History

How to prepare

Manikant Singh
 Syllabus
 Indian Culture ‐ Salient aspects of Art Forms, Literature and Architecture from
ancient to modern times.
 Modern Indian history from about the middle of the eighteenth century until the
present‐ significant events, personalities, issues“
 The Freedom Struggle ‐ its various stages and important contributors/contributions
from different parts of the country.“
 Post‐independence consolidation and reorganization within the country.
 History of the World will include events from 18th century such as Industrial
Revolution, World Wars, Redrawal of National Boundaries, Colonization,
Decolonization, Political Philosophies like Communism, Capitalism, Socialism etc.‐
their forms and effect on the society.
 Miscellaneous
 How to record the change
 To Study history means to underline the elements of changes and
those of continuity in political, economic, social and cultural
areas. The facts are merely an example of verifying an idea.
 With an objective to underline the elements of changes we divide
history in following segments-
1. Political
a. Political Expansion
b. Administration
2. Economic - Agriculture, crafts, trade, money economy and
urbanization
1. Social – Varna and Caste system, Condition of women, Shudras
and untouchables
2. Cultural –
a. Religion and Philosophy
b. Language and Literature
c. Art and Architecture
We can underline the forces of changes in following
manner

Diagram-I Diagram-II
Political Political

Economic Social

Social Cultural

Cultural Economic
Diagram-I shows that during change –
a. Political change is the fastest
b. Economic change is slower than political change
c. Social change is slower than even economic change.
d. Cultural changes are extremely slow.
Diagram-II indicates that economic, political, social and cultural changes are
closely inter-related to each other. If economic change created the
background for changes in political, social and cultural structure,
political, social and cultural factors also had their impact on the economic
structure.
 For example, if the expansion of the agrarian economy in the middle
Gangetic region paved the way for the rise of Buddhism, then Buddhism
also left its imprint on contemporary economy and society.
 Mercantile Phase (1757-1813)
Objective:‐ To maximize the rate of Revenue so that a substantial amount
could be invested in trade and commerce.

Administrative
Political Policy

Cultural Policy
Social Policy
Economic
Policy

Policy
The policy of To maintain Origin of To maintain Orientalism
ring fence or old Mughal drain of traditional
to encircle structure wealth and social
enemy states with certain the decline of structure
with friendly modification handicrafts
states in Bengal
 Industrial Phase (1813-1858)
Objective:‐ To convert India as a market for British manufactured goods and
the supplier of raw materials.
Political Policy

Cultural Policy
Administrative

Social Policy
Economic
Policy
Policy
To bring more To bring Commercialization Social reforms Liberalis
and more substantial of agriculture, through m and
Indian states changes in Deindustrialization, legislation and utilitarian
administrative promotion of
under direct Development of ism
structure English
control Railways and
education
through Telegraph, Drain of
annexation. wealth
 Financial Phase (1858 and After)
Objective:‐ 1. To open India for British capital investment.
2. To avert the situation of the great revolt of 1857.

Administra
tive Policy

Economic
Political

Cultural
Policy

Policy

Policy

Policy
Social
British To bring Transfer of To follow the To
crown administrative home policy of promote
preferred reforms in the charges from non- racial
the policy manner that India to intervention division
government’s grip Britain in social first then
of indirect
over India could be (Drain of matters. commerci
expansion strengthened without wealth), Rise al
in place of antagonizing the of modern division.
direct one. people. industries.
 Indian Nationalism

Proto-nationalist Movement The Great Revolt of 1857 Modern Nationalist Movement

Socio-Religious Movement of Development of lower class The role of

19th century movement and the role of the leaders socialist and
like Bhimrao Ambedkar, Periyar communist
Naykar and Sri Narayan Guru movements
Western Traditional
elements elements

Liberal phase of Indian Extremist phase of Indian

National Congress National Congress

Advent of Gandhi But nationalist movement at still elitist basis

National movement developed a popular base but tilt towards high caste Hindu

The high caste basis of national movement was weakened and it developed more inclusiveness

Indian national movement became a a bit more inclusive due to larger participation of peasants and workers

Does Indian nationalism present a model of inclusive nationalism?

