FUNCTİONS AND GRAPHS

Let X and Y be certain sets. We say that there is a function

defined on X with values in Y if to each element xϵ X there
corresponds an element y ϵ Y. And denoted as follows:
5 x +3
for example y= is given. Find the domain of
y=f (x ), y=g (x) → x−5
definition of the function.

for example y=3 x ; y=4 x 2 +2 ; f ( x )= 5 , etc. We know that the denominator cannot be zero
→ 3−x → x−5 ≠0 → x ≠ 5
x → independent variable, argument D ( y )=(−∞ ; 5 ) ∪ ( 5 ;+∞ )
y → dependent variable, function
for example y=√ 6 x+ 4 is given. Find the domain of
for example y=3 x+ 2 is given. Compute the value of →
→ definition of the function.
a+ b−c according to the given table.
The expression under the square root cannot be negative:
x 5 b 4 2
6 x +4 ≥0 → 6 x ≥−4 → x ≥−
y a 20 c 3
Solution:
if x=5 , then y=a → a=3 ∙ 5+2→ a=17
if x=b , then y=20→ 20=3∙ b+ 2→ b=6
if x=4 , then y=c → c=3 ∙ 4+ 2→ c=14
D ( y )=
[ −2
3
;+ ∞ )
So, a+ b−c=17+6−14=9 for example y= √ x 2−9 is given. Find the domain of
→ x 2−7 x +10
2
for example f ( x )=3 x +5 is given , find the sum of definition of the function.
→

{ {
f ( 4 )+ ( 2 ). x −9≥ 0 → x ∈ ( −∞ ;−3 ] ∪ [ 3; +∞ ) →
2
Solution: 2
x −7 x+10 ≠ 0 x≠ 2;x ≠ 5

{
2
f ( 4 )=3 ∙ 4 +5=53 → f ( 4 ) + ( 2 )=53+17=70
2 → D( y )∈ (−∞ ;−3 ] ∪ [ 3 ; 5 ) ∪ ( 5 ;+∞ )
f ( 2 )=3 ∙ 2 + 5=17
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Increasing and decreasing functions

(x 1 < x 2)→ f ( x1 ) < f ( x 2 ) increasing →

(x 1 > x 2)→ f ( x1 ) > f ( x 2 ) decreasing →

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Even and odd functions

f (−x ) =−f ( x ) → Odd function

f (−x ) =f ( x ) → Even function

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Domain of definition of function →D(y) values of X Odd functions are symmetric with respect to the origin, even
Set of values of function →E(y) → values of Y functions with respect to y - axis.
D ( y )=[ −11; 10 ] , E ( y )=[ −5 ;7 ]

11
Odd Even
10
 Some odd functions: y=sinx ; y =tgx ; for example f ( 3 )=5 , f ( 4 )=6 and f (x) has circle T = 8,
k →
; y= √ x
odd number odd
y=ctgx ; y= ; y=x f ( 11) + f (12)
x find the value of the expression .
f ( 19 )−f (20)
Some even functions: y=cosx ; y=c ; y=x even number ;
y=| x| f ( 3 )=5 → f ( 3+8 )=f ( 11)=5
f ( 3 )=5 → f ( 3+2∙ 8 )=f ( 19 ) =5
Note: Free term in odd functions is equal to zero. f ( 4 )=6 → f ( 4 +8 )=f ( 12 )=6
f ( 4 )=6 → f ( 4 +2∙ 8 ) =f ( 20 ) =6

{TC →→odd function , f ( 11) + f (12) 5+6

Let = =−11
even function f ( 19 )−f (20) 5−6
Addition and subtraction Multiplication Division
T ± T =T T ∙ T =C T
=C
T
C ± C=C C ∙ C=C C
=C
C
T ± C=neither odd T ∙ C=T T
=T y=c constant function
nor even C 3
-------------------------------------------------------------------------. y=c → is parallel to x−¿ axis
The zeros of a function are the values of x when f ( x ) is equal
to 0. → f ( x )=0
x=c straight line
example Find the zeros of the function y=x 2−7 x +12.
→
x=c → is parallel to y−¿ axis
2
x −7 x +12=0 →
{x 1=3
x 2=4
Note:
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for y=c ,
Inverse function → f −1 ( x )
D ( y )=(−∞ ;+ ∞ )∧E ( y )= {c }
 Change the places of x and y
for x=c ,
 Solve the expression for y
D ( y )= {c } and E ( y )= (−∞ ;+ ∞ )
example Find the inverse of the function y=4 x +3.
→ -------------------------------------------------------------------------

y=4 x +3 change the places x ∧ y x=4 y +3 The function y = kx or Direct variation

→
k is called the slope.
x−3 1 3
solve for y 4 y=x−3 → y= → y= x−
→ 4 4 4

−1 1 3
So the inverse of f ( x )=4 x +3 is f (x)= x − .
4 4
------------------------------------------------------------------------ k = tg
Composite function → f (g ( x ) )→ g (f ( x ) )

example f ( x )=sinx and g ( x )=3 x+ 2

→
f ( g ( x ) )=sin ⁡(3 x +2) and g ( f ( x ) )=3 sinx+2
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Circular functions

If f ( x−T )=f ( x )=f ( x +T ) ,then f (x) is circular function.

D ( y )=(−∞ ;+∞ ) və E ( y )=(−∞ ;+∞ )
If ,f (x) has circle T 1, g ( x ) has circle T 2, then -------------------------------------------------------------------------
Linear function → y=kx +b
{f ( x)+ g ( x )
f ( x)−g ( x )
have circle T =LCM (T 1 ; T 2 ).
if k > 0 if k < 0
 For both functions → D ( y )=(−∞ ; 0)∪(0 ;+ ∞)
if k > 0 → E ( y )=(0 ;+∞ )
if k < 0 → E ( y )=(−∞ ; 0)
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Quadratic function → y=a x 2 +bx +c

The graph of the function is called parabola.

Its vertex is (x 0 ; y 0) .

−b
for example y=3 x+ 2→ x 0= and
→
2 2a
−D
y 0= =f (x 0 )
4a
Axis of symmetry is
Note: D ( y )=(−∞ ;+∞ ) and E ( y )=(−∞ ;+∞ ) the point x=x 0.

If
{
k 1=k 2
b 1 ≠ b2
, the graphs of linear function are parallel.
If function is given in the form y=a ( x−m )2+ n , then the
coordinates of parabola are ( m ; n ).

{ if a>0 → [ y 0 ;+ ∞ ¿
for example Which graphs of these functions are parallel?
→ D ( y )=(−∞ ;+∞ ) and E ( y )= .
A) y=3 x−5 B) y=−2 x +7 C) y=7 +4 x if a<0 → (−∞ ; y 0 ]
D) y=8+3 x E) y=9−2 x
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Solution: Let’s find slope: A) k =3 B) k =−2
C) k =4 D) k =3 E) k =−2 The function of square root

We see that A) and D) ; B) and E) are parallel.

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k
The function → y= or Inverse variation
x
if k > 0 if k < 0

For y= √ x →
{D ( y )= [ 0 ;+ ∞ ¿
E ( y )= [ 0 ;+ ∞ ¿

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The function y=| x|

D ( y )=(−∞ ; 0)∪ (0 ;+∞ )E ( y )=(−∞ ; 0)∪ (0 ;+ ∞)

------------------------------------------------------------------------- D ( y )=(−∞ ;+∞ )E ( y )= [ 0 ;+ ∞ )

k
The function y=
|x|
if k > 0 if k < 0