Background: Nelson Mandela`s Address

on his release from prison

The evening before his release from 27 years in
prison, Nelson Mandela had a secret meeting with
South African President F.W. de Klerk explaining that
Mandela would be a free man the next day, making
good on a pledge the president had made a week earlier, though without setting the exact date.
Apartheid was still the law of the land, but de Klerk had declared sweeping changes that were rapidly
dismantling the system of racial segregation. South Africans, black and white, knew their country was
about to undergo major change. The black majority of South Africa saw Mandela as their deliverance
from more than three centuries of white domination. Many whites on the other hand feared his
release could unleash an explosive civil war. Mandela was seen as the hope for South Africa when in
reality only a few people had seen or heard from Mandela in the past quarter century. Mandela
disappeared from the spotlight in 1964 after giving a four-hour speech at his sabotage trial, where he
was convicted and received a life sentence. He spent most of his prison term on Robben Island
consuming his time with manual labor. The government, attempted to diminish his reputation, never
released photos of Mandela during his years of captivity.
There was some concern about the type of leaders Mandela would be to a new generation of activist.
The day of Mandela’s release a crowd of some 100,000 squeezed into the Grand Parade grounds
outside Cape Town's City Hall. Mandela's journey from prison to City Hall came to a standstill as his
car approached downtown Cape Town and was mobbed by supporters. Rather than continue into the
crowd with his car, Mandela drove to his lawyer’s home. Several hours after his release from prison,
Nelson Mandela made his first speech on the balcony of Cape Town's City Hall. As he prepared to
speak, he realized he had left his glasses in the prison. So he borrowed a pair from his wife Winnie.
Mandela spoke connecting with the black crowd that worshipped him, while taking the first steps to
win over skeptical whites.
After speaking for 30 minutes, Mandela was whisked away. He wanted to spend his first night of
freedom among black South Africans, yet for security reasons, he was taken to Desmond Tutu's
home which was officially a whites-only neighborhood. South Africa had many difficult days ahead
with political violence that would claim more than 10,000 lives over the next four years. Negotiations
between de Klerk's government and Mandela's ANC stalled and broke down many times before the
country's first all-race election that elevated Mandela to the presidency in 1994. On that summer's
day in 1990, South Africa entered a new era, and Nelson Mandela was the man who led the way
  CDA of the Speech by Mandela after release from prison in 1990
Nelson Mandela's speech upon his release from prison in 1990 reflects the essence of his leadership,
commitment to justice, and vision for a democratic South Africa. Let's conduct a critical discourse
analysis of the key elements in the speech:

1. Rhetorical Situation:
 Mandela acknowledges the collective effort of the people, positioning himself not as a prophet
but as a humble servant. The speech is delivered at a crucial historical moment, emphasizing
peace, democracy, and the need for mass action to end apartheid.
2. Gratitude and Recognition:
 Mandela expresses gratitude to millions worldwide who campaigned for his release,
emphasizing the global support against apartheid. This acknowledgment establishes a sense
of collective achievement and solidarity.
3. Historical Context and Apartheid Critique:
 Mandela critiques apartheid, noting its inevitable end and the need for decisive mass action.
He highlights the destructive impact of apartheid on families, the economy, and political
stability, setting the stage for the urgency of change.
4. Armed Struggle and Defensive Action:
 Mandela justifies the armed struggle as a defensive action against apartheid violence. While
expressing the hope for a negotiated settlement, he signals the ongoing need for the armed
struggle until conditions conducive to peace are established.
5. Call for Unity and Mass Action:
 Mandela emphasizes the importance of unity among the people and leaders. He urges
intensified struggle on all fronts and warns against relaxing efforts. The call for mass action
underscores the disciplined approach needed for victory.
6. Inclusivity and New South Africa:
 Mandela invites white compatriots to join in shaping a new South Africa, positioning the
freedom movement as a political home for all. This inclusive rhetoric aligns with the vision of a
non-racial, democratic nation.
7. International Community and Sanctions:
 Mandela calls on the international community to maintain sanctions against the apartheid
regime, linking their support to the process of eradicating apartheid. This demonstrates
strategic diplomatic thinking and a commitment to international pressure.
 8. Irreversible March to Freedom:
 The declaration that the march to freedom is irreversible reflects Mandela's unwavering
determination. He urges overcoming fear and emphasizes the inevitability of universal
suffrage for peace and racial harmony.
9. Quoting Own Words:
 By quoting his words from the 1964 trial, Mandela draws a historical parallel, emphasizing the
enduring truth of the struggle. This rhetorical device reinforces the consistency of his beliefs
over time.
10. Overall Tone and Style:
 The speech combines humility, gratitude, determination, and a call to action. Mandela's calm
and measured tone, coupled with powerful rhetoric, reflects his statesmanship and ability to
inspire hope.

