1
limits on static stability with static stability and then
the help of a suitable figure interpret the C.G variation.
and what interprets the
anticipated c.g travel of the
airplane.
18 Illustrate the effect of Flaps Understand The learner to define flaps and CO1
on Force and moment with then interprets its effect on
respect to speed, and airplane.
stability and trim.

Page 10
19 An aircraft is performing a Apply The learner to recall the CO1
steady pull-up maneuver at a stability and then describe
velocity of 150 m/s. The about maximum attainable
flight path has a radius of stability and its application to
curvature of 2000 m. get this
Acceleration due to gravity
is 9.81 m/s².
Find: a. The pitch rate q of
the aircraft. b. The load
factor n experienced by the
pilot
20 A pilot wants to roll the Apply The learner to recall the roll CO1
airplane to left. Demonstrate then describe about forces and
with proper diagram about moments and then assign
the variation of aerodynamic proper control position so that
forces and positions of the pilot gets required roll.
control surfaces.
PART – C (SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS)
1 The lift slope curve is given Understand The learner to recall the Cl CO 1
by CLalpha = 0.09 per then describe about forces and
degree. What will the value moments and then assign
of lift cuve slope CLalpha? proper control position so that
pilot gets required rol
2 An airplane with wing span2 Understand Learner to recall lift and span CO 1
m and wing area 0.6 sqm. then apply for aspect ratio.
Calculate the aspect ratio.
3 The normal force coefficient Understand Learner to recall the concept CO1
plays a crucial role in an of lift and moment. Then
aircraft’s pitch dynamics. explain what happens when
Derive the expression for the horizontal tail is used to
normal force coefficient. make the aircraft statically
stable in longitudinal
direction.
4 Identify the dimensionless Understand Learner to define the CG and CO 1
stability derivative and ground effect. Then explain
explain its physical the restrictions posed bythese
significance in longitudinal to maneuvers performance.
dynamic stability.
5 Explain about control to Understand Learner to define trim and CO 1
trim. With asuitable diagram then go for further to know
show the trim on airplane. the effects of downwash in
aircraft stability.

Page 11
6 Discuss about Trim curve Understand Learner first to know the Trim CO 1
related to the stability. Draw and then draw the curve.
the curve and explain all its Then explain about its effects
significance. on pilot force.
7 Express the need of mass Understand Learner to know about the CO 1
balancing on control surfaces. mass and its concentration and
then to express about mass
balancing in control surfaces.
8 An aircraft has a directional Apply Learner to define directional CO 1
stability derivative of 0.0015 static stability derivative and
per degree. If the sideslip find the solution of the given
angle is 5°, Find the yawing problem.
moment coefficient.
9 With the help of Cm vsCL Understand Learner to define coefficient pf CO 1
curve of an airplane, state moment and lift then use the
the stable, neutral and stability criteria to find
unstable conditions of it. stability.
10 What is the criterion for Understand Learner to define static CO 1
static longitudinal stability? stability and explain this.
Draw the plots and show the
variation of the stability
parameters.
11 Explain by the example of Understand Learner to know about CO 1
pendulum, the force which pendulum and force diagram
makes system stable or then see which direction forces
unstable. are acting to make stable or
unstable.
12 Name the four motions which Understand Learner to define static CO 1
make the system statically stability and explain this.
stable.
13 Explain the motions which Understand Learner to recall different CO 1
are neither statically stable types of motion and then
nor dynamically stable. describe about statically or
dynamically stable system.
14 Recall the body axes system Understand Learner to define static CO 1
and draw positive directions stability and explain this.
in neat diagram.
15 Explain Cmo by giving Understand Learner to relate coefficient of CO1
equation. What are the other moment with Cm0 and then
parameters which decide its describe other parameters
value? which affects these.

Page 12
 16 Define derivative of Remember – CO 1
coefficient of moments and its
importance in finding static
longitudinal stability.
17 Differentiate between Understand Learner to define all the three CO1
positive, neutral and negative static stability and then draw
static longitudinal stability the moment diagram and
with moment diagram. assess its stability.
18 Demonstrate the Neutral Understand Learner to define the pitching, CO1
point and draw the plot of Rolling and Yawing moment
Cm and alpha withCG and then write the equations
location. and describe each term.
19 Explain the maneuvering Understand Learner to define elevator and CO1
point and its importance for elevator deflection then
maneuvering an airplane. describe the effects of elevator
deflection.
20 Illustrate the relationship Understand Learner to relate NP and Sm CO1
with neutral point, CG and with CG.
Static margin.
MODULE II
ESTIMATION OF AERODYNAMIC FORCE AND MOMENT DERIVATIVES OF AIRCRAFT
PART – A (PROBLEM SOLVING AND CRITICAL THINKING)
1 Given the following data for Analyze The learner to name the CO2
an aircraft: design aspects and describe its
Wing span b=15m Distance influence on static stability.
from the aircraft’s center of
gravity to the aerodynamic
center of the wing Xcg
=6.5m, Distance from the
aircraft’s center of gravity to
the aerodynamic center of
the horizontal tail is 8.5m,
Moment coefficient at zero
sideslip for the wing is
negative 0.05, Moment
coefficient at zero sideslip for
the tail is 0.025, Tail arm is
5.5 m
Find the total moment
coefficient due to the lateral
static stability.

Page 13
2 Given the following Apply The learner to name the CO2
parameters: design aspects and describe its
Aircraft’s sideslip derivative influence on static stability.
is 0.2 per rad, Aircraft’s
yawing moment coefficient is
negative 0.05, Sideslip angle
is 5 degree, Find the total
yawing moment coefficient.
3 Given the following data: Apply The learner to relate yawing CO2
Aircraft’s roll-control and identify its mathematical
derivative is 0.15rad, Aileron systems by describing moment
deflection delta is 10 derivatives.
degree,Aircraft’s roll rate is
0.25 rad/s, Find the effect of
the aileron on the roll rat
4 Consider a light aircraft with Analyze The learner to name the CO2
the following parameters: design aspects and describe its
Wing area is 15 sqm, Mean influence on static stability.
aerodynamic chord is 1.5
m,Tail moment arm is 4 m,
Horizontal tail volume
coefficient is 0.5, Tail lift
curve slope is 3.5 per rad,
Zero-lift drag coefficient is
0.025, Aircraft lift curve
slope is 4.5 per rad, CG
location is at 0.3 MAC ,
Elevator effectiveness is 0.8
per rad, Tail efficiency is 0.9.
Find:
a. Normal force derivative
w.r.t. angle of attack . b.
Pitching moment derivative
w.r.t. angle of attack .

