Journeys

7 Vocabulary
Road travel
A I can talk about roads and road users.

1 Complete the message-board discussion using the words 3 2.11 Listen again. Match each speaker with the
below. diagram (A–F) that shows where the event occurred.
atlas car drivers maintenance stop test traffic Complete the labels.

A B

Instant messenger

Jack1010: Just wondering, is an automatic 1

safer than a manual? Does anyone know? I’m just learning to
drive. Thanks! h f
s
EllieW: Automatics are definitely safer for learner
2
because you’ve always got two hands on C D
the wheel – for example, if you have to make an emergency
3
.

TheRat: Be careful. If you take your driving 4

in an automatic, you can’t drive manual cars.

BarBar: I totally disagree with EllieW. With a manual, you’re T- s

more in control. Also, if you Google ‘automatic v manual’ r
and ‘road- 5 accidents’ you’ll find there’s no
E F
evidence that automatics are safer.

SpeedyX: I don’t know the answer, but I know my uncle

used to put a road 6 on the accelerator of his
automatic to give his foot a rest.

MrF1: You don’t need to know as much about vehicle c c

7
for an automatic as they don’t have gears. r

BarBar: Automatics do have gears. 4 Match the words for parts of a bike with the definitions
below.
brake levers chain handlebars pedals pump saddle
spokes tyres
1 The is the part you sit on.
2 2.11 Listen to six drivers talking about an experience 2 The are the things you press when you want
on the road. Complete the sentences using six of the verbs to stop.
below. 3 The are the things you push with your feet.
accelerate brake change gear give way indicate 4 The are the metal things which strengthen
overtake pull over reverse stall steer the wheel.
1 Speaker 1 did not have time to , which 5 The are the things you hold when you cycle.
annoyed other drivers. 6 The is the thing which makes the back
2 Speaker 2 found it difficult to and nearly wheel turn when you pedal.
crashed. 7 The are the rubber things on the outside of
3 Speaker 3 needed to suddenly and the wheels.
frightened his passenger. 8 The is for putting air in the wheels.
4 Speaker 4 was told to but was not sure why.
5 Speaker 5 didn’t know whether or not to .
6 Speaker 6 could not because of a
mechanical fault.

74 Unit 7 Journeys © Copyright Oxford University Press

7B Grammar
Modal verbs
I can use modal verbs correctly for advice and prohibition.

1 Choose the best modal form (a or b) to complete each gap 3 Complete the second sentence so that it means the same
in the dialogue. as the first. Include one modal form from A and B below.
Pat Are you going? It’s only ten o’clock. A can’t have may be might have might not have
Jen I know, but I 1 an early night. I’m leaving for the must have shouldn’t have
airport at 6 a.m. tomorrow. B had to had to had to having to needed to needed to
Pat Really? Where are you going? 1 Perhaps your friends were obliged to spend the night at the
Jen Indonesia. Surely I 2 you about my trip … airport.
Pat No, I had no idea! It sounds fantastic. You 3 so Your friends might have had to spend the night at the
excited! airport.
Jen Yes, I am. 2 It’s wrong that it was necessary for you to leave your
Pat It’s a shame Megan isn’t here. She spent a few months passport at reception.
in Indonesia. She 4 some useful tips. You your passport at reception.
Jen I’m sure she was here earlier. She 5 . 3 Perhaps it is necessary for him to work overtime today.
Pat Oh yes, that’s right. She 6 give her friend a lift He today.
home. She 7 back later though. Why don’t you wait? 4 It’s impossible that Bess was obliged to pay for her visa.
Jen No, I can’t. Anyway, I’d 8 her when I’m there, if I They’re free.
have any questions. Bess her visa. They’re free.
1 a must be getting b need to get 5 Without a doubt, it was necessary for your parents to walk
2 a must have told b should have told home. There were no taxis.
3 a need to be b must be Your parents home. There were no
4 a might have b needs to have taxis.
5 a must have left b should have left 6 Perhaps it was unnecessary for them to book a table in
6 a must b had to advance.
7 a must be b should be They in advance.
8 a be better off texting b better text
4 Write a sentence about something that:
2 Complete the sentences with didn’t need to or needn’t have 1 you’d better do before the end of the week.
and the verb in brackets. 
1 In the end, we stayed with friends, so I 
(spend) so much time looking at 2 you should have done (but you didn’t do it).
hotels last weekend! 
2 We (change) trains – our train was 
direct all the way to Biarritz. 3 you needn’t have done (but you did it).
3 We took bikes with us, so we (hire) 
them when we were away. 
4 Thanks for all the gifts, although you 4 might be doing soon.
(buy) me so much! 
5 You (come) by taxi – you could have 
walked here in ten minutes!
6 The receptionist had our bill ready when we came
downstairs – we (ask) for it.