 Post-Independence Era
To fight British colonial legacy and nation-building

Partition, holocaust and trauma and its impact on

polity and foreign policy of India

Integration of princely states and nation-building

Transformation of colonial state into democratic state

through a framing of constitution

To concede polyphonic character of Indian nation –

official language policy, formation of linguistic states, to
defer the issue of uniform civil code
To ensure social justice to those who had groaned
under the pressure of feudal and colonial exploitation
since centuries.

To restructure Indian economy- Agrarian Reforms, Abolition

of Zamindari, Bhoodan Movement, Green Revolution,
Development of Irrigation and multipurpose project,
Nehruvian Economic Model and Economic planning.

Foreign policy of India – Formation phase under the British

rule, Impact of anti-imperialist policy, Non-alignment,
Relations with neighbours, Relations with Asio-Affrican
countries and with two super powers.
Dear Aspirants,
 The study of Indian culture should be of great interest, but the method of its study should
be appropriate. A very common question asked by the candidates is, “Which book should
be considered the foundation for the study of culture”? If we suggest one such book for
the study of culture, than candidates has to face two types of problems. First, no such
book available that accommodate the scope of culture which is suitable for the main
examination as well as preliminary examination. Secondly, with the help of related book,
candidates start collecting facts from an abundance of literature, architecture, sculpture,
paintings etc. and will not able to establish coherence between those facts. Therefore, the
sooner those facts one can remembered, more quickly they will forget. This intellectual
struggling will continue for two weeks, then the book will adorn the part of the book‐
shelf.
 To understand the seriousness of the preparation, we suggested candidates that
they should analyze the questions papers of both prelims and mains examination
from 2013 to 2023. So in light of this, the scope of the questions asked in
examination will be known. The range of questions in the mains examination is
much diverse. Scope of mains questions extended from ‘Tandav dance’ and ‘Chola
art’ to ‘Sangam literature’ and up to ‘Harappa urban architecture’, ‘Mesolithic Art’
and ‘Cultural Diversity of India’. The format of some questions is so complex and
diverse where bookish knowledge remains insufficient, for example ‐
1. Describe any four cultural elements of diversity in India and rate their relative
significance in building a national identity.
2. Despite the specific geographical location, Taxila could not get university status
while Nalanda was a university. Examine.
3. Mesolithic rock cut architecture of India not only reflects the cultural life of the times but
also a fine aesthetic sense comparable to modem painting. Critically evaluate this
comment.
4. Initial Buddhist Stupa‐art, while depicting folk themes and stories, magnificently
illustrated Buddhist ideals. Explain.
5. What are the challenges to our cultural practices in the name of secularism?
6. Do we have cultural pockets of small India all over the nation? Elaborate with examples.
 To attempt the above questions, one should have a holistic approach. In the first question,
explain the four factors of cultural diversity in ancient times and medieval times and
elaborate that how it can inculcate the sense of unity in diversity. Similarly, answer
writing for all subsequent questions it expected a holistic approach.
 In the preliminary examination, the scope of questions is even significantly more
specific. This fact can be understand through some following examples –
1. With reference to the religious history of India, consider the following statements:
(1) The concept of Bodhisattva is central to Hinayana sect of Buddhism.
(2) Bodhisattva is a compassionate one on his way to enlightenment.
(3) Bodhisattva delays achieving his own salvation to help all sentient beings on
their path to it.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3
(c) 2 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
2. With reference to the cultural history of medieval India, consider the following
statements
(1) Siddhas (Sittars) to Tamil region were monotheistic and condemned idolatry.
(2) Lingayats of Kannada region questioned the theory of rebirth and rejected the
caste hierarchy.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only
(c) 1 and 2 (d) neither 1 nor 2
3. Kalamkari painting refers to ‐
(a) A hand‐painted cotton textile in South India
(b) A handmade drawing on bamboo handicrafts in North‐East India
(c) A block‐printed woolen cloth in Western Himalayan region of India
(d) A hand‐painted decorative silk cloth in North‐Western India
4. The National Motto of India, ‘Satyamev Jayate’ inscribed below the Emblem of
India is taken from
(a) Katha Upanishad
(b) Chhandogya Upanishad
(c) Aitreya Upanishad
(d) Mundaka Upanishad
 In addition to the above questions there are also questions related to the
literature, ethnicity and tribal groups etc. Considering the diversity of the
questions and comprehensiveness of the topic, mere knowledge is not enough,
but ‘culture’ should be considered as a catalyst of intellectuality. It’s not much
difficult, but it required to apply a logical or pragmatic approach. In fact, this
logical approach will also applicable to other subjects in General Studies. In four
papers of General Studies, the candidates have to study about 13 sub topics
(including contemporary issues). Aspirants has to bear such a huge intellectual
overload alone ‐ that too in a situation when they did not get any intellectual
training from the university education system. Therefore, it is necessary to adopt
practical method of study.
 It is required to emphasize two things under this strategy. Firstly, each topic is
interconnected with each other, so the study of each topic makes the study of the
second topic easier, and this provides knowledge of the entire subject area. Secondly,
during studies, try to establish the interlinking of topics from one subject to another.
This will increase interest in the subject matter and it will also be easier to remember
the facts. We will begin this method of study with the study of ‘culture and heritage’.
Candidates can also use this approach in the study of other subjects. To develop a
holistic approach on culture and heritage, knowledge of the following aspects is
necessary‐
1. To explore the meaning of culture and heritage ‐ For this, it is necessary to understand
the relationship between culture and civilization and culture and religion. Apart from
this, also required to know which elements will be included in culture.
2. Methodology of study to develop a comprehensive understanding of culture and
heritage – Underline the changes in religion, literature and art from ancient period
to modern period. So that we can understand how Indian culture set an example
of unity in diversity.
3. Study of culture; knowing the importance of study of literature and art ‐ It is
important to know, only then it will develop a real understanding of culture.
4. To understand the importance of interdisciplinary approach in the study of culture
– Under this there is need to assess the impact of culture on foreign policy,
economy, Constitution and on nation building.
 Meaning of Culture and Heritage:‐
 To study the topic of ‘Culture and Heritage’, one should start with fundamental
understanding of the topic. In general, the word culture is used in two senses.
Firstly, in traditional sense, it means artistic creation and intellectual
achievements. Under this, culture expressed in the form of the community’s
literature, architecture, classical music, classical dance and painting. In this way,
both culture and heritage are closely assimilated to each other. Secondly,
anthropologists use the word culture in another sense. Anthropological culture
deals with the study of rituals and customs, perspective of the common people,
their mentality and their tradition.
 In fact, the focus of anthropologists does not on culture superiority, but they give