Page 14
5 In aircraft has the following Analyze The learner to relate aileron CO2
characteristics: Wing lift with neutral condition and
curve slope is 5.0 per rad, identify the effects after stuck
Aerodynamic center then apply the moment of the
location is 25 percent of controls.
Mean Aerodynamic Chord,
Center of Gravity
location = 35 percent of
MAC Horizontal tail volume
coefficient is 0.6, Tail lift
curve slope is 3.8 per rad,
Tail efficiency factor is 0.9,
Zero-lift drag
coefficient is 0.03. Calculate:
Compute:
a. Normal force derivative, b.
Pitching moment derivative
6 An aircraft has the following Apply The learner to relate yawing CO2
geometric and aerodynamic and identify its mathematical
characteristics: Wing Area is systems by describing moment
30 sqm, Mean Aerodynamic derivatives.
Chord is 2.5 m, Horizontal
Tail Area is 8 sqm,Tail
Moment Arm is 6 m, Wing
Lift Curve Slope is 0.08 per
degree, Tail Lift Curve Slope
is 0.07 per degree, Downwash
Gradient 0.4, Dynamic
Pressure Ratio is 0.85,
Aircraft Center of Gravity
Location is 30 percent
of MAC.
a. Calculate the Neutral
Point
b. Determine the Static
Margin.
7 How does the magnitude of Apply The learner to name the CO2
Cma lpha relate to the design aspects and describe its
aircraft’s static margin? influence on static stability.
Explain why a negative value
is required for static pitch
stability?

Page 15
8 For an airplane following Apply The learner to find two CO2
parameters are given: methods to predict effect of
Wing mean aerodynamic fuselage then describe
chord is 3.2m, Horizontal tail mathematical concept.
area is12 sqm, Tail moment
arm is 6.5 m, Lift curve slope
of the tail is 0.08 per degree,
Downwash effect is 0.35,
Dynamic pressure ratio is
0.9, Wing Area = 50 sqm.
Find:
The contribution of the
horizontal tail to the
aircraft’s pitch stiffness
9 For an airplane following Understand The learner to recall about . CO2
parameters are given: Cm, Cl and discuss about plot
Vertical tail area is sqm, Tail verses AOA
moment arm is 7 m, Wing
area is 45 sqm, Wing span is
15m, Lift curve slope of the
vertical tail is 0.075 per
degree, Sidewash effect is 0.1.
Find
The contribution of the
vertical tail to the aircraft’s
directional stability
10 Given the following Apply The learner to relate yawing CO2
parameters for an aircraft: and identify its mathematical
Directional stability systems by describing moment
derivative is 0.18 per rad, derivatives.
Yawing moment coefficient is
minus 0.04 Sideslip angle is
0.15rad/s, Find the total
yawing moment coefficient
due to the sideslip angle and
yaw rate.
PART-B LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS
1 Derive the relationship Understand The learner to name the CO2
between elevator angle delta design aspects and describe its
e , center of gravity (CG) influence on static stability.
position, and the aircraft’s
neutral point 9np).

Page 16
2 How does increasing the Apply The learner to relate yawing CO2
horizontal tail volume and identify its mathematical
coefficient (Vh), reduce the systems by describing moment
required deltae for trim? derivatives.
3 For a canard-configured Apply The learner to name the CO2
aircraft, why might the design aspects and describe its
elevator (or canard) influence on static stability.
deflection delta e,exhibit the
opposite trend compared to a
conventional tail when CG
shifts forward? Illustrate
with a moment balance
diagram.
4 How would a tailless aircraft Apply The learner to name the CO2
(e.g., flying wing) design aspects and describe its
compensate for the lack of a influence on static stability.
tail surface’s elevator
contribution?
5 Illustrate with Cl versus Beta Understand The learner to name the CO2
plot, about lateral stability in design aspects and describe its
roll and show the position of influence on static stability.
different forces and velocity
components.
6 Explain how lowering Understand The learner to name the CO2
trailing-edge flaps affects: design aspects and describe its
a)The wing’s local angle of influence on static stability.
attack and lift distribution.
b)The aircraft’s pitching
moment coefficient and trim
requirement.
7 Using the neutral point Apply The learner to name the CO2
concept, discuss why design aspects and describe its
deploying flaps: influence on static stability.
a) Shifts the aerodynamic
center forward, reducing
static margin.
b) Typically requires
up-elevator input to re-trim
the aircraft.
8 Identify how adverse yaw Apply The learner to name the CO5
(e.g., during aileron design aspects and describe its
deflection) arises from the influence on static stability.
coupling between rolling and
yawing moments?

Page 17
9 Illustrate the geometric of Understand Learner to understand the CO2
the wing on lateral and different wing planforms and
directional stability. How the its effects on the stability.
wing sweep, and aspect ratio
affects the wing stability?
10 Explain Lateral directional Understand The learner to name the CO2
stability derivatives. Describe design aspects and describe its
the Side Force Due to influence on static stability.
Sideslip, and Dihedral Effect.
11 Make use of the relationship Apply The learner to name the CO2
between dimensionless design aspects and describe its
(non-dimensional) and influence on static stability.
dimensional aerodynamic
derivatives used in aircraft
stability analysis. Discuss
how dimensionless derivatives
are derived from dimensional
ones, highlighting the key
normalization factors
involved.
12 How the pilots change the Understand The learner to name the CO2
airplane altitude? design aspects and describe its
Demonstrate with suitable influence on static stability.
sketch mentioning all the
controls needed with force
and moment diagram of each
control.
13 Why the rudder is designed Understand The learner to name the CO2
to suit one-engine inoperative design aspects and describe its
condition? Demonstrate with influence on static stability.
suitable sketch mentioning all
required forces and moments.
14 What is the criterion to keep Understand The learner to name the CO2
the directional stability with design aspects and describe its
stick-free above certain limit influence on static stability.
or not to lose much?
15 Demonstrate with an Apply The learner to relate yawing CO2
example by converting the and identify its mathematical
dimensional pitching moment systems by describing moment
derivative Cmq from its derivatives.
dimensional form (Mq) and
explain the physical
significance of this
transformation in stability
studies.