© Copyright Oxford University Press Unit 7 Journeys 75

 7C Listening
Crossing borders
I can understand first-person accounts by migrants.

3 2.12 Listen again. Which point from the Listening

Revision: Student’s Book page 77
Strategy (1–3) helped you to work out each missing word?
1 Complete the sentences with the words below. There
1 3 5 7
are two extra words.
2 4 6 8
contaminated delinquents dinghy disconsolate
doctorate haversack jetty loudhailer mortar 4 2.13 Listen to five people talking about leaving the UK.
persecute In which country has each speaker decided to live?
1 He was carrying a small containing a
few possessions.
2 They couldn’t drink the water from the well because
it was .
3 I learned to sail in a .
4 After her degree, she spent five years working on her
.
5 By the time they arrived, the travellers were looking
tired and .
6 The UN has condemned the country’s dictatorship for
continuing to minorities.
7 Two boys were sitting on the , fishing.
8 The police officer was using a to urge
the protestors to remain peaceful. Speaker 1 Speaker 4
Speaker 2 Speaker 5
Listening Strategy Speaker 3
To help you understand unknown words, ask yourself: 5 2.13 Listen again. For questions 1 and 2, choose from
1 Is the general meaning of the word clear? For example: the list (A–H). There are three extra sentences. Write your
‘That’s typical!’ he retorted. (‘Retorted’ is a speech answers in the charts.
verb.)
1 What was each speaker’s main reason for going to live in
He wore a red cravat. (‘Cravat’ is an item of clothing.)
2 Is the word part of a pair or list of more familiar another country?
words? A because the climate is healthier
His clothes were old, dirty and dishevelled. (‘Dishevelled’ B to learn about another country’s traditions
must be related in meaning to ‘old’ and ‘dirty’.) C to pursue a course of studies
3 Is the word followed by a result or explanation? D because of a valuable inheritance
I felt so befuddled that I wasn’t even sure why I was E to earn enough money to pay off debts
there. (‘Befuddled’ must broadly mean ‘confused’.)
F because no work was available at home
G because of a family member’s work
2 2.12 Read the Listening Strategy. Then listen to eight H to escape from the stress of city life
short extracts. Which word is missing from each extract?
Circle the best word. Speaker 1 2 3 4 5
A–H
1 challenging repetitive terrifying
2 cramped damp noisy 2 What does each speaker miss about the UK?
3 fashionable faulty over-priced A spending time with friends
4 cake coffee newspaper B English television programmes
5 dark comfortable plastic C the British sense of humour
6 expensive relaxing sunny D the British weather
7 awful pleasant surprising E the English countryside
8 animals birds insects F the historic streets and buildings
G traditional English breakfasts
H the excitement of living in a big city

Speaker 1 2 3 4 5
A–H

76 Unit 7 Journeys © Copyright Oxford University Press

7D Grammar
Talking about ability
I can talk about past, present and future ability.