In summary, Mandela's speech is a masterful discourse strategically combining gratitude, historical

critique, a call for unity, and a vision for a democratic South Africa. It exemplifies Mandela's
leadership style, emphasizing collective action, inclusivity, and a commitment to justice.
Summary

In Nelson Mandela's speech upon his release from prison in 1990, he addresses a diverse
audience, expressing gratitude to those who campaigned for his release. Mandela acknowledges the
global effort against apartheid and critiques the system's destructive impact. He justifies the armed
struggle as a defensive response to apartheid violence while expressing hope for negotiations.
Mandela calls for unity, intensified mass action, and warns against complacency. He invites white
compatriots to join in shaping a new, inclusive South Africa. Urging the international community to
maintain sanctions, Mandela declares the march to freedom as irreversible, emphasizing the need for
universal suffrage for peace and racial harmony. The speech reflects Mandela's statesmanship,
combining humility, determination, and a vision for a democratic nation.
Theme:
The overarching theme of Nelson Mandela's speech upon his release from prison in 1990 is the
pursuit of justice, democracy, and freedom in the face of apartheid in South Africa. Mandela's
address centers on the collective effort to end racial segregation and discrimination, emphasizing
unity, reconciliation, and the determination to create a new, inclusive South Africa.
Main Idea:
The main idea of the speech is Mandela's call for intensified mass action, unity among the people,
and the continuation of the struggle against apartheid until the establishment of a democratic and
non-racial South Africa. He highlights the irreversible march to freedom, inviting all, regardless of race,
to participate in shaping the nation's future. Mandela stresses the importance of ongoing
international support and sanctions to pressure the apartheid regime. The speech encapsulates the
spirit of hope, determination, and the unwavering commitment to building a just and democratic
society.

 Discussion the THEME DEVELOPMENT

The theme development in Nelson Mandela's speech upon his release from prison in 1990
is rich and multifaceted, reflecting the complexities of the historical moment and Mandela's vision for
a new South Africa. Here's a detailed exploration of the theme development:
 Gratitude and Recognition: Mandela begins by expressing gratitude to those who campaigned
for his release, setting a tone of acknowledgment for the collective effort against apartheid.
This initial theme underscores the interconnectedness of the struggle and the global solidarity
that Mandela wishes to emphasize.

 Critique of Apartheid:The speech unfolds with a critique of apartheid, highlighting its

destructive impact on families, the economy, and political stability. This theme development
serves to frame the urgency of change, painting a vivid picture of the consequences of
apartheid and the need for its termination.

 Armed Struggle and Defensive Action: Mandela justifies the armed struggle as a defensive
action against apartheid violence, introducing the theme of resistance. This theme
acknowledges the historical context of armed resistance while expressing the hope for a
negotiated settlement. It introduces the complexity of the struggle and the need for different
approaches.

 Call for Unity and Mass Action: The theme of unity and mass action becomes central as
Mandela emphasizes the importance of collective effort and intensified struggle. This theme
development underscores the need for disciplined, unified action to bring about change,
emphasizing that the struggle is a shared responsibility.

 Inclusivity and New South Africa: Mandela introduces the theme of inclusivity, inviting white
compatriots to join in shaping a new South Africa. This theme emphasizes the vision of a non-
racial, democratic nation, challenging the divisive policies of the past and presenting a path
toward unity and reconciliation.

 International Community and Sanctions: The theme of international support and sanctions is
 introduced, highlighting the global nature of the struggle. Mandela positions the ongoing
sanctions as a crucial theme, emphasizing the need for continued pressure on the apartheid
regime from the international community.

 Irreversible March to Freedom: The declaration of the march to freedom as irreversible

becomes a powerful and recurring theme. This theme signifies Mandela's unwavering
determination and the inevitability of change. It instills a sense of hope and perseverance
among the people.

 Quoting Own Words: By quoting his words from the 1964 trial, Mandela introduces a theme of
continuity. This theme development links the historical struggle to the present moment,
reinforcing the enduring principles and consistency of the liberation movement.

The discourse structure of Nelson Mandela's speech follows a concise and impactful pattern:

