NCLEX Practice Test 1. A client with heart failure develops shortness of breath, 2+ edema, and crackles. Which is the most appropriate nursing diagnosis? A. Deficient fluid volume B. Excess fluid volume C. Risk for electrolyte imbalance D. Impaired tissue integrity 2. The nurse caring for a client with dehydration expects which lab finding? A. Decreased hematocrit B. Increased serum sodium C. Decreased BUN D. Decreased urine specific gravity 3. A patient with severe vomiting is at risk for which acid-base imbalance? A. Metabolic acidosis B. Metabolic alkalosis C. Respiratory acidosis D. Respiratory alkalosis4. Which assessment finding is most concerning in a client with hyperkalemia? A. Muscle weakness B. Nausea C. Peaked T-waves on ECG D. Diarrhea 5. A client with hyponatremia is receiving IV hypertonic saline. Which action is the priority? A. Monitor lung sounds for crackles B. Check urine output hourly C. Encourage oral fluids D. Assess pedal pulses 6. Which client is at highest risk for hypokalemia? A. COPD patient retaining CO, B. Client on furosemide (Lasix) C. Client with chronic renal failure D. Client with Addison's disease 7. A patient with hypocalcemia may exhibit which sign? A. Chvostek’s sign B. Weak pulses C. ConstipationD. Sedation 8. Anurse caring for a client with hypermagnesemia would expect which intervention? A. Restrict dairy products B. Administer IV calcium gluconate C. Monitor for tetany D. Increase oral fluids with magnesium supplements 9. Which finding suggests fluid volume deficit? A. Jugular vein distention B. Bounding pulse C. Flat neck veins D. Pulmonary crackles 10. A client with metabolic acidosis due to diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is expected to have: A. Slow, shallow respirations B. Kussmaul respirations C. Decreased respiratory rate D. Increased PaCO, 11. Which fluid is most appropriate for rapid fluid replacement in hypovolemic shock? A. 0.45% NSB. DSW C. 0.9% NS D. 3% NS 12. The nurse recognizes which client is at highest risk for developing hypernatremia? A. Client with SIADH B. Client receiving tube feedings without water flushes C. Client on spironolactone D. Client with Addison's disease 13. A patient with respiratory alkalosis may present with: A. Lethargy and confusion B. Hyperventilation and tingling fingers C. Bradycardia and hypotension D. Warm, flushed skin 14. A nurse caring for a client with hyperphosphatemia should anticipate which treatment? A. Phosphate binders B. IV phosphate replacement C. Increased dairy intakeD. Potassium supplementation 15. Which ABG values are consistent with metabolic alkalosis? A. pH 7.30, PaCO, 55, HCO,- 24 B. pH 7.48, PaCO, 40, HCO,- 30 C. pH 7.28, PaCO, 36, HCO," 18 D. pH 7.50, PaCO, 30, HCO,- 24 16. Anurse should monitor for which complication in a client receiving furosemide IV push too rapidly? A. Hyperkalemia B. Ototoxicity C. Hypertension D. Bradycardia 17. The nurse identifies which finding as a sign of hypomagnesemia? A. Drowsiness B. Hypoactive reflexes C. Tremors and tetany D. Hypotension 18. Which IV fluid is hypotonic? A. 0.9% NSB. 0.45% NS C.3% NS D. DIOW 19. Which client is most at risk for developing metabolic acidosis? A.A client with COPD B. A client with persistent diarrhea C. A client with prolonged vomiting D. A client with hyperventilation 20. Which clinical finding is associated with hyponatremia? A. Restlessness and agitation B. Dry mucous membranes C. Seizures and confusion D. Increased thirst 21. Which electrolyte imbalance is most common in end-stage renal disease? A. Hypokalemia B. Hyperkalemia C. Hypophosphatemia D. Hypocalcemia22. Which assessment finding requires immediate intervention in a client with hypokalemia? A. Muscle weakness B. Flattened T-wave on ECG C. Respiratory depression D. Constipation 