1 Circle the correct answer. Choose both if both are correct. 4 Complete the text with the correct forms of the verbs
1 His Spanish is good but he speak French. below. Only use a form of be able to if no other verbs are
a isn’t able to b can’t
possible.
2 I keep hearing a mosquito, but I see it. (not) be able to can / can’t could / couldn’t
a am not able to b can’t managed to / didn’t manage to
3 My sister is a very shy person, although she also be
very funny at times.
a can b could
4 I had so little money with me that I pay for my
bus home.
a could barely b barely managed to
5 As the boat came closer, I grabbed the rope and
climb aboard.
a could b was able to
6 I got out of bed because I smell burning.
a could b managed to

2 Rewrite the sentences changing the underlined form of be

able to to one of the verb forms below.
can could could couldn’t managed to The Antarctic is a hostile environment to explore.
Not only 1 the temperature drop
1 On the third attempt, I was able to enter my password
well below -50°C, but also fierce blizzards sometimes
correctly. mean not 2 leave your tent
 for days on end. And yet the region has always
2 It was dark, so I wasn’t able to see his face clearly. fascinated explorers, many of whom go there hoping
 3
reach the South Pole. The first
3 Mozart was able to play the piano at a very young age. person to reach it was the Norwegian explorer Roald
 Amundsen, who 4 get there in
4 If I saved up, I would be able to buy a new phone. December 1911. A British expedition led by Robert
 Scott also 5 reach the Pole, but
5 I’ll be able to text you tomorrow night. 33 days after Amundsen. Tragically, Scott and his men
6
complete the return journey,

and died.
Improvements in transport and communications mean
that these days anyone 7 visit
the Antarctic, and several holiday companies offer
excursions there. In the future, though, new laws
8
limit the number of visitors, in
order to protect the natural environment and wildlife.

5 Write a true sentence about:

1 something you managed to do despite difficulties.

2 somewhere you wish you could visit.
3 Complete the sentences with the verb forms below.

be able to being able to to be able to 3 something you hope to be able to do soon.
1 You should see France from here. 
2 I hate not speak their language. 4 something you’ve never been able to do.
3 He’s too old now travel for free. 
4 My grandfather remembers park 5 somebody who can do something you find surprising and /
next to the runway at airports. or impressive.
5 You must get a phone signal here. 

© Copyright Oxford University Press Unit 7 Journeys 77

 7E Word Skills
Verb patterns
I can use various different verb patterns correctly.

1 Match the examples below with the verb forms (a–h). 3 Put the words in the correct order.
being chased broken escaping having decided 1 husband / insisted / selling / on / her
remember to be made to have happened to promise She 
a infinitive  the painting.
b passive infinitive 2 had / animal / heard / given / being / of / never / an
c gerund I
d passive gerund  an award.
e base form 3 poems / his / be / longed / for / to / published
f past participle My father always 
g perfect gerund  in a book.
h perfect infinitive 4 brother / resented / getting / her
She always 
2 Complete the text with the verbs in brackets. Choose from
 better grades.
the forms in exercise 1.
5 having / work / confessed / son / to / made / his
He 

Henry Brown was born into a family of slaves  long hours for no pay.
6 asking / waiter / can’t / bring / face / the / to
in Virginia, USA, in the the early part of the 19th century.
Although he later described his master as very kind, Henry I
longed 1 (live) as a free man. At this  more water again.
time in American history, certain states – generally those 7 stop / shouted / his / at / to / chasing / dog
in the south – still allowed slaves 2 The man 
(keep). In the ‘free states’ of the north, slavery was  the sheep.
against the law. Henry Brown knew that, if he managed
3
(get) to a free state, he would be VOCAB BOOST!
free, so he decided 4 (devise) a plan. When you come across new verbs that you want to learn,
He had a special box 5 (make) and write down the verb patterns. Remember to:
arranged for two friends 6 (post) the
box to Pennsylvania. •• use brackets when part of the pattern is optional.
On the day of his escape, he succeeded in •• make a note of any differences in meaning between
7
(send) home from work by different verb patterns.
deliberately burning his hand. He hid inside the box and had help sb (to) do sth
his friends 8 (hand) it over to the postal stop doing sth (= not do it any more)
service. It was a long and uncomfortable journey – 27 hours stop to do sth (= pause so you can do it)
in total – but he never considered 9
(give) up. Eventually the box arrived in Philadelphia, 4 Read the Vocab Boost! box. Then look back at your answers
where members of the Anti-Slavery Society were waiting to exercise 3 and write the verb patterns for the verbs
10
(receive) it. below.
As a free man, Henry Brown spent several years
11
(appear) at anti-slavery events, 1 (insist) insist on sb doing sth
where he encouraged audiences 12 2 (have heard)
(support) abolition. After that he decided 3 (long)
13
(become) an entertainer and ended 4 (resent)
up 14 (tour) the USA and England as a 5 (confess)
successful stage magician. (make)
6 (can’t face)
(ask)
7 (shout)
(stop)