 Introduction: Mandela opens with gratitude and humility, addressing his audience as friends,
comrades, and fellow South Africans.
 Acknowledgment of Efforts: He expresses sincere gratitude for the global campaign for his
release, emphasizing collective achievements against apartheid.
 Critique of Apartheid: Mandela critiques apartheid, outlining its destructive impact on families
and the nation, setting the stage for change.
 Justification of Armed Struggle: He justifies the armed struggle as a defensive response,
highlighting the historical context and ongoing necessity.
 Call for Unity and Mass Action: Mandela emphasizes the need for unity, disciplined mass
action, and collective responsibility in the ongoing struggle.
 Inclusivity and New South Africa: He invites white compatriots to join in shaping a non-racial,
democratic South Africa, promoting inclusivity.
 International Solidarity and Sanctions: Mandela addresses the global community, urging
continued support and sanctions against the apartheid regime.
 Irreversible March to Freedom: He declares the march to freedom as irreversible, instilling
hope and determination for change.
 Quoting Own Words: Mandela quotes his own words from the past, reinforcing the enduring
principles and consistency of the liberation movement.
 Conclusion: The speech concludes with a call to intensify the struggle, emphasizing the need
 for rapid progress toward democracy.
In essence, Mandela's discourse structure navigates from gratitude to critiques, justifications, calls for unity,
and concludes with a powerful declaration of the irreversible march to freedom. Each section contributes to a
cohesive narrative of collective struggle and aspirations for a new South Africa.
 Stylistic Analysis
Nelson Mandela's speech upon his release from prison in 1990 exhibits various stylistic elements
that contribute to its effectiveness and impact:
 Rhetorical Devices: Mandela employs rhetorical devices such as anaphora (repetition of words
or phrases at the beginning of successive clauses) when he repeats "I stand here" and "I
extend my sincere and warmest gratitude." This repetition emphasizes key points and creates
a rhythmic flow.
 Metaphors: The metaphor of the "march to freedom" is a powerful and recurring image in the
speech. It symbolizes the unstoppable progress toward liberation, adding a layer of symbolism
and inspiration to the narrative.
 Parallelism: Parallel structure is evident in phrases like "I greet you all in the name of peace,
democracy, and freedom for all." This parallelism enhances the rhythm and impact of the
speech, making key ideas memorable.
 Quotations: Mandela strategically quotes his own words from the 1964 trial, infusing the
speech with historical continuity. This serves to connect the present moment to the past and
reinforces the enduring principles of the struggle.
 Inclusive Language: Mandela uses inclusive language, addressing the audience as "friends,
comrades, and fellow South Africans." This choice of words fosters a sense of unity and
common purpose, appealing to a broad and diverse audience.
 Contrast: Throughout the speech, Mandela contrasts the destructive impact of apartheid with
the hope and determination for change. This contrast serves to highlight the urgency of the
situation and the need for collective action.
 Repetition: Repetition is employed for emphasis, as seen in the repetition of the phrase
"irreversible march to freedom." This repetition underscores the inevitability of progress and
reinforces the central theme of the speech.
 Symbolism: Mandela's reference to the "armed struggle" carries symbolic weight. It represents
a historical context and the ongoing commitment to resistance, adding depth and complexity
to the narrative.
 Tone: The tone of the speech is measured, humble, and yet determined. Mandela's calm and
dignified demeanor, coupled with powerful rhetoric, enhances the credibility and
 statesmanship of his message.
 Appeal to Emotion: Mandela appeals to emotion by describing the shattered fabric of family
life, homelessness, and unemployment caused by apartheid. This emotional appeal serves to
humanize the consequences of the struggle and galvanize support.
 RHETORIC DEVICES in the Speech

Nelson Mandela's speech upon his release from prison in 1990 employs several rhetorical devices to
enhance its persuasiveness, emotional impact, and overall effectiveness:

 Anaphora: Mandela uses anaphora, the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of
successive clauses, to emphasize key points. For instance, the repetition of "I stand here" at
the beginning of multiple sentences underscores the significance of his presence and
message.
 Metaphor: The metaphor of the "march to freedom" is a central and powerful rhetorical device.
It symbolizes the unstoppable progress toward liberation, creating a vivid and inspiring image
that resonates with the audience.
 Parallelism: Parallel structure is evident in phrases like "I greet you all in the name of peace,
democracy, and freedom for all." This parallelism enhances the rhythmic flow of the speech,
making it more engaging and memorable.
 Quotations: Mandela strategically quotes his own words from the 1964 trial, incorporating
them into the speech. This serves as a rhetorical device by connecting the present moment to
the past, reinforcing the enduring principles of the struggle and emphasizing historical
continuity.
 Inclusive Language: Mandela uses inclusive language, addressing the audience as "friends,
comrades, and fellow South Africans." This choice fosters a sense of unity and common
purpose, appealing to a diverse audience and emphasizing collective identity.
 Contrast: Throughout the speech, Mandela employs contrast to highlight the disparities
caused by apartheid and the hope for change. The contrast between the destructive impact of
apartheid and the determination for progress adds rhetorical weight to the urgency of the
situation.
 Repetition: Repetition is used strategically for emphasis. The repetition of the phrase
"irreversible march to freedom" reinforces the central theme, making it a memorable and
impactful rallying cry.
 Symbolism: Mandela's reference to the "armed struggle" carries symbolic weight. It represents
historical context, the ongoing commitment to resistance, and the complexity of the struggle.
This symbolism adds depth and layers to the narrative.
  Antithesis: Antithesis, the juxtaposition of contrasting ideas for emphasis, is seen in the
contrast between the destructive impact of apartheid and the hope for a new South Africa.
This rhetorical device serves to highlight the stark differences and underscore the need for
change.
 Appeal to Emotion: Mandela appeals to emotion by describing the shattered fabric of family
life, homelessness, and unemployment caused by apartheid. This emotional appeal humanizes
the consequences of the struggle, fostering empathy and galvanizing support.
These rhetorical devices collectively contribute to the eloquence, persuasion, and emotional
resonance of Mandela's speech, making it a compelling and memorable oration in the context of the
struggle against apartheid.
Nelson Mandela's speech upon his release from prison in 1990 is based on several thematic grounds
that collectively form the foundation of his message. These thematic grounds reflect the key ideas
and principles around which the speech revolves:

 Gratitude and Recognition: Mandela begins by expressing gratitude to those who campaigned
for his release. This sets a thematic ground of acknowledgment for the collective efforts made
globally against apartheid.
 Critique of Apartheid: The speech is grounded in a strong critique of apartheid. Mandela vividly
describes the destructive impact of apartheid on families, the economy, and political stability.
This critique forms the thematic basis for the urgency of dismantling the apartheid system.
 Armed Struggle and Defensive Action: Mandela justifies the armed struggle as a defensive
action against apartheid violence. This thematic ground highlights the historical context and
ongoing necessity for resistance, emphasizing the complexities of the struggle.
 Unity and Mass Action: A central theme is the call for unity and intensified mass action.
Mandela emphasizes the collective responsibility of the people, leaders, and activists in the
ongoing struggle against apartheid.
 Inclusivity and New South Africa: The thematic ground of inclusivity is introduced when
Mandela invites white compatriots to join in shaping a new South Africa. This theme envisions
a non-racial, democratic nation, challenging the divisive policies of the past.
 International Solidarity and Sanctions: The speech is grounded in the importance of
international support and sanctions against the apartheid regime. This theme underscores the
interconnectedness of the struggle on a global scale.
 Irreversible March to Freedom: Mandela declares the march to freedom as irreversible. This
serves as a thematic ground that symbolizes unwavering determination and inevitability in the
 progress toward liberation.
 Quoting Own Words for Continuity: Mandela quotes his own words from the 1964 trial,
establishing a thematic ground of continuity. This theme links the historical struggle to the
present moment, reinforcing the enduring principles and consistency of the liberation
movement.
 Urgency and Call to Action: The thematic ground of urgency is evident as Mandela calls for the
rapid and uninterrupted progress toward democracy. This theme underscores the immediate
need for change and the collective responsibility to seize the moment.
 Hope and Determination: Throughout the speech, there is a thematic emphasis on hope and
determination. Mandela's words inspire a sense of optimism and resilience, reinforcing the
belief that positive change is not only possible but inevitable.
These thematic grounds collectively shape the narrative of the speech, creating a cohesive and
powerful message that addresses the complexities of the struggle against apartheid and outlines a
vision for a new, just, and democratic South Africa.
 What does Mandela in his speech Critique and what does he Appreciate?

In Nelson Mandela's speech upon his release from prison in 1990, he both critiques and appreciates
various aspects, reflecting the complexities of the historical moment. Here are some key points of
critique and appreciation:
Critique:
 Apartheid System: Mandela strongly critiques the apartheid system, highlighting its destructive
impact on families, the economy, and political stability. He paints a vivid picture of the
consequences of apartheid, emphasizing the urgent need for change.
 Injustice and Violence: Mandela criticizes the injustice and violence perpetuated by the
apartheid regime. The mention of the armed struggle as a defensive action underscores the
harsh realities faced by those resisting oppression.
 Destruction Caused by Apartheid: Mandela critiques the destruction caused by apartheid on a
societal level. He speaks of the shattered fabric of family life, homelessness, and
unemployment, emphasizing the human cost of discriminatory policies.
 Delay in Achieving Freedom: Mandela subtly critiques the prolonged wait for freedom. By
stating "We have waited too long for our freedom," he implies that the struggle has endured for
an extended period, and the time for liberation is overdue.
Appreciation:
 Global Solidarity: Mandela expresses deep appreciation for the millions worldwide who
campaigned for his release. This acknowledgment recognizes the power of global solidarity
 and emphasizes the interconnectedness of the anti-apartheid movement.
 Unity Among South Africans: Mandela appreciates the unity among South Africans, both black
and white, who recognize that apartheid has no future. His call for unity is an acknowledgment
of the collective will to overcome the divisive policies of the past.
 Commitment to the Struggle: Mandela appreciates the commitment and sacrifices made by
those involved in the struggle against apartheid. By justifying the armed struggle as a
defensive action, he acknowledges the bravery and determination of those fighting for justice.
 International Support: Mandela expresses gratitude for international support and calls for the
continuation of sanctions against the apartheid regime. This appreciation recognizes the
significance of global pressure in the fight against apartheid.
 Hope and Determination: Mandela appreciates the hope and determination of the people. By
declaring the march to freedom as irreversible, he instills a sense of optimism, emphasizing
the belief that positive change is not only necessary but inevitable.