23. A client with cirrhosis and ascites is receiving spironolactone. Which lab should be monitored closely? A. Sodium B. Potassium C. Chloride D. Calcium 24. Which finding supports the diagnosis of fluid volume excess? A. Weight gain of 2 kg in 2 days B. Weak, thready pulse C. Dry tongue D. Decreased BP 25. Which lab finding is expected in dehydration? A. Low hematocrit B. Low serum osmolalityC. High urine specific gravity D. Low BUN 26. Which ABG result indicates respiratory acidosis? A. pH 7.29, PaCO, 60, HCO,- 24 Bapne5ZapaGOnsOnn ©Ons22) CaphipecowraGOnccuCOsms22 D. pH 7.50, PaCO, 40, HCO,- 30 27. Which nursing intervention is priority for a client with serum potassium 2.9 mEq/L? A. Administer IV potassium via bolus B. Place on cardiac monitor C. Encourage increased water intake D. Provide a low-potassium diet 28. Which ABG indicates partially compensated respiratory alkalosis? A. pH 7.50, PaCO, 30, HCO,” 24 B. pH 7.33, PaCO, 50, HCO,” 28 C. pH 7.46, PaCO, 30, HCO,” 20 D. pH 7.36, PaCO, 48, HCO,- 27 29. Which condition most likely leads to hyperkalemia?A. NG suctioning B. Severe burns C. Prolonged vomiting D. Diuretic use 30. A client with hypocalcemia is placed on seizure precautions because: A. Calcium stimulates clotting B. Hypocalcemia causes CNS depression C. Hypocalcemia increases neuromuscular excitability D. Calcium decreases cardiac conduction 31. Which fluid should not be given to a client with cerebral edema? A. 0.9% NS B. DoW C.3% NS D.LR 32. Which finding would the nurse expect in respiratory alkalosis? A. PaCO, 50 mmHg B. pH 7.28 C. HCO," 30 mEq/LD. PaCO, 28 mmHg 33. Which sign is associated with hypernatremia? A. Bounding pulse B. Hypotension C. Muscle twitching D. Abdominal cramps 34. Which electrolyte is most closely related to cardiac excitability? A. Sodium B. Potassium C. Calcium D. Magnesium 35. Which patient is most at risk for metabolic alkalosis? A. Client with COPD B. Client with prolonged NG suctioning C. Client with severe diarrhea D. Client with renal failure 36. A patient with AKI develops hyperkalemia. Which medication may be ordered to lower potassium?A. Calcium carbonate B. Sodium polystyrene sulfonate (Kayexalate) C. Sodium bicarbonate D. Erythropoietin 37. Which finding indicates effective treatment for dehydration? A. Urine specific gravity 1.035 B. Decreased skin turgor C. BP increased from 90/60 to 110/70 D. Weight loss of 2 kg in 24 hrs 38. Which electrolyte imbalance causes positive Trousseau’s sign? A. Hyperkalemia B. Hypocalcemia C. Hypernatremia D. Hypermagnesemia 39. Which ABG result indicates metabolic acidosis? A. pH 7.29, PaCO, 38, HCO,- 18 B. pH 7.50, PaCO, 30, HCO,- 22 C. pH 7.48, PaCO, 40, HCO," 30 D. pH 7.36, PaCO, 48, HCO," 2740. Which fluid replacement is appropriate for a patient with hyponatremia and seizures? A. 0.9% NS B. 0.45% NS C.3% NS D. DSW 41. Which client finding is consistent with hypophosphatemia? A. Tetany B. Bone pain and weakness C. Muscle spasms D. Diarrhea 42. A patient with COPD has ABG results: pH 7.32, PaCO, 60, HCO, 30. The interpretation is: A. Uncompensated respiratory acidosis B. Partially compensated respiratory acidosis C. Fully compensated metabolic acidosis D. Uncompensated metabolic acidosis 43. Which action is priority for a patient with serum calcium 6.8 mg/dL?A. Place on seizure precautions B. Monitor blood glucose C. Provide high-protein diet D. Encourage ambulation 44. Which clinical manifestation is expected in hypermagnesemia? A. Muscle twitching B. Increased deep tendon reflexes C. Decreased reflexes and respiratory depression D. Tremors and seizures 45. Which lab value confirms fluid volume excess? A. Hematocrit 52% B. Sodium 150 mEq/L C. Hematocrit 28% D. BUN 28 mg/dL/” Answer Key with Rationales 1. B - Excess fluid volume Edema, crackles, and dyspnea are hallmark signs of hypervolemia. 