78 Unit 7 Journeys © Copyright Oxford University Press

7F Reading
Time traveller
I can understand a text about whether time travel is possible or not.

Revision: Student’s Book page 80

TIME TRAVELLERS WELCOME
Reading Strategy
When a text is organised into paragraphs, the first 1 On 28 June 2009, the famous British physicist Professor
one or two sentences of each paragraph often Stephen Hawking held a party for time travellers. For
indicate what information it will contain. Use these several hours, surrounded by decorations and refreshments,
paragraph openers to get a general understanding of Professor Hawking waited for other guests to arrive. Nobody
what the text is about and to help you find your way came. The invitation to the party clearly stated the time and
around longer texts. venue, even giving the GPS co-ordinates for the location.
Unusually, though, no invitations were sent out until after the
party had taken place.
1 Read the Reading Strategy. Then read the first 2 The point of hosting the party in such a strange
sentence or two of each paragraph (1–5). Which
way was to demonstrate that time travel is almost certainly
paragraph(s) is / are about: impossible. If time travellers existed, the fact that invitations
a scientific theories of time travel? to the party were only issued after the party had taken
b an event organised by a well-known scientist? place would not have been a problem: the time travellers
c an event organised by some students? could simply have gone back in time in order to attend. The
fact that this did not happen is an indication, in Professor
Hawking’s view, that travelling back in time is impossible –
2 Read the text. Choose the best answer (a–d). not only today but at any time in the future.
1 What was unusual about the way the party in 2009 3 In fact, the idea of inviting time travellers to a special
was organised? event did not originate with Professor Hawking. In 2005,
a Its location was given as co-ordinates rather than as a some graduate students at the Massachusetts Institute of
normal address. Technology, led by 22-year-old Amal Dorai, organised a
similar event. They called it a ‘convention for time travellers’
b The invitations were sent out after the party had
and produced invitations on special long-lasting paper, which
finished.
they placed inside random books in the library.
c The organiser did not want any guests to arrive.
4 Unlike Professor Hawking’s party, this event was not
d Refreshments were only provided after the guests
solely for time travellers; guests from the present era were
had left.
also invited. An online invitation asked guests from the future
2 The party convinced Hawking that travelling back in time: to bring something with them that would convince people
a will never be mastered by humans. that they were genuine time travellers. Mr Dorai suggested
b is not yet possible but will be one day. that a cure for cancer or a solution to global poverty would
c is a scientific fact. be particularly appreciated. But he denied that, if no time
d probably exists but cannot be proved. travellers arrived, it would prove that time travel is impossible.
3 The event at MIT was different from Hawking’s party 5 Although most physicists are sceptical about the
in that: possibility of travelling back in time, some do not rule it out
a far more invitations were issued. completely. Einstein’s theories of space-time seem to allow
b it was not openly publicised. for the possible creation of a special kind of tunnel called
a ‘wormhole’, which some people believe could provide a
c the organisers did not expect anyone to attend.
route backwards in time. Of course, travelling forwards in
d it was not only for people from the future. time is much easier; we are doing that constantly! And if we
4 Why did Mr Dorai suggest that time travellers should bring travelled away from Earth on a super-fast spacecraft and then
a solution to world poverty? returned, we would find that far less time had passed for us
a To prove they are really from the future. than for the people who had stayed on Earth. People who
b Because poverty is a global problem. had been younger than us before we left would now be years
c Because he hoped it would make him rich. older. This kind of travel into the future fits completely with
d To show people that the world is getting better. Einstein’s theories of space and time. Travelling into the past
seems to be a great deal more challenging, if not impossible.
5 The creation of ‘wormholes’ in space-time:
a is the only proven way to travel back in time.
b already allows travel into the future.
c is one possible way that time travel to the past might
be achieved.
d is thought impossible by most scientists.