 How is mandelas speech a great rhetoric or which features of the speech make it a good
rhetoric discourse ????
Nelson Mandela's speech upon his release from prison in 1990 is considered a powerful rhetorical
discourse due to several features that enhance its persuasiveness, impact, and effectiveness:
 Ethos (Credibility): Mandela's status as a revered anti-apartheid leader and a symbol of
resilience lends immense credibility to his words. His years of imprisonment and commitment
to the struggle establish him as a trustworthy and authoritative figure, enhancing the
persuasive power of his speech.
 Pathos (Emotional Appeal): The speech is rich in emotional appeal, invoking a range of
emotions from gratitude and hope to empathy for the victims of apartheid. Mandela's vivid
descriptions of the impact of apartheid on families and his call for a united, inclusive South
Africa resonate emotionally with the audience, fostering a deep connection.
 Logos (Logical Appeal): Mandela employs logical reasoning by justifying the armed struggle as
a defensive action and articulating the destructive consequences of apartheid. The speech is
structured logically, presenting a clear narrative that builds a compelling case for the
dismantling of apartheid and the establishment of a democratic South Africa.
 Use of Rhetorical Devices: Mandela skillfully employs rhetorical devices such as anaphora
(repetition of "I stand here"), metaphors (the "march to freedom"), and parallelism ("peace,
democracy, and freedom for all"). These devices enhance the rhythmic flow, make key ideas
memorable, and contribute to the overall eloquence of the speech.
  Appeal to Unity and Inclusivity: Mandela's call for unity among South Africans, regardless of
race, and his invitation to white compatriots to join in shaping a new South Africa reflect an
appeal to shared values and inclusivity. This resonates with the audience's aspirations for a
united and just society.
 Global Appeal: Mandela acknowledges and appreciates the global support for the anti-
apartheid cause. This global perspective adds weight to his message, emphasizing the
interconnectedness of the struggle and appealing to a sense of shared humanity.
 Symbolism and Imagery: The use of powerful symbols, such as the "march to freedom" and
the reference to the armed struggle, creates vivid mental images. This symbolism adds depth
and resonance to Mandela's message, making it more impactful and memorable.
 Declaration of Irreversible Change: Mandela's declaration of the "irreversible march to
freedom" is a potent rhetorical device. It not only inspires hope but also instills a sense of
inevitability, rallying the audience behind the idea that positive change is not just desired but
certain.
 Historical Continuity: By quoting his own words from the 1964 trial, Mandela establishes a
sense of historical continuity. This rhetorical choice links the past struggles to the present,
reinforcing the enduring principles of the anti-apartheid movement.
In summary, Mandela's speech is a great rhetorical discourse due to its effective use of ethos, pathos,
and logos, along with a range of rhetorical devices, symbols, and a compelling structure. The speech
successfully engages the audience emotionally, logically, and ethically, contributing to its lasting
impact in the context of the struggle against apartheid.
 Discuss every stylistic device and rhetoric devices in the speech ?
Nelson Mandela's speech upon his release from prison in 1990 employs various stylistic and
rhetorical devices to convey its powerful message. Here's a detailed analysis of the prominent
devices used in the speech:
 Anaphora (Repetition): Example: "I stand here before you not as a prophet but as a humble
servant of you, the people."
Analysis: The repetition of "I stand here" emphasizes Mandela's humility and underscores the
purpose of his presence.
 Metaphor: Example: "Our march to freedom is irreversible."
Analysis: The metaphor of a "march to freedom" symbolizes the unstoppable progress toward
liberation, adding depth and symbolism to the narrative.
 Parallelism: Example: "I greet you all in the name of peace, democracy, and freedom for all."
Analysis: Parallel structure enhances the rhythmic flow and impact of the speech, making key ideas
stand out and resonate.
 Quotation: Example: Mandela quotes his own words from the 1964 trial.
Analysis: This rhetorical device links the present struggle to historical continuity, reinforcing the
enduring principles of the anti-apartheid movement.
 Inclusive Language: Example: "Friends, comrades, and fellow South Africans."
Analysis: Mandela uses inclusive language to foster a sense of unity and common purpose among
diverse audiences.
 Antithesis (Juxtaposition of Contrasting Ideas): Example: "It is only through disciplined mass
action that our victory can be assured."
Analysis: The contrast between disciplined mass action and the need for victory emphasizes the
strategic approach to achieving goals.
 Epistrophe (Repetition at the End of Successive Clauses): Example: "Of the people, by the
people, for the people."
Analysis: Epistrophe creates a rhythmic and emphatic effect, reinforcing the democratic principles
Mandela advocates.
 Metonymy (Substitution of a Related Word): Example: "Four score and seven years ago..."
Analysis: The use of "four score and seven years" is a metonym for eighty-seven years, adding a
historical and poetic touch to the speech.
 Epanalepsis (Repetition at the End of a Clause): Example: "It is for us the living, rather, to be
dedicated here."
Analysis: Epanalepsis reinforces the call for dedication and highlights the role of the living in the
ongoing struggle.
 Apostrophe (Direct Address to an Absent or Imaginary Person): Example: "But, in a larger
sense, we cannot dedicate, we cannot consecrate, we cannot hallow this ground."
Analysis: Mandela's direct address adds a rhetorical flourish, emphasizing the collective responsibility
for dedication.
 Rhetorical Question: Example: "Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that
nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure."
Analysis: The rhetorical question engages the audience and prompts reflection on the endurance of
the nation.
 Alliteration (Repetition of Consonant Sounds): Example: "Four score and seven years ago..."
Analysis: Alliteration adds a poetic quality and emphasizes the rhythm of the speech.
In summary, Mandela's speech is a masterclass in using a variety of stylistic and rhetorical devices to
enhance the impact of his message. The strategic deployment of these devices contributes to the
eloquence, persuasiveness, and enduring power of the speech.

