LECTURE NOTES
on
OPERATING SYSTEM
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(ICS-401)
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2023– 2024
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B. Tech IIIrd Sem e s t e r
Mr. Deepanshu Singh Yadav, Assistant Profes so r
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Ms. Diksha Sharma, Assistant Profes so r
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Sitapur Road, Lucknow
Uttar Pradesh
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India
Pin Code :226021
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INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
&TECHNOLOGY
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Department of Computer Science and Engineering
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REFERENCES :
Mr. Deepanshu Singh Yadav , Assistant Professor ,IET,LUCKNOW Page 1
[Link] Sharma, Assistant Professor ,IET,LUCKNOW
1. Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne, “Operating Systems Concepts”, Wiley
2. Harvey M Dietel, “ An Introduction to Operating System”, Pearson Education
3. William Stallings, “Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles ”, 6th Edition, Pearson
Education
4. D M Dhamdhere, “Operating Systems : A Concept based Approach”, 2nd Edition
5. Sibsankar Halder and Alex A Aravind, “Operating Systems”, Pearson Education
6. Rajiv Chopra, “ Operating System a Practical approach”, [Link]
7. [Link], “Operating System”,Technical Publications.
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8. [Link]/
9. [Link]
10. [Link]
11. Tutorials point
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12. geeksforgeeks
13. [Link]
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individual knowledge. The information provided in this e-content is developed from authentic references, to
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the best of my knowledge.
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Mr. Deepanshu Singh Yadav , Assistant Professor ,IET,LUCKNOW Page 1
[Link] Sharma, Assistant Professor ,IET,LUCKNOW
File Directories
The collection of files is a file directory. The directory contains information about the files,
including attributes, location, and ownership. Much of this information, especially that is
concerned with storage, is managed by the operating system. The directory is itself a file,
accessible by various file management routines.
Below the information contained in a device directory.
Name
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Type
Address
Current length
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Maximum length
Date last accessed
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Date last updated
Owner id
Protection information
The operation performed on the directory are:
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Search for a file
Create a file
Delete a file
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Rename a file
Traverse the file system
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Advantages of Maintaining Directories
Efficiency: A file can be located more quickly.
Naming: It becomes convenient for users as two users can have same name for different
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files or may have different name for same file.
Grouping: Logical grouping of files can be done by properties e.g. all java programs, all
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games etc.
Single-Level Directory
In this, a single directory is maintained for all the users.
Naming Problem: Users cannot have the same name for two files.
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Grouping Problem: Users cannot group files according to their needs.
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Mr. Deepanshu Singh Yadav , Assistant Professor ,IET,LUCKNOW
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[Link] Sharma, Assistant Professor ,IET,LUCKNOW
Two-Level Directory
In this, separate directories for each user is maintained.
Path Name: Due to two levels there is a path name for every file to locate that file.
Now, we can have the same file name for different users.
Searching is efficient in this method.
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Tree-Structured Directory G
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The directory is maintained in the form of a tree. Searching is efficient and also there is
grouping capability. We have absolute or relative path name for a file.
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Mr. Deepanshu Singh Yadav , Assistant Professor ,IET,LUCKNOW
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[Link] Sharma, Assistant Professor ,IET,LUCKNOW