© Copyright Oxford University Press Unit 7 Journeys 79

 7G Speaking
Collaborative task
I can discuss and reach an agreement about holidays.

1 Match the two halves of these holiday activities. Then use

one of them to label the photo. Speaking Strategy
In a discussion, you may need to help the conversation
1 admire a the slopes move forwards by eliciting your partner’s opinions on
2 get away b your feet up particular points. Try to ask open questions rather than
3 hit c the local cuisine closed questions. An open question allows your partner
4 lounge d the scenery to voice opinions; a closed question just requires a yes/no
5 put e a film or show or other simple answer.
6 sample f by the pool
7 take g from it all 4 Read the Speaking Strategy. Then listen again and
2.14
8 take in h at water sports complete the questions the students ask.
9 try your hand i a dip in the sea
1 Why of a villa?
2 Would stay in the mountains?
3 Would the holiday needs to
be cheap?
4 What’s camping?
5 What hotels?
6 Don’t cost is a really
important factor?

5 Which three questions from exercise 4 are closed rather

than open?
Questions , and are closed.

6 Look at the task. Think about which factors would be most

important and why. Make notes for each point.

suitability
total cost of the
to each accommodation
student How
important are
He’s  . these factors when
organising a school quality of
2 Explain in your own words what activities you would trip? Think of outings and
reasons. entertainment
expect to do on these types of holiday:
1 A Caribbean cruise:  opportunities
for education number of
 hours spent
2 A spa holiday:  travelling

3 A city break: 
 

3 Listen to two students discussing plans for a
2.14 
holiday with friends after their exams. Tick (✓) the factors 
they mention. Which factor (a–f) do they agree is the most

important?
a the best type of accommodation 7 Now do the task using your notes from exercise 6.
b the best location
c what activities are available
d travelling time to the destination
e overall cost of the holiday
f the likely weather at the destination
They agree that factor is the most important.

80 Unit 7 Journeys © Copyright Oxford University Press

7H Writing
Letter of complaint
I can write a letter of complaint.

1 Match the words below with the definitions.

a mechanical fault a pile-up a puncture a security alert Dear Sir or Madam,
gridlock industrial action road works turbulence I am writing to complain about the inadequate service I
1 : a road-traffic accident involving a large received from your travel company during a recent five-
number of vehicles day trip to the Alps. Although I cannot fault the staff who
2 : disruption caused by a suspected bomb accompanied us during the hikes, the provisions made by
3 : a hole in a vehicle’s tyre the company for travel and accommodation were completely
4 : a refusal to work by a group of employees unsatisfactory.
5 : repairs to the road network Having endured an early-morning flight to Zurich, we were
6 : atmospheric conditions which cause extremely disappointed to learn that we would have to wait
aircraft to shake four hours for our free transfer to the hotel, so that passengers
7 : traffic congestion that is so bad that from later flights could share the same coach. During this
vehicles are unable to move at all time, we endeavoured to arrange our own transfer. However,
8 : a technical problem with a vehicle the cost of this proved to be exorbitant, so we were obliged
to wait.
2 Read the task and the letter. Which two of the problems
below did the writer face? The hotel we were eventually taken to was not the one
advertised on your website and was, we felt, vastly inferior
cancellations collision delays diversions lost luggage
in terms of comfort and facilities. The rooms we were
overcrowding
allocated did not offer adequate space for two people to
You recently experienced several problems with travel and share. The restaurant was also too small for the number of
accommodation while on an organised five-day hiking trip guests wishing to have breakfast in the mornings. When we
in the mountains. Write a letter of complaint to the holiday complained, we were told that the package we had booked
company explaining what went wrong and demanding did not guarantee our being assigned to any particular hotel.
action. I trust that you will investigate this complaint fully and offer
an appropriate form of compensation in due course. Should
you wish to receive any further details of the holiday, please
Writing Strategy
contact me by telephone.
To make the language of a letter appropriately formal, we
often use: Yours faithfully,
•• should + subject + base form instead of if + subject + Mrs S Burton
present simple in first conditional sentences:
Should you wish to complain, call this number.
•• a possessive adjective instead of an object pronoun in
verb patterns that include a gerund: You recently returned from a one-week language course
I understand your wanting to complain.
in Ireland and were unhappy with the accommodation
•• a variety of higher-level vocabulary instead of simple
and excursions on offer. Write a letter of complaint to
verbs like go, try, do, etc.
We proceeded to the check-in area and attempted to the holiday company explaining what went wrong and
find the correct desk. demanding action.