 ANALYSIS of MANDELA’S SPEECH in 1990

By opening with the refrain, “Amandla! Amandla! i-Afrika, mayibuye!” Mandela not only positioned
himself as a fellow African, but he also used the language of his supporters. This is not just about
appealing to an audience by using the vernacular, but also the language of the “struggle” with the
words, “Power! Power! Africa it is ours!” Mandela proceeded to greet his friends, comrades, fellow
South Africans and the world. Mandela showed great understanding of, what Aristotle referred to as,
ethos or, the character of the speaker. Character, in the classical Greek comes from an individual's
reputation and behavior (Crowley and Hawhee, 2003). At various stages during the speech, Mandela
referred to himself not only as a “humble servant” but also as a “loyal and disciplined member of the
African National Congress” (A.N.C.). He also went to great lengths to explain that no individual leader
would be able to take on the enormous task of leadership in South Africa. He reminded his followers
and listeners that, based on the views that leaders presented as possible options for the future, the
structures within the organization needed to decide on the way forward. In concluding his speech,
Mandela made reference to the trial of 1964 and to the words that he used during that trial where he
spoke about the fact that he had fought against white domination and black domination and that he
cherished the idea of a democratic and free society.
He ended his speech (probably one of the most significant in the history of South Africa) with an
ironic statement that he did not have words of eloquence to offer. It appears as if Mandela was less
impressed with making the right statements and more impressed by the fact that it was his ethos, his
character, combined with his ability to deliver on the promises, that really mattered. He went on to
build this ethos by stating to his supporters that his remaining days were in the hands of his followers.
Mandela comes across as knowledgeable and fair whilst conveying the authority that people would
have expected from a man of his reputation who had been silenced for so long.
The Main Thesis and Purpose of the Speech Having watched the speech when it was first delivered,
and then relooked at recordings of the speech almost 20 years later, it is clear that Mandela used a
slow and deliberate pace that was appropriate for his measured and authoritative delivery. The main
idea or thesis of the speech was twofold; (a) to thank those who supported him during his
incarceration and (b) to appeal for a more concerted effort in the dismantling and “complete
eradication of apartheid.” Mandela is clearly trying to persuade his broader global audience that the
actions of the A.N.C. were legitimate. To achieve this aim, Mandela used a combination of rhetorical
techniques both in his introduction and throughout the speech in an attempt to appeal to his
audience.
The Audience Mandela extended his gratitude not only to the people of Cape Town but, conscious of
the broader audience listening and watching via radio and television, to the nation of South Africa, and
to “those in every corner of the globe who have campaigned tirelessly” for his release. In
acknowledgement of the tremendous significance of the occasion of his release, Mandela then took
time to acknowledge a range of sub-audiences
The Form and Structure of the Speech The speech is very simple in its design with a form that
complements the content. The form is essentially one of a sweeping introduction, acknowledging a
wide range of stakeholders. Mandela then made it clear that he would only make a preliminary
statement and would speak in more detail after consultation. Having made that transition, Mandela
moved into the main point of his speech that apartheid has no future. He used specific supporting
evidence to reinforce that point and highlighted the plight of the homeless and state of the economy
as two examples of the effects of apartheid. He then went on to make reference to the process of
political normalization and called for greater support. In conclusion he revisited comments he made
during his 1964 trial. Rhetorical Devices Mandela addressed his sub-audiences by using a rhetorical
device called anaphora - the repetition of the same word or phrase at the beginning of successive
clauses or verse (Banks, n.d.). This technique is used much in the same way as the great speakers
such as Martin Luther King in his famous “ I have a dream” speech (Luther, 1961) Mandela positioned
his greeting by using the term “I salute” on at least seven different occasions, and acknowledged,
amongst others, the African National Congress, Oliver Tambo, the South African Communist Party,
the United Democratic front, the Black Sash, and even the National Union of South African Students.
He ended his greeting and salutations by expressing his appreciation to his beloved wife and family
with a very poignant statement, “I am convinced that your pain and suffering was far greater than my
own.” It is worth noting that Mandela made a specific point of addressing “white compatriots”
directly as he called on them to join him and his party in shaping a new South Africa. He even
described the freedom movement as “the political home” for them. When analyzing the recording of
the speech, is it evident that the audience in Cape Town, as is traditional in many African political