2. B - Increased serum sodium Dehydration = concentrated blood = + Nat, t hematocrit, 1 BUN. 3. B - Metabolic alkalosis Vomiting = loss of gastric acid — alkalosis. 4. C - Peaked T-waves on ECG Hyperkalemia -. cardiac risk (priority over GI/ muscle symptoms). 5. A - Monitor lung sounds for crackles Hypertonic saline can cause fluid overload — pulmonary edema. 6. B — Client on furosemide (Lasix) Loop diuretics = K+ wasting — hypokalemia. 7. A- Chvostek's sign Hypocalcemia = neuromuscular irritability — Chvostek/Trousseau. 8. B - Administer IV calcium gluconate This is the antidote for severe hypermagnesemia. 9. C - Flat neck vein Fluid deficit — | venous return = flat neck veins. 10. B — Kussmaul respirationsBody compensates by blowing off CO, (deep, rapid breathing). 11.C - 0.9% NS Isotonic solution — rapid expansion of intravascular volume. 12. B — Client receiving tube feedings without water flushes Causes hypernatremia due to lack of free water. 13. B — Hyperventilation and tingling fingers Respiratory alkalosis = low CO,, tingling, lightheadedness. 14. A — Phosphate binders Bind phosphate in GI tract — | serum phosphate (common in CKD). 15. B - pH 7.48, PaCO, 40, HCO; 30 High pH, high HCO, = metabolic alkalosis. 16. B — Ototoxicity Rapid IV furosemide can cause hearing loss. 17. C - Tremors and tetany Hypomagnesemia = 1 excitability. 18.B- 0.45% NS Hypotonic -. shifts fluid into cells. 19. B — Persistent diarrhea Diarrhea = loss of bicarbonate -. metabolic acidosis.20. C — Seizures and confusion Hyponatremia affects brain -- neuro changes. 21. B —- Hyperkalemia Kidneys cannot excrete Kt — retention. 22. C - Respiratory depression Life-threatening — hypokalemia weakens respiratory muscles. 23. B — Potassium Spironolactone = Kt-sparing diuretic = risk of hyperkalemia. 24. A — Weight gain of 2 kg in 2 days Sudden weight gain = best indicator of fluid overload. 25. C - High urine specific gravity Concentrated urine = dehydration. 26. A — pH 7.29, PaCO, 60, HCO,- 24 Low pH + high CO, = respiratory acidosis 27. B - Place on cardiac monitor Hypokalemia can cause life-threatening arrhythmias. 28. C — pH 7.46, PaCO, 30, HCO,- 20 High pH (alkalosis), low CO, (resp cause), low HCO,- (partial compensation). 29. B - Severe burns Cellular damage releases K*+ -. hyperkalemia. 30. C — Hypocalcemia increases neuromuscularexcitability This can cause seizures and tetany. 31.B- D5W Becomes hypotonic — worsens cerebral edema. 32. D — PaCO, 28 mmHg Low CO, = respiratory alkalosis. 33. C - Muscle twitching Hypernatremia = neurologic + muscle excitability. 34. B —- Potassium Most closely related to cardiac function/excitability. 35. B — Client with prolonged NG suctioning Loss of stomach acid = metabolic alkalosis. 36. B — Sodium polystyrene sulfonate (Kayexalate) Removes K+ through stool. 37. C — BP increased from 90/60 to 110/70 Shows improved perfusion after rehydration. 38. B - Hypocalcemia Positive Trousseau's = low calcium. 39. A — pH 7.29, PaCO, 38, HCO, 18 Low pH, low HCO,- = metabolic acidosis. 40.C -3%NS Severe hyponatremia with neuro symptoms = hypertonic saline. 41. B - Bone pain and weakness Low phosphate weakens bones.42. B - Partially compensated respiratory acidosis PH still low, high CO,, high HCO.- = partial compensation. 43. A — Place on seizure precautions Priority due to risk of seizures. 44. C — Decreased reflexes and respiratory depression Classic hypermagnesemia signs. 