emphasis on the study of the mentality of those people, who are marginal in the

society. But, presently Anthropologists played a major role in popularizing the

term culture. A study under the influence of anthropologists a separate branch

‘Cultural Studies’ has developed. The cultural study is the study of the mentality of

the people who is on the margins of the society. Cultural Studies has impacted

every branch of social science, such as History, Geography, Political Science,

International Relations etc.

 As far as the Civil Services Examination concerned, its curriculum covers both the
periphery of the culture i.e., elite culture and culture related to the common
people.’Tandav dance’, ‘Nalanda and Taxila University’, ‘literary achievements of
Krishnadev Rai’s period’ ‐ all these point belongs to the elite culture, on the other
hand ‘Mesolithic painting’ is associated with the general culture. It should be
known to the candidate that in the era of growing democracy, like other
humanities subjects, culture was also democratized. Naturally, the importance of
‘folk’ instead of ‘classical” is encouraged, such as folk music, folk dance, terracotta
figures, etc.
 What is the relation between culture and civilization?
 Determine the relationship between civilization and culture is in itself a complex
question because both of these has been defined in many ways. Firstly, in the
context of an ancient society, culture refers to a certain way of living, but, when
this way of life expanded across a large region and came to be accepted as the
norm, it was referred to as “civilization.” For example, several regional cultures
existed prior to the Harappa civilization. When the persistence of one of them
goes beyond its territory and an advanced lifestyle was created in a large area, this
was known as civilization. In other words, civilization is considered to be the
highest status of culture.
 Additionally, some scholars also tried to link the development of ancient
civilization to the urbanization and the knowledge of art of writing. In this sense,
civilization became the symbol of highest order of materialistic life, but Abid
Hussain believes that the elements of culture reached in higher level of material
life only when that material life is accompanied by material pleasures with the
means to achieve high moral values. But, when such a life sacrifices some of the
moral principles, then it turns against the culture.
 Then in another sense, an attempt has been made to link civilization and culture
with external shell and the intrinsic quality respectively. In other words, if
civilization is the outer shell, then culture is internal quality. We can understand
this with the example of a flower. The petals of flower is considered as civilization
and the fragrance of flower contemplate as culture.
 In comparison, intrinsic quality is more significant than extrinsic traits. Due to more
emphasis on external quality, the internal quality is diverted from its virtue. Therefore,
many scholars considered the development of both as contradictory to each other. In fact,
a German scholar, Spengler, says that with the development of civilization follows a
recognizable decline of culture.
 At present, there is relatively less discussion about civilization, while culture is being
discussed excessively. What is the reason behind this?
 As we know that when civilization spread, so in this process many other cultures get
suppressed. In fact, when a culture reached its zenith, it takes the form of civilization, and
within itself it assimilates many other cultures. Thus a type of elitism entered in
civilization. Therefore, it connected with the dominant section of the society. While the
Dalit and backward sections of the society can’t reach to this level.
 But as democratization progressed, the upliftment of Dalit and backward classes started.
In this order, the scholars and intellectuals drew attention to those forgotten cultures, and
then began to rediscover it. This is the reason that’s why at present, emphasis on culture
is more than civilization.
 What is meant by classical art? In which scenario art gains classical standards?
 The art and literature reached at that stage of development when it starts to influence the
art and literature in the upcoming ages. This means that they have been established as a
standard and this standard is called as classical. In Indian history, there were some period
when art adopted classical standards. For example, the art evolved from Maurya period
to the Gupta period. Therefore, in Gupta period art assumed the classical standard.
Similarly, Pallava art till the Chola period accepted the classical advancement. Lastly,
architecture of Sultanate period acquired the classical standard by the Mughal period.
 What is the relation between culture and religion?
 There are many aspects of culture such as literature, art, life, perspective, food
habits, lifestyle and religion. As we know, the religion is also one of the aspect of
culture, but religion have two segments i.e., philosophy and rituals. However, the
philosophy of all the religious sect is concerned with human welfare. In this way,
through fundamental thinking, all religious sects enjoys proximity with each other,
but with time, religious cults have developed such a system of rituals that conflict
with basic human values and in this scenario, it increases the possibility of clashes
between one religious sect to another religious sect. Then, in this situation,
religion becomes an opponent of culture. In such a situation, religion drew the
boundaries of India and Pakistan, working in opposition to the syncretic culture of
India.
 Can culture also have a regressive element which is need to transform?
 Over a period of time, two types of flaws start coming to the surface within the