Page 18
16 Interpret of why Apply The learner to name the CO2
dimensionless forms are design aspects and describe its
critical for comparing aircraft influence on static stability.
of different sizes or flight
conditions. Show with sketch
and put strong logic on this.
17 “The static lateral stability Understand The learner to name the CO2
should not be too small”. design aspects and describe its
Give the reason and develop influence on static stability.
the suitable formulations and
plots.
18 Illustrate the affects of Understand The learner to name the CO2
floating rudder (stick-free) on design aspects and describe its
the directional stability of influence on static stability.
the aircraft.
19 Enumerate the flight Understand The learner to name the CO2
conditions or maneuvers that design aspects and describe its
produce unbalance yawing influence on static stability.
moments those are to be
overcome by rudder.
20 Demonstrate how far aft we Understand The learner to name the CO2
can place the cg with design aspects and describe its
retaining stability of an influence on static stability.
airplane using proper
equation and a neat diagram.
PART – C (SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS)
1 Discuss the significance of Understand The learner to name the CO1
the longitudinal stability design aspects and describe its
derivatives. Name 4 influence on static stability.
important derivatives and
show their applications.
2 Show the axial and normal Understand The learner to recall CO2
force component derivatives derivatives and write the
with their mathematical mathematical equations.
expressions and explain each
term with applications.
3 Why might flap reduce Understand The learner to name the CO2
adverse yaw during aileron design aspects and describe its
deflections? influence on static stability.
4 Illustrate the condition for Understand The learner to define static CO2
static directional stability by directional stability then
stating mathematical describes the mathematical
equation applicable. equations.

Page 19
5 Demonstrate the Key Understand The learner to find speed CO2
Derivatives for Longitudinal stability then discusses the
Static Stability with reasons for this phenomenon.
mathematical formulae and
description.
6 Explain the physical Understand The learner to recall types of CO2
significance of the side force ailerons then enumerate the
derivative in effects of this in flight controls.
lateral-directional stability.
7 Illustrate the Relationship to Understand The learner to name the CO1
Pitching Moment and Static design aspects and describe its
Stability to the longitudinal influence on static stability.
stability. Write the condition
for static longitudinal
stability.
8 Identify the physical meaning Understand The learner to define floating CO2
of the normal force speed rudder and then enumerate
derivatives. illustrate the how this affect the directional
speed stability for subsonic stability.
flight.
9 Describe the rolling moment Understand The learner to recall adverse CO2
derivative ClB (dihedral yaw then enumerate the
effect) and its role in lateral reasons for this phenomenon
stability
10 Define the yawing moment Understand The learner to relate force and CO2
derivative CnB (weathercock describe its effects on
stability) and its importance differential stabilization.
in directional stability.
11 Explain the derivatives with Understand The learner to relate force and CO2
Respect to Elevator describe its effects on
Deflection and also illustrate differential stabilator.
the importance of elevator
control power.
12 Describe aircraft rolling Understand The learner to recall moment CO2
moment and write the and describe the equations
equation of this. related to this.
13 Define lateral static stability Understand The learner to relate static CO2
derivative. Which condition stability and describe its
aircraft will have positive derivatives and conditions.
lateral stability
14 Identify four aspects of Understand The learner to name the CO3
aircraft design which design aspects and describe its
influence lateral static influence on static stability.
stability derivative.

Page 20
15 Illustrate with neat diagram Understand The learner to relate force and CO2
about effect of wing describe its effects on wing
geometrical dihedral in static configuration.
stability.
16 How do the vertical tail, Understand The learner to relate static CO2
fuselage, and wing sweep stability and describe its
affect derivatives and conditions.
17 Differentiate the effects of Understand The learner to define wing CO2
wing sweep and dihedral of sweep and explain its effects
static stability in lateral on dihedral wing system.
direction.
18 Is directional stability is Understand The learner to define wing CO2
defined with yawing moment sweep and explain its effects
or pitching moment discuss on dihedral wing system.
with example?
19 Explain the derivatives of Understand
The learner to define wing CO1
side force with angle of sweep and explain its effects
attack. on dihedral wing system.
20 Find the mathematical Apply The learner to relateyawing CO2
expression for yawing and identify its mathematical
moment derivative Cn due to systems by describing moment
vertical tail. derivatives.
MODULE III
STICK FREE LONGITUDINAL STABILITY
PART - A (PROBLEM SOLVING AND CRITICAL THINKING)
1 An airplane has directional Apply The learner to recall applied CO3
stability Cnr = 0.002 per forces then describe EOMs.
degree, rudder control power
Cnd eltar = -0.0015 per
degree, Maximum allowable
rudder deflection delta r max
is plus minus 30 degree.
Aircraft weight is 5000 kg,
wing area 50 m2, CL during
landing is 1.5. at sea level.
Find the maximum allowable
cross wind during landing.

Page 21
2 An aircraft has vertical tail Evaluate The learner to name all forces CO3
with NACA0010 airfoil with and describe its application.
lift curve slope of airfoil is
0.09 per degree, area of the
vertical tail is 12 m2, rudder
area is 3 m2, span of the
vertical tail is 4 m, a.c of the
vertical tail is 6 m, wing area
is 50 m2, mean ac is m, wing
span is 15 m, e =0.95. Find
the rudder control power and
evoluate the stability.
3 Slope of the Cm vs CL is Apply The learner to relate moment CO3
-0.15 Cm at Cl =0 is 0.08. of inertia and identify its
Determine the trim lift mathematical equations by
coefficient(CLt rim) when the describing moment derivatives.
CG is located at 0.3 chord.
4 Find the mathematical Understand The learner to name all forces CO3
formulation aircraft moment and describe its application.
equations of motion in three
directions. Explain all terms
clearly.
5 Develop the angular Apply The learner to define angular CO3
acceleration, gyro precession acceleration, gyro procession
and coupling terms in and coupling term, identify its
moment equations and mathematical systems by
discuss about each term. describing each derivatives.
6 For an airplane the neutral Apply The learner to relate Euler’s CO3
point = o.5c, static margine angles identify its
is 0.3 c, Cl trim =0.6, delta e mathematical systems by
=0. Now the new Cl trim = describing moment rates.
0.4 and delta e =0.4 down.
Calculate elevator control
power Cm delta e.