45. C — Hematocrit 28% Fluid overload dilutes blood — low Hct.QUIZ 2 e A patient with diarrhea presents with dry mucous membranes, tachycardia, flat neck veins, and hypotension. Which condition does the nurse suspect? A. Hypervolemia B. Hypovolemia C. Hyponatremia D. Hypernatremia e The nurse is caring for a patient receiving 3% NaCl IV. Which is the priority assessment? A. Blood glucose levels B. Signs of fluid overload C. Skin turgor D. Bowel sounds e Which lab finding is consistent with hyperkalemia? A. Potassium 2.9 mEq/L B. Potassium 5.9 mEq/L C. Calcium 7.8 mg/dL D. Sodium 132 mEq/Le The ECG of a patient with hypokalemia will likely show: A. Tall peaked T waves B. Flattened T waves and presence of U waves C. Widened QRS complex D. Shortened QT interval e Which interventions are appropriate for a patient with hyponatremia due to SIADH? (Select all that apply) A. Restrict free water intake B. Administer loop diuretics (furosemide) C. Administer hypertonic saline IV D. Encourage oral fluids E. Give demeclocycline e A patient with hypocalcemia may present with: A. Tetany and Chvostek’s sign B. Shortened QT interval C. Flabby muscles and constipation D. Bone pain and kidney stones e Which ABG result indicates metabolic acidosis? /\, (Onl 729), ROOF We, POO B3B. pH 7.50, PaCO, 30, HCO,- 24 C. pH 7.48, HCO,- 30, Paco, 45 D. pH 7.31, PaCO, 50, HCO,- 24 e Aclient with CKD has a serum K+ of 6.2 mEq/L. Which medication should the nurse anticipate administering? A. Furosemide B. Kayexalate C. Calcium gluconate IV D. All of the above e Inchronic kidney disease, which laboratory pattern is expected? A. | Creatinine, | BUN, t Calcium B. t Creatinine, 1 BUN, | Calcium, t Phosphate C. t Creatinine, | BUN, | Potassium D. Normal electrolytes e Which are nursing priorities in respiratory acidosis? (Select all that apply) A. Administer bronchodilators B. Encourage paper bag breathing C. Semi-Fowler’s position D. Provide oxygen as prescribedE. Monitor for seizures Q2 Anskwer key 1. Hypovolemia Correct (B) Diarrhea + dry mucous membranes + flat neck veins + hypotension = fluid volume deficit. 2. Priority: Signs of fluid overload Correct (B) 3% NaCl is hypertonic = risk of pulmonary edema/ heart failure. 3. Hyperkalemia = K* >5.0 Correct (B, 5.9 mEq/L) A (2.9) = hypokalemia, C (low Ca) = hypocalcemia, D (132 Na) = hyponatremia. 4. Hypokalemia ECG Correct (B) Flattened T waves, U wave present, ST depression. 5. Hyponatremia (SIADH)Correct: A, B, C, E A. Restrict water (4 (prevent dilution). B. Loop diuretics 4 (promote water loss). C. Hypertonic saline 4 (raise Na safely). D. Encourage fluids 3€ (worsens hyponatremia). E. Demeclocycline (4 (blocks ADH effect). 6. Hypocalcemia signs Correct: A. Tetany and Chvostek’s sign Hypocalcemia — + excitability: tetany, Chvostek, Trousseau, laryngeal spasm, seizures. B (short QT) = hypercalcemia. C = hypokalemia D = hypercalcemia. 7. Metabolic Acidosis Correct (A) pH 1, HCO," 1, PaCO, normal/compensating. 8. Hyperkalemia treatment in CKD Correct (D) All are used: Furosemide -— excrete K,Kayexalate — excrete K via stool, Calcium gluconate — stabilize cardiac muscle. 9. CKD labs Correct (B) + BUN, t Creatinine, | Calcium, 1 Phosphate. 10. Respiratory Acidosis interventions Correct (A, C, D, E) Bronchodilators — open airway Semi-Fowler’s — lung expansion Oxygen - correct hypoxemia Monitor neuro status (seizures) X Paper bag = for respiratory alkalosis, not acidosis.CKD & AKI 1. Which best describes the difference between AKI and CKD? A. AKI is gradual and irreversible; CKD is sudden and reversible. B. AKI is sudden and reversible; CKD is gradual and irreversible. C. Both are gradual but reversible. D. Both are sudden and irreversible. 