culture. Firstly, culture word is already complex in itself and gradually some such
customs and traditions begin to incorporate in it, for example, some people
acknowledged the social evils like child marriage and sati system in the name of
religion and considered religion as part of the culture. Later, in India, in the 19th
century, various intellectuals and reformers, from Raja Ram Mohan Roy to Swami
Vivekananda, stood against social evils and successfully removed these evils from
culture and religion.
 Secondly, value is relative to society. When human society develops, some human
behavior and practices considered to be part of culture become irrelevant and
then there is a need to bring changes in them.
 Can culture also be misused?
 Like history, misuse of culture is also possible. In the name of protecting the
vested interests of society, religion and culture promoted socio‐religious evils, for
example, when Raja Ram Mohan Roy opposed the evil practice of Sati, then
conservatives like Radhakant Dev considered it as an attack on religion and
culture. In the same way, at present when the demand raise to end the practices
like ‘Triple Talaq’ and ‘Nikah‐Halala’, then, the Muslim orthodox elements tried to
preserve these practices in the name of religion and Islamic culture. That’s why
there is a need to make proper cultural policy in India. For the development of the
country the proper formulation of policies is required in the field of science,
defence, foreign etc., similarly effective cultural policy is also necessary.
 Why do we study art and literature?
 While studying the art and literature of any community, it explicitly expressed the
life‐perspective, thoughts and aesthetics sense. For the past hundreds, thousands
of years our ancestors thinking and aesthetic sense have been expressed. If we
study this, then naturally we will get the opportunity to understand the gradual
development of thinking and aesthetic sense of our forefathers. Then we can
evaluate ourselves, where we are standing from the point of view of intellectual
and moral development. While going through history we will try to understand
the gradual development of political, economic and social structure. In the same
way, while studying the art and literature we will try to understand the
development of life interest and aesthetic sense.
 Why Indian culture is considered an example of Polyphonic Culture?
 Indian culture developed in such a way that it became pluralistic. During ancient
times we can observe the harmony between Aryan culture and non‐Aryan culture.
Similarly, a synthesis can be evident between the cultures of the North and South.
In Aryan culture, there was primacy of Yajana while bhakti, incarnation and idol
worship prevailed in non‐Aryan culture. Later, Hindu religion or Hindu culture
developed with the assimilation of elements of Aryan and non‐Aryan cultures.
Similarly, any religious cult Brahmins, Buddhists and Jains develop in North India,
it must have moved towards the south. Advaita philosophy of Upanishads
developed in the north was refined and developed by Shankaracharya in south.
Under Ashoka, cave architecture developed and it attained perfection with the
construction of Pallava cave temple.
 Bhakti and Sufi movement of medieval period expressed as Gangi‐Yamuni culture.
Similarly, a synthesis of Islamic and Indian features can be seen in the realm of
architecture throughout the Sultanate and Mughal periods, which gave rise to a
new style. This harmony is also seen in the fields of painting and music etc. Due to
these reasons, the form of Indian culture is polyphonic or pluralistic.
 How can the understanding of culture and heritage be useful in the studies of
other subjects?
 While studying the culture the candidates should adopt an interdisciplinary
approach. With this approach, comprehension of other topics will also advance in
addition to cultural understanding. Its interconnectivity with various social
sciences can be understood through following ways ‐
 Culture emerged as an important component in the conduct of foreign policy. Culture
plays a vital role for the growth of soft power of any nation. At present “Cultural
Diplomacy” became an important component of foreign policy. On this basis, India by
expanding the neighboring region and eager to reach to the countries of South‐East Asia.
Similarly, Project ‘Mausam’ aims to re‐connect and re‐establish communications between
countries of the Indian Ocean world, which would lead to an enhanced understanding of
cultural values and concerns, also it emphasis on understanding national cultures in their
regional maritime milieu.
 The success of India as a nation is the best illustration of the value of cultural
understanding in nation‐building, and this success can be attributed to our constitution
makers that they understand India’s diversity and on that basis they provide protection to
linguistic and religious minorities. The difference becomes clear if we compare India with
the failure of neighboring countries in South Asia, such as Pakistan, Nepal and Sri Lanka.
 In terms of economic success, even effective cultural policy can also play an
important role. Raghuram Rajan long ago made it clear that religious conservatism
and economic development cannot go hand in hand. Lastly, culture also proves to
be an important factor for the internal security of the country. At present,
Religious Bigotry is a big threat to internal security and it has taken the form of
terrorism. An appropriate cultural policy can be helpful to regulate it in addition
to the use of police and military force. In this regard, India’s approach has been
pragmatic. To a greater extent, India respected its diverse character.
Previous Year Questions
 WORLD HISTORY ‐2013
Ques: "Latecomer Industrial Revolution in Japan involved certain factors that were
marked by different from what west had experienced." Analyze