Page 22
7 An aircraft has the following Analyze The learner to relate all forces CO3
data for its elevator control identify the best axis system
system: systems. Apply the
Elevator chord (Ce): 0.6 m, mathematical formulations
Mean aerodynamic chord: and then analyze the result.
2.5 m,, Hinge moment
derivative due to elevator
deflection : -0.008 per radian,
Hinge moment derivative due
to angle of attack: -0.003 per
radian,Elevator deflection:
-5° (trailing-edge up), Change
in angle of attack: +3°.
Calculate: 1) The hinge
moment coefficient due to
elevator deflection delta e
and angle of attack.
8 An aircraft in a pull-up Apply The learner to find yawing and CO3
maneuver has the following identify its mathematical
data: systems by describing moment
Tail efficiency factor : derivatives.
0.9,Tail dynamic pressure:
3000 N/m², Elevator area:
0.75 m², Elevator chord: 0.5
m, Hinge moment derivative
due to pitch rate : -0.012 per
radian, Pitch rate : 0.08
rad/s, Tail moment arm : 5
m.
Calculate:
a)The hinge moment
coefficient due to pitch rate.
b) The actual hinge moment
experienced by the elevator.
9 Consider a sniper firing a Apply The learner to recall gravity CO4
rifle due east at the equator. and drag forces, describe its
Ignoring the gravity and mathematical systems and
drag, what are the equations apply the equations of motion.
of motion of the bullet? Use
the North-East-Up local
coordinate system. Muzzle
velocity: 1000m/s.
Range:4km.

Page 23
10 An aircraft has the following Analyze The learner to relate Euler’s CO 4
parameters: angle, identify its
Wing mean aerodynamic mathematical systems then
chord (MAC): 3.2 m, describe attitudeso get it’s
Aerodynamic center (AC) motion.
location: 0.25c, Neutral point
(NP) location: 0.38 c, Center
of gravity (CG) location:
0.30 c.
1) Calculate the static
margin and determine if the
aircraft is stable.
20 Find the most aft CG
limit for a minimum static
margin of 0.05c.
PART-B LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS
1 An aircraft is trimmed in Apply The learner to name all the 6 CO3
steady level flight with a DOF and then describe in
given elevator deflection. airplane system.
Discuss the factors
influencing the stick force
required to maintain this
trim condition. How do hinge
moment derivatives , elevator
size, and CG position affect
the pilot’s control forces?
Explain the relationship
between static margin and
stick force gradient.
2 For an aircraft experiencing a Analyze The learner to recall ways of CO3
steady sideslip due to moving airplane axis system
crosswind, describe the then illustrate with diagram.
aerodynamic derivatives and
control inputs required to
maintain lateral-directional
trim. How do dihedral effect,
weathercock stability, and
control effectiveness influence
aileron and rudder
deflections? What happens
to trim requirements if the
vertical tail size is increased?

Page 24
3 Describe the effect of freeing Apply The learner to Restate CO3
the elevator (stick-free different moment equation and
condition) on aircraft then write each term and
longitudinal stability. How explain.
do the hinge moment
derivatives and shift the
neutral point, and what
implications does this have
for required stick forces to
maintain trim? Discuss the
safety implications of an
overly positive
4 Explain how elevator hinge Apply The learner to define aircraft CO7
moment derivatives and response and the derive the
influence the stick force equations
gradient in longitudinal static
stability. Why is a negative
value of desirable for stable
stick force feel, and how does
this relate to pilot workload
during speed changes?
5 How does the stick force Understand The learner to recall inertia CO3
gradient vary with changes in tensor and demonstrate these
trim speed in a statically with examples.
stable aircraft? Explain the
aerodynamic factors (e.g.,
elevator hinge moments,
static margin) that govern
this relationship, and discuss
why a proper gradient is
critical for pilot handling
qualities during acceleration
or deceleration.
6 Identify the mechanism by Apply The learner to Define moment CO3
which a trim tab reduces of inertia and then write the
stick force required to formula of inertia in different
maintain equilibrium. How axes.
does tab deflection alter the
hinge moment characteristics
of the elevator, and what are
the design trade-offs when
using trim tabs for
long-duration flight
conditions?

Page 25
7 Why does freeing the elevator Apply The learner to recall yaw angle CO3
typically degrade maneuver and discuss about 6 DOF.
stability (stick force per g)?
Describe how the floating
elevator’s response to pitch
rate and load factor (n)
alters the aircraft’s ability to
generate stabilizing pitching
moments during maneuvers.
8 When the elevator is allowed Apply The learner to recall the three CO3
to float freely (stick-free kinematic equations and then
condition), how does this describe each term clearly.
affect the aircraft’s neutral
point and static longitudinal
stability? Explain the
aerodynamic mechanism by
which hinge moment
derivatives and reduce tail
effectiveness, and discuss the
implications for required
static margin
9 make use of the elevator-free Apply The learner to name the CO3
factor (F) and explain its different types of orientation
physical significance in and illustrate parameters.
longitudinal stability
analysis. How do the hinge
moment derivatives influence
this factor, and what does a
value of F less than 1 imply
about the aircraft’s stick-free
stability characteristics?
10 How would you design an Understand The learner to define force of CO3
elevator control system to gravitational then explains
achieve a desirable how the thrust force is
elevator-free factor for calculated.
conventional aircraft?
Discuss the trade-offs
involved in selecting hinge
moment derivatives to meet
conflicting requirements of
stability, control feel, and
freedom from flutter.

Page 26
11 Identify The stick-free Apply The learner to define aircraft CO4
neutral point is always axis system with reference
forward of the stick-fixed system and explain with
neutral point. Explain the stepwise.
aerodynamic mechanism
behind this shift by analyzing
how freeing the elevator
affects tailplane effectiveness.
What role do the hinge
moment derivatives play in
determining the magnitude of
this shift?
12 Why does the stick-free Apply The learner to recall aircraft CO4
maneuver point represent the longitudinal motion and
aft CG limit for acceptable explain with physical
stick-force-per-g application giving examples.
characteristics? Compare
how stick-free vs stick-fixed
conditions affect the
aircraft’s ability to generate
stabilizing pitching moments
during high-g maneuvers.
13 The derivatives due to the Understand The learner to restate CO4
tail are appreciable. Give a derivatives of aircraft and then
sketch and explain with explain with tail effect.
necessary tail configurations.
14 How does the aircraft’s static Apply The learner to name the CO4
margin directly determine Euler’s angles and describe
the stick force gradient in method of transformation
longitudinal flight? Explain
the aerodynamic chain
linking static stability,
elevator hinge moments, and
resulting control forces
experienced by the pilot
during speed changes
15 A rudder deflection of 30 deg Analyze The learner to define rudder CO4
produces a stable sideslip and then describe about side
angle of 50 deg. Estimate slip angle then use formulae to
Cnβ,wf . Neglect Downwash, apply and after getting answer
use ηv = 1,CLα,v =0.1 deg−1 , do the analysis.
Sr /St = 0.6 and Vv =0 .8.