5 Read the task. Then plan your letter using your answers to
3 Read the Writing Strategy. Then write examples from the
exercise 4 to help you.
essay of the three points above.
 6 Write your letter (220–260 words), using your plan from
 exercise 5.

CHECK YOUR WORK
4 Which paragraph of the letter (1–4) refers to: Have you …
a problems with accommodation? checked your spelling and grammar?
b reasons for writing the letter? used appropriately formal language?
c what should happen next? written 220–260 words?
d travel problems?

© Copyright Oxford University Press Unit 7 Journeys 81

 7 Review Unit 7

Vocabulary 4 Choose the correct words to complete the sentences.

1 The likely / so-called ‘time traveller’ claimed to be a solider
1 Match the words below with the quotes.
from the future. What nonsense!
accelerate automatic car reflectors road atlas saddle
2 On the face of it / Likely, this looks like an ordinary pen −
speed bumps
but it actually contains a tiny listening device.
1 ‘It’s really uncomfortable to sit on when you’re cycling for a 3 It’s ostensibly / alleged that Christopher cheated in the
long time.’ exam, but he’s denied it.
2 ‘You’re looking at the wrong page − we’re nowhere near 4 It’s supposed / apparent that the man knew a lot about
York at the moment.’ computers.
3 ‘Hey, slow down when you go over those!’ 5 It’s very likely / supposed that Sean is telling the truth.
4 ‘You can go a bit faster − the speed limit is 70.’ 6 We don’t know how the magician managed to perform
the alleged / seemingly impossible trick of disappearing in
5 ‘The best thing about this vehicle is that you don’t have to front of our eyes.
change gears.’ Mark: /6
6 ‘I should clean these, so people can see me more easily in
the dark.’ 5 Complete the holiday adverts with the words below.
Mark: /6 admire cruise get away hit put sample sightseeing
take in trekking
2 Complete the sentences with suitable verbs.
1 a right turn at the end of this road. Nine-night Caribbean 1 on the
2 The car went off the road and into a field, then it
Ocean Princess, departing Fort Lauderdale.
to a halt.
3 You have to way here, and wait for cars on Visit the beautiful islands Puerto Rico, St Thomas, Antigua and
the main road to pass. Martinique on the Ocean Princess, with plenty of time in port to
4 Lisa a glance at her taxi driver as he changed enjoy 2 tours of the islands or 3 the
lanes without checking in his mirror. beach. On days spent entirely at sea, 4 your feet
5 Steam’s coming from the engine, so let’s up and relax by the pool. Alternatively, 5 a film or a
over onto the hard shoulder and see what the problem is.
show − the Ocean Princess is famous for its on-board entertainment.
6 The brakes a shriek as the car suddenly
stopped. Walk
Walkthe
the Inca
Inca Way
Way with
with Sacred Valley Holidays
Sacred Valley Holidays
7 The car made a terrible sound when Toby clumsily 6
from it all on our five-day 7 holiday
gear. on ancient Inca trails from Cuzco to the fabled city of Machu Picchu.
Mark: /7 8
the beautiful scenery of the Urubamba Valley. Stay
in local houses overnight and 9 the local cuisine.
Word skills
Mark: /9
3 Complete the dialogue with the correct form of the verbs
in brackets. 6 Complete the words in the sentences.
Simon I expected 1 (see) you at the concert, 1 We had to put up with a three-hour d on the
but you weren’t there. motorway after an accident closed the road near Bradford.
Taylor Yes, I’m really annoyed that I missed it. Mick’s car 2 The rail union has threatened i
broke down, so we were left 2 (sit) at a , with all staff stopping work.
the side of a road. We spent ages 3
3 After two days, the airline finally l our lost
(wait) for a bus to come, so by the time we managed luggage. But we were in London and it was in Oslo!
4
(arrive) at the venue, the gig had 4 My bike’s got a p in the front the tyre.
started. 5 We p expensive tickets, but we were given
Simon You should have texted me. I could have got them uncomfortable seats with a poor view of the stage.
5
(open) the doors for you. 6 The museum was closed, and the guard outside
Taylor I considered 6 (call) you, but I didn’t d to give us any information.
want 7 (cause) you any trouble when Mark: /6
you were busy doing the lighting.
Mark: /7