rallies, made use of “call and response” interplay. This is an element of communication made famous
by Dr Martin Luther King and shows that the speaker is not only aware of the audience, but also
welcomes, and interacts with the audiences’ verbal feedback, affirmation and encouragement.
Mandela used other verbal strategies such as figures of speech (schemes and tropes) including the
metaphor (he refers to the dark days of history, to the youth as young lions who have energized the
struggle, and to the sight of freedom looming on the horizon). He also used terms that the
communist league would have been familiar with including “struggle”, “liberty”, mass mobilization”,
“working-class”, “structures” and “democratic practice.” Mandela also made effective use of both
pathos and logos (Aristotle, ). Pathos refers to the emotional impact a speech. Mandela used specific
phrases that are packed with emotional connotations that would not be lost on his audience, “Difficult
circumstances”, “unrelenting persecution”, “holding the flag of liberty high”, “the pride of our
movement”, and “great heroes.” In some sense, it is as if this speech can be divided into two halves,
where the first part of the speech is much more geared towards building pathos and the second half
uses the logos techniques. Logos refers to the logic of an argument.
In the second half of the speech, Mandela outlined the objectives, strategies and tactics of the A.N.C.
in normalizing the political process. In this section, his speech was more concrete, containing some
suggestion of the way forward including: (a) An ending of the state of emergency, (b) the release of
all political prisoners, (c) negotiations on the dismantling of apartheid, (d) maintaining sanctions, and
(e) the institution of universal suffrage.
This brings us to an examination of the conflict resolution and negotiation concepts used in the
speech. Conflict Resolution and Negotiation Concepts In analyzing this speech, it becomes apparent
that the focus was on covering key conflict resolution and negotiation concepts. In this section, these
concepts will be identified and outlined within the context of the speech itself.
Conflict Resolution Concepts Both March and Simon (1958) and Cyert and March (1963) recognized
that conflict was a naturally occurring organizational phenomenon with both positive and negative
consequences. Conflict resolution involves a willingness to see both parties point of view specifically
when the goals of one party are in direct contrast/conflict with the goals of the other (Spoelstra &
Pienaar, 1999). Negative conflict resolution behaviour, where the primary strategy is one of
overpowering the other party, is viewed as zero-sum or distributive. Postive conflict resolution is more
integrative and works from the basis of common ground (Lewicki, Weiss, & Lewin, 1992; Lewicki,
Barry, & Saunders, 2007). A competence model of conflict management approaches conflict from the
basis of three key dimensions, (a) effective communication, (b) relational appropriateness, and (c)
situational appropriateness (Gross & Guerro, 2000). Mandela’s speech demonstrates an integration
of all three dimensions. Effective communication has already been covered in the earlier sections of
the paper.
Relational appropriateness is characterized by behavior that is pro-social, tactful and constructive.
Mandela demonstrates a very competent appreciation of the need for this appropriate Xmas in the
way that he engages with all parties. He describes the background to the armed struggle and outlines
the factors that necessitated the actions that the A.N.C. took. A dysfunctional conflict is
characterized by any interaction between individuals or groups that would hinder the achievement
of goals (Spoelstra & Pienaar, 1991). Mandela adopts an approach that is in direct contradiction to
dysfunctional conflict resolution, and in so doing, builds his argument on the basis of reciprocal
interdependence. As a consequence of years of the A.N.C. being marginalized and restricted,
Mandela is also conscious of the fact that he leads a party that has increased group cohesiveness.
Whilst he might have been tempted to capitalize on this marginalization, he appears unwilling to
escalate conflict through open counter statements of aggression or character assassination.
Mandela also takes time in the speech to explain that the formation of the military wing of the A.N.C
was a purely defensive action against the violence of apartheid. There is therefore broad evidence
for situational appropriateness in the way that Mandela approaches to conflict resolution. In
assessing his style of communication, Mandela demonstrates an ability to carry on a conversation in
a non-aggressive way and to adapt to the needs of his audience or in a given situation. Having
examined some of the broad based conflict- resolution concepts contained in the speech, let's turn
our attention more specifically now to that related ideas around negotiation contains in Mandela's
address.
Explanation of the above Essay on Mandela’s speech
In this essay, the author analyzes Nelson Mandela's speech delivered upon his release from prison in
1990. The essay explores various stylistic and rhetorical devices used by Mandela, such as repetition,
metaphors, and inclusive language, to convey his message effectively. It emphasizes Mandela's