Page 27
16 Demonstrate the relationship Understand The learner to name the CO4
with roll angle and sideslip design aspects and describe its
angle. Give the mathematical influence on static stability.
equations and demonstrate
with suitable sketch of flow
pattern of the wind.
17 comparing stick-fixed and Apply The learner to name the CO4
stick-free stability conditions, design aspects and describe its
why does the reduction in influence on static stability.
stability margin (due to
elevator float) lead to
degraded stick force
gradients? Discuss how this
relationship impacts
certification requirements for
minimum stability margins?
18 Apply the fundamental Apply The learner to hing moment CO4
aerodynamic mechanisms by and control forces to be
which both set-back hinge applied in aircraft stability.
lines and control surface
horns reduce hinge moments
and control forces. What are
the critical design trade-offs
between achieving sufficient
force reduction and
maintaining adequate control
effectiveness, particularly at
high dynamic pressures?
19 Why is precise mass Apply Learners to remember the CO4
balancing of control surfaces mass balancing and
essential for flight safety, understand its concept and
particularly regarding flutter use in real field.
prevention? Make use of
both static and dynamic
mass balancing techniques
work to maintain the proper
relationship between the
center of gravity and hinge
line, and the consequences of
improper balancing at
different flight regimes.

Page 28
20 For an aircraft in steady, Understand The learner to name the six CO3
level flight, describe how the steps for moment equations
equilibrium of forces (lift, and write the meaning of each
weight, thrust, drag) and term.
moments (pitching, rolling,
yawing) is maintained. What
specific conditions must be
satisfied for the aircraft to
remain in complete static
equilibrium, and how do
changes in airspeed or
configuration (e.g., flap
deployment) disrupt this
balance?
PART – C (SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS)
1 Illustrate the slip stream Understand The learner to define the slip CO3
related to aircraft lateral and angle and enumerate
directional stability. directional static stability.
2 During a steady climbing Understand The learner to recall the CO3
turn, explain how the stability axes then differentiate
equilibrium of forces and with other axes system.
moments differs from
straight-and-level flight.
3 Illustrate the Dynamic Understandr The learner to recall the CO3
Equilibrium in Maneuvers. stability axes
4 Explain how the equilibrium Understand The learner to name different CO3
of forces and moments differs product of inertia and then
from straight-and-level flight. assess its effect
5 how do pilots use controls to Understand The learner to name the CO3
achieve this dynamic Euler’s angle and then
equilibrium? demonstrate the rotation.
6 What specific conditions Understand The learner to name different CO3
must be satisfied for the product of inertia and then
aircraft to remain in assess its effect
complete static equilibrium?
7 How do changes in airspeed Understand The learner to define linear CO3
or configuration (e.g., flap moment and explain its use in
deployment) disrupt this stability.
balance?

Page 29
8 Discuss how both static and Understand The learner to name different CO3
dynamic mass balancing product of inertia and then
techniques work to maintain assess its effect
the proper relationship
between the center of gravity
and hinge line
9 Outline the relationship Understand The learner to relate CO3
impacts certification thetransformation of axis
requirements for minimum system and discuss its
stability margins. principle.
10 How does the aircraft’s static Understand The learner to name different CO3
margin directly determine product of inertia and then
the stick force gradient? assess its effect
11 Compare how stick-free vs Understand The learner to name the CO4
stick-fixed conditions affect reference frames and then
the aircraft’s ability to enumerates its influence on
generate stabilizing pitching static stability.
moments.
12 What role do the hinge Understand The learner to define the CO4
moment derivatives play in inertial frame of reference and
determining the magnitude of its application of Newton’s law
this shift. of motion.
13 Illustrate the Criteria for Understand The learner to name the CO4
optimal F value selection. different axes system and
describe its influence on static
stability.
14 Describe the Horn balances Understand The learner to restate the CO4
or set-back hinges and Tab weight vector and Identify
effectiveness. thrust vector.
15 Ex-lain the with physical Understand The learner to Show the CO4
interpretation of ”stability different vectors and illustrate
reduction factor” and and its influence on static stability.
stick-free neutral point shift.
16 Define the elevator-free factor Understand The learner to recall yaw angle CO4
(F) and explain its physical and discuss about 6 DOF.
significance in longitudinal
stability analysis.
17 Comparison of stick-fixed vs Apply The learner to name all the CO4
stick-free elevator deflection axes and then how to convert
during pull-ups. from one system to another.
18 Identify the Role of Chα in Understand The learner to define applied CO4
elevator float with angle of forces and then Identify
attack changes to assess equations of motion.
neutral point.

Page 30
19 Establish about moment of Understand The learner to Define moment CO4
inertia. Write the formulae of inertia and then write the
for Ixx and Iyy. formula of inertia in different
axes.
20 Express the impact of Understand The learner to name different CO4
excessive or insufficient product of inertia and then
gradients on pilot workload assess its effect if aircraft is
and quality of flying. symmetrical or asymmetrical.
MODULE IV
AIRCRAFT EQUATIONS OF MOTION- PERTURBED MOTION
PART – A (PROBLEM SOLVING AND CRITICAL THINKING)
1 Derive the equations of Apply The learner to define CO5
motion of a rigid body. State derivative and write the
the underlying law of physics. formula on static derivative.
Use the suitable diagram
labeling the forces and
moments on an airplane
2 Find the mathematical Understand The learner to name the CO5
formulation for aircraft force different derivatives and
equations of motion in three describe its aerodynamic
directions. Explain all terms influence.
clearly.
3 Infer about roll helix angle. Understand The learner to define roll helix CO5
Show the wing velocity angle and describe its influence
distribution due to roll rate on wing velocity distribution.
and relate the terms with
each other.
4 Solve u/U1 derivative for an Apply The learner to relate velocity CO 5
aircraft at 1.0668 km and ratio and illustrate its formula
Mach 0.9 (U1= 267 m/s, q= by describing perturbed
1383 kg/m2 , S=50m2 ) if CD1 derivatives.
= 0.03 and CDu = 0.027.If u
is perturbed to 268,2 m/s,
find the perturbed applied
aero force along the x
stability axis.
5 Examine the pitch damping Analyze The learner to define pitch CO5
derivative, Cmq, for an damping derivative and assess
aircraft with following its mathematical expressions
characteristics: CLαh = and to calculate moment
0.075/deg, η h =0.98, Vh = derivatives.
0.375, (Xh/c) = 3.0. Where c
is mean chord length.