(200 Words, 10 Marks)

Ques : "Africa was chopped into states artificially created by accident of European
competition." Analyze.
(200 Words, 10 Marks)
Ques : "American Revolution was a conflict between British mercantilism and
American capitalism." Examine.
(200 Words, 10 Marks)
Ques: What policy instruments were deployed to contain the Great Economic
Depression?
(200 Words, 10 Marks)
 WORLD HISTORY ‐2014
Ques: What were the major political, economic and social developments in
the world which motivated the anti‐colonial struggle in India?
(150 word, 10 marks)
Ques: What were the events that led to the Suez Crisis in 1956? How did it
deal a final blow to Britain’s self‐image as a world power?
(150 word, 10 marks)
Ques : The New Economic Policy – 1921 of Lenin had influenced the policies
adopted by India soon after independence. Evaluate.
(150 word, 10 marks)
 WORLD HISTORY ‐2015
Ques : Why did the industrial revolution first occur in England? Discuss the
quality of life of the people there during the industrialization. How
does it compare with that in India at present?
(200 Word, 12.5 Marks)
Ques : To what extent can Germany be held responsible for causing the
two World Wars? Discuss critically.
(200 Word, 12.5 Marks)
 WORLD HISTORY ‐2016
Ques : The anti‐colonial struggles in West Africa were led by the new elite
of Western‐educated Africans. Examine.
(200 Word, 12.5 Marks)

WORLD HISTORY ‐2017

Ques : What problems were germane to the decolonization process in the
Malay Peninsula?
(150 word, 10 marks)
 WORLD HISTORY ‐2018
Ques : Why indentured labour was taken by the British from India to their
colonies ? Have they been able to preserve their cultural identity
over there? (150 word, 10 marks)

WORLD HISTORY ‐2019

Ques : Explain how the foundations of the modern world were laid by the
American and French Revolutions.
(150 word, 10 marks)
 WORLD HISTORY ‐2021
Ques: There arose a serious challenge to the Democratic State System
between the two World Wars.” Evaluate the statement.