2. A patient with AKI secondary to hemorrhage is in which type of AKI? A. Prerenal B. Intrarenal C. Postrenal D. Functional 3. In AKI, which lab findings are expected? (Select all that apply) A. t BUN & Creatinine B. Hyperkalemia C. Hypocalcemia D. HypophosphatemiaE. Metabolic acidosis 4. Which stage of CKD is classified as GFR <15 mL/ min/1.73m?? A. Stage 2 — mild B. Stage 3 —- moderate C. Stage 4 - severe D. Stage 5 — End-stage renal disease 5. Which assessment finding is most concerning in a patient with CKD? A. Pruritus B. Fatigue C. Serum potassium 6.8 mEq/L D. Anemia 6. Which is an appropriate dietary teaching for a patient with CKD? A. High potassium, low protein diet B. Low sodium, low potassium, low phosphate diet C. High protein, high sodium diet D. No restrictions unless on dialysis 7. Which medication is commonly given for anemia in CKD?A. Kayexalate B. Erythropoietin C. Calcium gluconate D. Furosemide 8. A patient with CKD has phosphate 6.0 mg/dL. Which medication should the nurse anticipate? A. Sodium bicarbonate B. Phosphate binders (Calcium acetate, Sevelamer) C. Insulin with glucose D. Loop diuretics 9. In AKI caused by nephrotoxic drugs, which type of AKI is present? A. Prerenal B. Intrarenal C. Postrenal D. Chronic 10. A patient with CKD reports sudden weight gain of 2 kg in 2 days, edema, and dyspnea. What is the nurse’s priority action? A. Encourage high fluid intake B. Restrict sodium and fluids, notify physician C. Increase protein intakeD. Reassure the patient this is expected Q2 1. Which factor is most likely to cause prerenal AKI? A. Kidney stones B. Nephrotoxic antibiotics C. Severe dehydration D. Polycystic kidney disease 2. Which patient is most at risk for developing intrarenal AKI? A. Aman with hypovolemic shock after trauma B. A patient receiving IV contrast dye for CT scan C. A woman with bladder obstruction from stones D. A patient with long-standing hypertension 3. Postrenal AKI is commonly caused by: A. Heart failure B. Enlarged prostate C. Nephrotoxic drugs D. Sepsis 4. A patient with AKI is in the oliguric phase. Which assessment is expected? A. Polyuria B. Hypokalemia C. HyperkalemiaD. Hypovolemia 5. Which lab changes are seen in CKD? (Select all that apply) A. t BUN and Creatinine B. | Calcium C. 1 Phosphate D. | Potassium E. Metabolic acidosis 6. A client with AKI has a serum potassium of 6.5 mEq/L. Which nursing action is priority? A. Monitor for constipation B. Place on cardiac monitor C. Encourage high-potassium foods D. Restrict fluid intake 7. Which is the first step in managing prerenal AKI? A. Administer nephrotoxic antibiotics B. Restore circulating volume C. Insert urinary catheter D. Start dialysis 8. A CKD patient reports pruritus. This is most likely due to:A. High calcium B. High phosphorus and uremia C. Low sodium D. Fluid restriction 9. Which finding is most consistent with end-stage renal disease? A. GFR 90 mL/min B. GFR 45 mL/min C. GFR 20 mL/min D. GFR 10 mL/min 10. Which medication is used to excrete excess potassium through the stool in CKD? A. Erythropoietin B. Furosemide C. Kayexalate (Sodium polystyrene sulfonate) D. Sevelamer 11. Which complication is most life-threatening in AKI? A. Anemia B. Hyperkalemia C. Edema D. Pruritus12. Which diet order is expected for CKD? A. High potassium, high protein B. Low sodium, low potassium, low phosphorus C. High fluid, low calorie D. High sodium, high calcium 13. A patient with CKD is prescribed erythropoietin. Which lab should the nurse monitor? A. Potassium B. Hemoglobin & hematocrit C. Calcium D. Sodium 14. In AKI, the diuretic phase is characterized by: A. Low urine output, fluid overload B. Increased urine output, risk dehydration/ electrolyte loss C. No urine output, permanent kidney failure D. Normal urine output, stable labs 15. Which clinical sign indicates uremia in CKD? A. Metallic taste in mouth B. Polyuria C. Jaundice D. Hypotension16. A CKD patient has phosphate 6.5 mg/dL. Which drug will help reduce absorption from the gut? A. Calcium acetate B. Furosemide C. Sodium bicarbonate D. Insulin with glucose 17. Which diagnostic test best measures kidney function and CKD staging? A. Serum creatinine B. Urine specific gravity C. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) D. Kidney ultrasound 18. A patient with CKD complains of muscle twitching and bone pain. Which electrolyte imbalance is most likely? A. Hypokalemia B. Hypocalcemia C. Hypernatremia D. Hypophosphatemia 19. Which nursing intervention is appropriate for a patient in fluid overload from CKD? (Select all thatapply) A. Daily weights B. High sodium diet C. Fluid restriction D. Monitor lung sounds E. Encourage unlimited oral fluids 20. A patient with AKI has serum potassium 7.0 mEq/L and peaked T waves on ECG. Which order should the nurse implement first? A. Administer IV calcium gluconate B. Restrict fluids C. Administer phosphate binders D. Encourage potassium-rich foodsQuiz 1 Answer key 1. B. AKl is sudden and reversible; CKD is gradual and irreversible AKI = rapid onset, may resolve with treatment. CKD = progressive, irreversible damage. 2. A. Prerenal Hemorrhage = decreased blood flow to kidneys (before kidney itself). CeAaERCHE + BUN & Creatinine Hyperkalemia (K retention) Hypocalcemia (1 vitamin D activation, 1 phosphorus) Metabolic acidosis (H* retention, | HCO") > Hypophosphatemia is not correct — CKD/AKI usually = hyperphosphatemia. 4. D. Stage 5 - ESRD GFR <15 = End-stage — dialysis or transplant. 5. C. Serum potassium 6.8 mEq/L Life-threatening — dysrhythmias, cardiac arrest.6. B. Low sodium, low potassium, low phosphate diet CKD patients must restrict Na, K, Phos. Protein = moderate (not high unless on dialysis). 7. B. Erythropoietin Stimulates RBC production, treats anemia of CKD. 8. B. Phosphate binders (Calcium acetate, Sevelamer) Prevent phosphorus absorption from food. 9. B. Intrarenal Nephrotoxic drugs (aminoglycosides, contrast media, NSAIDs) damage nephrons directly. 10. B. Restrict sodium and fluids, notify physician Weight gain + edema + dyspnea = fluid overload. Need restriction and possible dialysis adjustment.Q2 Answerkey 1. C. Severe dehydration Prerenal AKI = reduced blood flow to kidneys (dehydration, hypovolemia, hemorrhage). 2. B. IV contrast dye Contrast/nephrotoxic drugs damage nephrons — intrarenal AKI. 3. B. Enlarged prostate Postrenal AKI = obstruction of urine flow (stones, tumors, prostate). 4. C. Hyperkalemia Oliguric phase — | urine output, K* retention, fluid overload. Se ANB ACHE CKD labs = t BUN/Creatinine, | Ca?+, t Phosphate, metabolic acidosis. XD (1 K) = false, CKD causes t K (hyperkalemia). 6. B. Place on cardiac monitor Hyperkalemia is life-threatening due todysrhythmias. 7. B. Restore circulating volume Treat prerenal AKI by correcting perfusion (fluids, blood products). 8. B. High phosphorus and uremia Uremic toxins + phosphate buildup — itching. 9. D. GFR 10 mL/min ESRD = GFR<15 — dialysis. 10. C. Kayexalate Removes potassium through stool. 11. B. Hyperkalemia Most dangerous complication — arrhythmias/ cardiac arrest. 12. B. Low sodium, low potassium, low phosphorus Standard renal diet (plus fluid restriction, moderate protein). 13. B. Hemoglobin & hematocritErythropoietin stimulates RBC production; monitor H&H. 14. B. Increased urine output, risk dehydration/ electrolyte loss Diuretic phase = massive diuresis = dehydration, hypokalemia, hyponatremia. 15. A. Metallic taste in mouth Classic uremia sign along with nausea, confusion, pericarditis. 16. A. Calcium acetate Phosphate binder — prevents absorption of phosphorus. 17. C. GFR Best measure of kidney function and CKD staging. 18. B. Hypocalcemia CKD - | vitamin D activation = | Ca?+ — bone pain, twitching, tetany. 19.A,C,D Manage overload: daily weights, restrict fluids,monitor lungs. > B & E would worsen overload. 20. A. IV calcium gluconate Stabilizes cardiac muscle first in severe hyperkalemia. (Then insulin/glucose, kayexalate, dialysis).