Page 31
6 An aircraft has the following Apply The learner to relate velocity CO 5
Euler angles and Euler rates ratio and illustrate its formula
ψ = 0 deg ψ =10 deg/s, θ= 0 by describing perturbed
deg, θ = 0 deg/s, ϕ = 90 derivatives.
deg,ϕ 0 deg/s. Solve and get
the pitching, rolling and
yawing rates. Which motion
the pilot will feel?
7 Examine the β derivative for Analyze The learner to relate elevator CO5
an aircraft at 1km altitude deflection derivative and
and Mach 0.9 (U1 = 267 m/s, identify required formula then
q= 1383 kg/m2 , S=50m2 , b calculate moment derivatives.
= 12m) if Clβ = -0.08. If β is
perturbed to 1 deg, find
perturbed rolling moment.
8 Express all forces (weight, Analyze The learner to define cross CO5
aerodynamic, and thrust) for derivative and identify its
sea level at military thrust in mathematical systems by
most convenient axis system. describing moment derivatives.
Assume the thrust lines are
parallel to the longitudinal
axis and in plane of CG. The
aircraft weighs 24.5 kN and
each engine is delivering
3.11kN thrust.
9 Consider the T-37 at the Apply The learner to recall elevator CO 5
following Euler angles: ψ= deflection derivative and
90 deg, θ= 10 deg, ϕ=10 deg identify required formula then
Describe the aircraft attitude calculate Pitch damping
and transform the weight derivatives.
force through these angles to
the body axis system. The
gross weight is 1000 kg.
10 Solve the qc/2U1 derivative Analyze The learner to relate elevator CO 5
for the F-4C aircraft at flight deflection derivative and
conditions 1.0668 km altitude identify required formula then
and Mach 0.9 (U1= 267 m/s, calculate derivatives and then
q= 1383 kg/m2 , S=50m2 ). analyze the result.
CL q=1.80. If q is 2.5 deg/s,
find the perturbed aero force
along the z stability axis.
PART-B LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS

Page 32
1 Classify the different ways Understand The learner to find axis system CO5
the moving airplane axis associated with AOA and
system can be fixed with identify about perturbation
reference to the airplane?
2 Illustrate the change in angle Understand The learner to define pitch CO5
of attack at the horizontal rate and describe the influence
tail because of Pitch rate. downward velocity.
Explain about positive pitch
rate effects on downward
velocity.
3 Apply the longitudinal Apply The learner to relate Cmα CO5
stability derivative Cmα, and identifies its mathematical
explain how this stability is systems by describing
positive, negative or neutral? variation of pitching with
When it is concluded that the AOA.
aircraft is statically stable?
Draw the plot and show it.
4 Build the equation of speed Apply The learner to relate yawing CO5
damping derivatives and and identify its mathematical
explain each term in detail. systems by describing moment
Draw the plot and contrast derivatives.
with required parameters.
5 Describe the derivatives of Apply The learner to know the CO5
yawing moment of an aircraft perturbation approach and
with respect to the side slip, how to make linearize.
rate of side slip, roll rate,
yaw rate, aileron, and rudder
deflections.
6 Relate the linearized Understand The learner to recall EOMs CO5
equation of motion for wings and describe its influence
level, straight flight. during wing level flight.
7 What do you understand by Understand The learner to recall the first CO5
first order approximation order approximation and
applied to aerodynamic discuss about aerodynamic
forces and moments? forces and moments.
8 Briefly demonstrate the Understand The learner to recall the first CO5
method for Non dimensional order approximation and
the First-Order discuss on static stability.
Approximations
9 Demonstrate the derivatives Understand The learner to define the CO5
due to change in forward derivative due to change of
velocity with diagram. velocity and describe each
Explain the each term with term.
proper applications.

Page 33
10 Demonstrate the derivatives Understand The learner to name the CO5
due to change in downward design aspects and describe its
velocity with diagram. influence on static stability.
Explain the each term with
proper applications.
11 Explain the different ways Understand The learner to define aircraft CO5
the moving airplane axis axis system with reference
system can be fixed with system and explain with
reference to the airplane? stepwise.
12 Describe equations of Understand The learner to recall aircraft CO5
longitudinal motion with free longitudinal motion and
control. Write the equations explain with physical
and explain each term with application giving examples.
physical application.
13 The derivatives due to the Understand The learner to restate CO5
tail are appreciable. Give a derivatives of aircraft and then
sketch and explain with explain with tail effect.
necessary tail configurations.
14 How the Euler’s angles are Understand The learner to name the CO5
useful for getting the Euler’s angles and describe
relations of Body axes and method of transformation
Earth axes system?
Demonstrate with diagram.
15 A rudder deflection of 30 deg Analyze The learner to define rudder CO5
produces a stable sideslip and then describe about side
angle of 50 deg. Estimate slip angle then use formulae to
Cnβ,wf . Neglect Downwash, apply and after getting answer
use ηv = 1,CLα,v =0.1 deg−1 , do the analysis.
Sr /St = 0.6 and Vv =0 .8.
16 Demonstrate the relationship Understand The learner to name the CO5
with roll angle and sideslip design aspects and describe its
angle. Give the mathematical influence on static stability.
equations and demonstrate
with suitable sketch of flow
pattern of the wind.
17 How do determine rotation Apply The learner to name the CO5
and velocity in the inertial design aspects and describe its
frame, for intercept, obstacle influence on static stability.
avoidance etc.
18 Derive the expression for roll Apply The learner to relate roll CO5
damping derivative and damping and identify its
explain it’s significant on mathematical systems so as to
aircraft control design. explain aircraft control.

Page 34
19 Illustrate the significance of Understand The learner to know CO4
perturbation of equation of perturbation approach and
motions. Why this is how to make linearize
important in the dynamics equation.
analysis of the aircraft?
20 Demonstrate the primary Understand The learner to definethe CO5
control power with suitable primary control and describe
mathematical expression. It its influence using
is also referred as Elevator mathematical formula.
control power. Why?
PART – C (SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS)
1 Identify the system of Understand The learner to name the CO4
reference frames with a reference frames and then
simple example. enumerates its influence on
static stability.
2 Demonstrate inertial frame of Understand The learner to define the CO4
reference with suitable inertial frame of reference and
sketch. In which frame of its application of Newton’s law
reference Newton’s laws of of motion.
motion are valid?
3 Illustrate with a diagram the Understand The learner to name the CO3
difference between body axis different axes system and
system and stability axes describe its influence on static
system. stability.
4 Describe the axes system in Understand The learner to restate the CO6
which the weight vector and weight vector and Identify
Thrust vectors are expressed thrust vector.
easily.
5 Show the vectors of thrust in Understand The learner to Show the CO3
body axis system and in different vectors and illustrate
which direction the value of its influence on static stability.
this force will be zero.
6 Describe the full range of Understand The learner to recall yaw angle CO3
yaw angle, pitch angle and and discuss about 6 DOF.
roll angle for an aircraft at 6
DOF.
7 Convert body axis system to Understand The learner to name all the CO3
stability axis system and axes and then how to convert
write the forces in all the from one system to another.
three directions.
8 Identify the Applied forces Understand The learner to define applied CO3
used in Equations of Motion forces and then Identify
and name them. equations of motion.