82 Unit 7 Journeys © Copyright Oxford University Press

 7 Review Unit 7

Grammar Use of English

7 Choose the correct words to complete the text. 9 Complete the text with one suitable word in each gap.
1 a should b ought c must
2 a ’d better b have to c needn’t
When we were on holiday in the USA last summer, and visiting
3 a should have b have to c had to Cookeville, Tennessee, some friends arranged 1
4 a needed to realise b must have c should have us to visit the nearby Cummins Falls.
realised realised
The waterfall itself 2 be reached by road − you
5 a oughtn’t b must c needed to 3
park near a small visitor centre then hike
6 a had to b should c ought down into a wooded gorge. After walking a few kilometres
7 a needed to b needn’t have c could have down a beautiful trail, you suddenly 4 to a halt
8 a would have had to b needed to have c ought to have as you catch your first glimpse of the spectacular falls. These
tumble down a series of steps, which are so perfectly flat and
Last summer we were in Paris, and we decided that parallel that they appear to have 5 deliberately
we really 1 to visit the Palace of Versailles. We cut, although they are completely natural.
thought we 2 get there early to beat the crowds, so The falls are a popular picnicking and swimming spot for
we 3 get up very early in the morning to catch the locals, but you’d 6 be prepared for a shock if
train. We 4 that even in the early morning, a world- you decide to swim. Even in the height of summer, the cold
famous attraction like the Palace of Versailles would water is likely to take your breath away at first. Unless you
have a huge queue to get in. My friends and I had to are an experienced and hardy local, you will probably be
queue for nearly one and half hours before we finally got 7
to stay in the water for very long. I soon
into the palace grounds! decided that I was better 8 sitting on a rock
Versailles Palace is beautiful, and you really 5 see it and enjoying the sun!
when you visit Paris − but you 6 do some research
on the internet before you go. We didn’t know that
we 7 waited in the long queue because you can Mark: /8
purchase ‘jump the queue’ priority tickets online. We
Total: / 65
8
pay a bit more for those, but it would certainly
have been worth it. I can …
Read the statements. Think about your progress and tick (✓) one
Mark: /8
of the boxes.
8 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the ⋆ = I need more practice. ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ = No problem!
phrases below.
⋆ ⋆ = I sometimes find this difficult.
able / depart be able / relax be able / sing can / be / easy
⋆ ⋆⋆ ⋆⋆⋆
can / get can / go manage / prove must / be able / reach
1 If I pass the exam, I all summer. I can talk about roads and road users.
2 Many scientists believe that there is actually more than I can use modal verbs correctly for advice and
one universe, but so far nobody it. prohibition.
3 We any further because the road I can understand first-person accounts by
was closed. migrants.
4 The flight because of bad weather, so I can talk about past, present and future
we had to wait around in the airport all day. ability.
5 Put medicines and any dangerous household chemicals in I can use various different verb patterns
a locked cupboard − children them. correctly.
6 Max the invitation, or he would I can understand a text about whether time
definitely be here. travel is possible or not.
7 I’d love well, but unfortunately my I can discuss and reach an agreement about
voice is terrible. holidays.
8 I don’t know how Børge Ousland managed to walk across I can write a letter of complaint.
the Arctic to Canada. It certainly .
Mark: /8

© Copyright Oxford University Press Unit 7 Journeys 83

 Secrets
8 Vocabulary
Cover-up and conspiracy
A I can talk about cover-ups, privacy and journalism.