strategic communication and his appeal to ethos (character of the speaker), pathos (emotional
appeal), and logos (logical appeal).
The essay also delves into conflict resolution and negotiation concepts present in the speech. It
highlights Mandela's adeptness in effective communication, relational appropriateness, and
situational appropriateness, showcasing his competence in addressing conflict. Moreover, the essay
identifies negotiation concepts in Mandela's speech, including the call for the end of the state of
emergency, release of political prisoners, negotiations on apartheid dismantling, maintaining
sanctions, and universal suffrage.
Overall, the analysis appreciates Mandela's skillful use of language and his diplomatic approach in
navigating a challenging political context, making the speech a powerful and strategic
communication piece.
Elaborate the concepts of conflict resolution and relational appropriateness?
Conflict Resolution: Conflict resolution involves finding solutions to disputes or conflicts in a way that
satisfies the interests of all parties involved. In Mandela's speech, several aspects of conflict
resolution can be identified:
Reciprocal Interdependence: Mandela adopts an approach based on reciprocal interdependence,
emphasizing the need for mutual understanding. He refrains from adopting a zero-sum or distributive
approach where overpowering the other party is the goal.
Avoidance of Dysfunctional Conflict: Mandela steers clear of dysfunctional conflict, characterized by
interactions hindering goal achievement. He acknowledges the historical context that led to the
armed struggle, explaining the factors that necessitated the actions of the African National Congress
(ANC).
Effective Communication: Effective communication is crucial in conflict resolution. Mandela's speech
is clear, honest, and targeted at various audiences. He articulates the ANC's position, fostering an
environment conducive to understanding.
Relational Appropriateness: Relational appropriateness involves behaviors that are pro-social, tactful,
and constructive, contributing to positive relationships. In Mandela's speech, we observe:
Pro-Social Behavior:
Mandela engages in pro-social behavior by acknowledging the contributions of various groups and
individuals, including the ANC, Oliver Tambo, the South African Communist Party, the United
Democratic Front, and others. This acknowledgment fosters a sense of unity.
Tactful Engagement: Mandela demonstrates tactful engagement by providing context to the armed
struggle without escalating conflict. He refrains from capitalizing on the marginalization of the ANC,
opting for a more inclusive and conciliatory tone.
Constructive Approach: Mandela's approach is constructive. He explains the ANC's actions as
defensive measures against apartheid violence, emphasizing the party's commitment to building a
democratic and free society. This framing aims to build bridges rather than perpetuate hostilities.
Recognition of Group Cohesiveness: Mandela acknowledges the increased group cohesiveness
within the ANC due to years of marginalization. Instead of exploiting this for divisive purposes, he
emphasizes the need for inclusive leadership and decision-making within the organization.
Conclusion: In Mandela's speech, conflict resolution and relational appropriateness are evident in his
strategic communication and diplomatic approach. By focusing on reciprocal interdependence,
avoiding dysfunctional conflict, engaging in effective communication, and demonstrating pro-social
behavior, Mandela contributes to a positive and constructive discourse, laying the foundation for a
more inclusive and unified South Africa.
 How is Mandela’s speech rhetoric or what makes Mandela’s speech rhetoric and visionary???

Nelson Mandela's speech is considered rhetoric due to its effective use of persuasive language and
communication techniques aimed at influencing the audience.
Several elements contribute to its rhetorical nature:
 Persuasive Language: Mandela employs eloquent and impactful language to convey his
message, appealing to the emotions and convictions of his audience.
 Inclusive Rhetoric: The speech is inclusive, acknowledging the contributions of various groups
and individuals. This inclusivity fosters a sense of unity and shared purpose.
 Positive Framing: Mandela strategically frames the ANC's actions positively, emphasizing their
commitment to democracy. This positive framing influences how the audience perceives the
ANC's role in the struggle against apartheid.
 Visionary Content: The speech is visionary as Mandela articulates a future vision of a
democratic and free South Africa. He inspires hope and motivates people toward a collective
goal.
 Strategic Communication: Mandela communicates strategically, considering the impact of his
words on different audiences. This aligns with the principles of effective rhetoric.
 Call to Action: The speech includes a call to action, urging people to seize the moment and
intensify the struggle for freedom. This call to action is a classic rhetorical element.
In essence, Mandela's speech is both rhetoric and visionary due to its persuasive language, inclusivity,
positive framing, forward-looking vision, strategic communication, and a call to action that collectively
inspire and mobilize his audience toward a shared goal