Page 35
9 Establish about moment of Understand The learner to Define moment CO3
inertia. Write the formulae of inertia and then write the
for Ixx and Iyy. formula of inertia in different
axes.
10 Express about products of Understand The learner to name different CO3
Inertia. If an airplane has XZ product of inertia and then
plane of symmetry, what will assess its effect if aircraft is
be the values for these symmetrical or asymmetrical.
inertia?
11 Describe all the six steps for Understand The learner to name all six CO5
linearization of Equations of steps and illustrate its
motion. procedure.
12 Represent the Body Fixed Understand Learners will recall the 6 CO5
Stability axis system with EOMs and perturbation
suitable examples. method and explain.
13 Express the need of using Understand The learner to recall all CO5
Kinematic equations to solve kinematic equations and then
equations of motion. solve the equation by using
mathematics.
14 Develop the first order Apply The learner to relate CO5
approximation of applied aerodynamic forces and to
Aero Forces and Moments. identify its mathematical
systems by describing
moments.
15 Establish the relation Understand The learner to name the CO5
between non dimensional non-dimensional variables and
variables in rolling moment its influence on static stability.
(lA).
16 Describe speed damping Understand The learner to recall speed CO5
derivatives (CDu) and write damping derivative and
its equation. describe all the equations
17 Relate the speed damping Understand The learner to define the CO5
derivative with Mach speed damping derivative and
Number. how it affects the stability of
the system.
18 Explain Mach Tuck Understand The learner to relate Mach CO5
derivative (Cmu) and how Tuck and identify its
this derivative used to mathematical systems by
establish stability criterion. describing stability derivatives.
19 Distinguish between Understand The learner to recall CO5
Downwash and vortex. downwash and then
Illustrate difference with distinguish this with vortex
sketch. with diagram.

Page 36
20 Express roll damping UnderstandThe learner to define damping CO5
derivatives and write its derivatives and write all terms
equation. of equation.
MODULE V
LONGITUDINAL AND LATERAL-DIRECTIONAL DYNAMIC STABILITY
PART – A (PROBLEM SOLVING AND CRITICAL THINKING)
1 An aircraft has the following Analyze The learner to define the CO 6
characteristics: spiral mode and Dutch roll
a) Lift coefficient = 0.8 and describe its motion.
b) Drag coefficient = 0.005
c) Wing Loading = 1500
N/M2
d) Air density = 1.225 kg/m3
Calculate the phugoid period
and damping ratio.
2 An aircraft has the following Apply The learner to define the CO 6
parameters: a) Pitch moment natural frequency damping
inertia (Iy) = 50,000 kg-m2 ratio and its application.
b) Wing Area (S) = 50 m2
c) Mean Aerodynamic chord
= 2.5 m
d) Dynamic pressure = 1500
N/m2
e) Cm alpha = 0.8 per radian
f) Cmq = -10 per radian
Calculate the natural
frequency and damping ratio
of the short period mode.
3 An aircraft has the following Apply The learner to define the CO 6
parameters: Dutch roll and describe its
a) Yaw moment of inertia = motion.
60,000 kg·m²
b) Wing area = 60 m²
c) Wing Span (b) = 15 m
d) Dynamic pressure = 2000
N/m²
e) Cnbeta = 0.1 per rad
f) Cnr = -0.5 per rad
Calculate the natural
frequency, and damping ratio
of Dutch roll mode.

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4 An airplane is in phugoid Understand The learner to define the CO 6
mode. Assume that the spiral mode and Dutch roll
damping of the oscillation is and describe its motion.
so small that it can be
neglected. The altitude of
aircraft is oscillating between
1035 m and 1000 m. The
speed is observed to be 48
m/s at the altitude 1035
m.Estimate the speed at 1000
m altitude
5 The lateral stability Analyze The learner to find lateral CO 6
quadratic for an airplane is : stability to identify its
λ4 + 16λ3 + 13.1λ2 + 9.8λ + mathematical expression by
0.73 = 0 Extract the roots of describing oscillatory mode.
this quartic. Obtain the time
to double or halve the
amplitude and the period of
the oscillatory mode.
6 An aircraft has the following Analyze The learner to define the CO 6
parameters: spiral mode and Dutch roll
a) Yaw moment of inertia = and describe its motion.
80,000 kg·m²
b) Roll Moment of Inertia =
40000 kg·m²
c) Wing Span (b) = 20 m
d) Clbeta = -0.2 per rad
e) Cnbeta = 0.05 per rad
Calculate the time constant
of the spiral mode.
7 Illustrate a single parameter Apply The learner will try to recall CO 6
stability diagram or a root the advantages of composite
locus plot when Cm α changes materials in rockets and then
from a large negative value to explain various composite
a small positive value materials that are used w.r.t
temperature
8 Compare about the degrees Analyze The learner to define DOF CO 6
of freedom (DOF). How and describe its control
many degrees of freedom does surfaces to be used.
a rigid airplane with free
aileron, elevator and rudder
have? Draw the sketch and
show the effect of all The
three control surfaces.

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9 The roots of a longitudinal Apply The learner to find CO 6
stability quartic are: 2.57 ± i longitudinal stability and
2.63; +0.02 and -0.26. identify its quadratic form to
Discuss the types of motions describe motion of airplane.
indicated by each mode.
What would be the final
motion of the airplane?
10 Describe the motion of Analyze The learner to relate time CO 6
airplane after it has entered response and to identify
in to spinning. What are the stability condition by using
causes of airplane getting in characteristics equations then
to spin? How does the pilot apply these mathematical
make recovery from spin. formula to solve the problem
and do analysis of the result.
PART-B LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS
1 Derive the Dutch roll mode Apply The learner to relate dutch CO6
equations for yaw, and roll roll mode and mathematical
moment. Also give state expression with application in
space matrix for this airplane dynamic stability
condition
2 Illustrate Spiral mode and Analyze The learner to define Spiral CO6
derive the spiral mode mode and derive the spiral
approximation in lateral and mode approximation and
directional mode. Analyze discuss its influence on control
the assumptions and system.
equations for the stability of
the airplane.
5 Compute the role mode Understand The learner to find the first CO6
constant by writing roll mode order response and interpret
equation. Analyze the speed its influence on spiral
effect in this mode with time divergence.
factor.
6 Construct the equation for Apply The learner to relate short CO6
short period mode and period mode and identify its
demonstrate all parameters formula to get dynamic
of the equations with their stability.
use in an airplane dynamic
stability.
7 Demonstrate the conditions Understand The learner to find damped CO6
for over damped, critically system and describe its
damped and underdamped influence quadratic equation.
system? What is its
significant in real aircraft
dynamic stability?