(150 word, 10 marks)

 MODERN HISTORY
Ques : “In many ways, Lord Dalhousie was the founder of modern India.”
Elaborate.
(2013, 200 Words, 10 Marks)
Ques : How different would have been the achievement of Indian independence
without Mahatma Gandhi? Discuss.
(2015, 200 Word, 12.5 Marks)
Ques : Assess the role of British imperial power in complicating the process of
transfer of power during the 1940s.
(2019, 150 word, 10 marks)
 MODERN HISTORY
Ques : Since the decade of the 1920s, the national movement acquired various
ideological strands and thereby expanded its social base. Discuss.
(2020, 150 word, 10 marks)
Ques : Evaluate the policies of Lord Curzon and their long term implications on the
national movements.
(2020, 150 word, 10 marks)
Ques : Trace the rise and growth of socio‐religious reform movements with special
reference to Young Bengal and Brahmo Samaj.
(2021, 150 word, 10 marks)
 MODERN HISTORY
Ques : To what extent did the role of the moderates prepare a base for the wider
freedom movement? Comment.
(2021, 150 word, 10 marks)
Ques : Bring out the constructive programmes of Mahatma Gandhi during Non‐
Cooperation Movement and Civil Disobedience Movement.
(2021, 150 word, 10 marks)
Ques : Assess the main administrative issues and socio‐cultural problems in the
integration process of Indian Princely States.
(2021, 150 word, 10 marks)
 MODERN HISTORY
Ques : Why did the armies of the British East India Company ‐ mostly comprising of
Indian Soldiers‐ win consistently against the more numerous and better
equipped armies of the then Indian rulers? Give reasons.
(2022, 150 word, 10 marks)
Ques : Why was there a sudden spurt in famines in colonial India since the mid‐
eighteenth century? Give reasons.
(2022, 150 word, 10 marks)
Ques : The political and administrative reorganization of states and territories has
been a continuous ongoing process since the mid‐nineteenth century.
Discuss with examples.
(2022, 150 word, 10 marks)
 INDIAN ART & CULTURE
1. The ancient civilization in Indian sub‐ continent differed from those of Egypt ,
Mesopotamia and Greece in that its culture and traditions have been
preserved without a breakdown to the present day. Comment.
(200 Word, 12.5 Marks) (2015)
2. Mesolithic rock cut architecture of India not only reflects the cultural life of
the times, but also a fine aesthetic sense comparable to modern painting.
Critically evaluate this comment.
(200 Word, 12.5 Marks) (2015)
3. Do we have cultural pockets of small India all over the nation? Elaborate with
examples.
(150 word, 10 marks) (2019)
 INDIAN ART & CULTURE
4. The rock‐cut architecture represents one of the most important sources of
our knowledge of early Indian art and history. Discuss.
(150 word, 10 marks) (2020)
5. Pala period is the most significant phase in the history of Buddhism in India.
Enumerate.
(150 word, 10 marks) (2020)
6. Indian Philosophy and tradition played a significant role in conceiving and
shaping the monuments and their art in India. Discuss.
(150 word, 10 marks) (2020)
 INDIAN ART & CULTURE
7. Persian literary sources of medieval India reflect the spirit of the age.
Comment.
(150 word, 10 marks) (2020)
8. Do you agree that regionalism in India appears to be a consequence of rising
cultural assertiveness? Argue.
(150 words, 10 Marks) (2020)
9. Evaluate the nature of the Bhakti Literature and its contribution to Indian
culture.
(150 word, 10 marks) (2021)
 INDIAN ART & CULTURE
10. How will you explain that Medieval Indian temple sculptures represent the
social life of those days?
(150 word, 10 marks) (2022)
11. Discuss the main contributions of Gupta period and Chola period to Indian
heritage and culture.
(150 word, 10 marks) (2022)
12. Discuss the significance of the lion and bull figures in Indian mythology, art
and architecture.
(150 word, 10 marks) (2022)
 END
Thank You!