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8 Describe the motion of Analyze The learner to find way of CO6
airplane after it has entered dynamic modes and explain
in to spinning. What are the its principle.
causes of airplane getting in
to spin? How does the pilot
make recovery from spin.
9 Summarize the equation for Understand The learner to recall spiral CO6
spiral mode , Dutch roll and modes and describe Dutch and
roll mode with suitable roll mode
explanation of each terms in
the equations
10 Find stability by solving and Understand The learner to name the CO6
getting roots of the design aspects and describe its
equations. Explain all the influence on static stability.
conditions.
11 Illustrate about the Aircraft Understand The learner to name different CO6
Dynamic Mode shapes and modes and describe
its significance on the disturbance from equilibrium.
dynamic stability of the
airplane
12 Develop the different modes Apply The learner to relate yawing CO6
and stability criterion of and identify its mathematical
dynamic longitudinal motion systems by describing moment
whose governing equation is derivatives.
a 4th degree quartic?
13 How the stability of dynamic Apply The learner to relate short CO6
motion can be judged using period mode and identify its
the coefficients of the 4th formula to get dynamic
order quartic which govern stability and to assess the
the motion? motion of airplane.
14 What are the characteristic Understand The learner to define stick CO6
modes of stick-fixed fixed describes its influence on
longitudinal motion of longitudinal motion.
airplane?
15 Demonstrate the Understand The learner to recall the CO6
autorotation and show the autorotation to describe flying
cause of autorotation by quality of airplane.
drawing neat force diagram.
What are the occasions when
pilot execute the
autorotation?
16 Demonstrate about the Understand The learner to define aircraft CO6
following, a) Aircraft spin spin and balance of forces.
entry b) Balance of forces

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17 Briefly discuss about the Understand The learner to recall spinning CO11
spinning of an aircraft. How of airplane and to execute
to get out of the spin methods of recovery.
smoothly?
18 What is meant by weather Understand The learner to define weather CO6
cocking effect? Explain with cocks and assess its influence
necessary diagram of this on dynamic stability.
effect and the result of this.
19 Demonstrate the effect of Understand The learner to know effect of CO6
forward speed and cg location speed and c.g location on
on the airplane on dynamic dynamic stability and to
stability. Illustrate the plot express its significant
of SPPO and velocity and
explain its significance on the
dynamic stability.
20 “The stability of the aircraft Apply The learner to define Eigen CO6
is determined solely by the values and identify three cases
Eigen values”. What are the by describing equations of
three cases which identify the dynamic stability.
three types of dynamic
stability and write their
equations?
PART – C (SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS)
1 What are the typical modes Understand Learner to recall modes and CO6
of longitudinal dynamic illustrate the effects.
stability?
2 Explain the first order Understand The learner to name the CO6
response. Give example and stability and describe its
demonstrate it. Define spiral different static stability.
divergence in dynamic
stability?
3 Illustrate about the phugoid Understand The learner to define the CO6
mode in aircraft dynamic phugoid and discuss its
mode. Draw a diagram. influence on static stability.
4 How does damping affect Understand Learner to recall damping and CO6
dynamic stability? illustrate the effects.
5 Illustrate Dutch Roll in Understand The learner to recall the CO6
aircraft dynamic stability. Dutch roll and identify its
Illustrate with diagram. influence on dynamic stability.
6 Interpret the transfer Understand The learner to restate transfer CO6
function in aircraft dynamic function and describe its
stability. influence on dynamic stability.

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7 Explain the damped Understand The learner to recall damped CO6
frequency and its significance frequency and describe its
on dynamic stability. influence on dynamic stability.
8 Elucidate about the dynamic Understand The learner to define dynamic CO6
stability. Specify with stability and illustrate its
suitable example. influence on stability.
9 Describe weather cocking Understand The learner to define weather CO6
effect also discuss about cocking and describe its
Cooper- Harper rating. influence on dynamic stability.
10 Demonstrate the possibilities Understand The learner to restate system CO6
for system poles and its poles and discuss its influence
associated behavior in on dynamic stability.
dynamic stability with
suitable examples and
diagram.
11 Enumerate the equation of Understand The learner to relate mass- CO6
mass- spring- damper system spring - balance and describe
at zero displacement. its influence zero shift.
Interpret the over damped Understand The learner to find damped CO6
system by giving relation of system and describe its
real root of the quadratic influence quadratic equation.
equation.
12 Explain with suitable Apply The learner to relate damping CO6
equation about damping equations to identify its
ratio and natural frequency. mathematical formula by
How these two parameters describing dynamic
used to stablish the dynamic derivatives.
stability of an aircraft.
13 How do the eigenvalues of Understand The learner to find CO6
the stability matrix relate to Eigenvalues and to discuss
dynamic stability? about response.
14 Discuss the aircraft Understand The learner to relate dynamic CO6
longitudinal dynamic modes modes and identify required
with suitable diagram. Name formula then describe
two important longitudinal longitudinal modes.
modes and explain with
example from airplane.
15 Illustrate the short period Understand The learner to recall the short CO6
mode and its relations with period modes and to describe
flying qualities of the aircraft. its influence on dynamic
modes.

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 16 Express the mathematical Understand The learner to define dynamic CO6
concept of dynamic stability stability then identifies
criteria used to assess the formulae and then assesses its
flight behavior. behavior.
17 Outline the different types of Understand The learner to know the inputs CO6
inputs for forcing functions and types then define forcing
by plotting a suitable function and then plot it.
diagram.
18 Relate the transfer function Understand The learner to relate the CO6
and the characteristic transfer function and describe
equation in dynamic stability its influence on dynamic
mode. stability.
19 What is the Dutch roll mode Understand The learner to name all CO6
in lateral-directional dynamic equations and describe
stability? Laplace form.
20 Discuss the factors affecting Understand The learner to define natural CO6
Natural frequency in short frequency then describes its
period mode of dynamic influence on short period
stability. mode.

Course Coordinator: HOD AE

Dr. Y.D. Dwivedi, Professor

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