1 Match the words and phrases below to the definitions. Two 3 Choose the correct words to complete the sentences.
phrases are not used. 1 I certainly don’t comply with / condone phone hacking.
conspiracy theory exposé face allegations hack into libel 2 We concur / endorse with you − you’re right.
plot secure a scoop slander 3 Sports people often accede to / endorse sports products
1 the crime of saying untrue things about someone and appear in advertisements for them.
4 All journalists at this newspaper have to comply with /
2 to illegally access someone’s email, phone or electronic acquiese in our new codes of conduct.
records 5 The Prime Minister has concurred with / assented to the
3 an article or TV programme which reveals surprising facts demands for an investigation.
6 Why did you accede to / acquiesce in the cover-up when
4 the crime of writing untrue things about someone you knew it was illegal?

4 2.15 Listen to someone talking about Edward

5 a secret plan to do something
Snowden. Are the sentences true or false?
6 when you have to defend yourself against accusations that
you’ve done wrong 1 Edward Snowden was a journalist.
2 Snowden sold government secrets to the Russians.
2 Choose the correct words to complete the text. 3 Snowden has been accused of spying.
1 a plots b scandal c revelations 4 The Russian government has hampered American
2 a cover-up b exposé c public outcry attempts to arrest him.
3 a outcry b smear c scandal
5 2.15 Listen again and complete the sentences with 1−2
4 a obtain b slander c emerge
words.
5 a damage b accuse c secure
1 Snowden revealed how the NSA and other agencies were
6 a hamper b smear campaign c slander
listening in on the of millions of people.
7 a accused b libelled c plotted
2 The NSA were obtaining information about people’s
8 a cover-up b conspiracy c revelation
opinions and private lives.
9 a secure b obtain c hamper
3 The revelations harmed America’s international
10 a conspiracy theory b public outcry c cover-up
.
11 a pay out b damage c emerge
4 The Russian government doesn’t his actions,
12 a libel b damages c allegations
but it has allowed him to live in their country.
13 a issue b secure c settle
5 It hasn’t acquiesced to US demands to
Snowden.
Jeffrey Wigand fights 6 Some people think that Snowden has
the tobacco companies efforts to catch terrorists, but others support his actions.

6 Complete the sentences with suitable euphemisms.

IN 1996 biochemist Jeffrey Wigand
appeared on an American TV
programme with startling 1 about
1 We had a exchange of −I
accused him of theft and he called me a liar.
a2 by the cigarette company he 2 Dictators use false news stories and other
used to work for. He claimed they had
to convince their people that everything is going well.
knowingly added extra dangerous chemicals to cigarettes
to make them more addictive. If he could prove it, it would 3 We have to 50 employees
be a huge 3 . As more revelations began to 4 because the company isn’t doing very well at the moment.
and 5
cigarette manufacturers, some people in the 4 A lot of disadvantaged people live in
industry began a 6 against Wigand, and he was Mumbai, but it’s home to some very wealthy people too.
7
of lying. Wigand also had to go into hiding after 5 Grandad’s hair is getting a little on
receiving threats. It was a 8 to silence Wigand at any
, but he doesn’t want to wear a wig.
cost, and 9 any enquiry into his claims. But in the end,
the 10 was so great that the US Congress investigated 6 I’ve on a few extra over the
Wigand’s claims − and cigarette companies had to 11 Christmas period.
billions in 12 in order to 13 lawsuits.

84 Unit 8 Secrets © Copyright Oxford University Press

8B Grammar
Emphatic forms
I can use a variety of structures to add emphasis.

1 Rewrite the sentences with it, what or all to give more 3 Rewrite the sentences using do / does / did or reflexive
emphasis. pronouns for emphasis.
1 I just want you to be honest with me. (all) 1 Students must write the stories for the competition, and
 not download anything from the internet.
2 The police were puzzled by how the criminal managed to 
escape. (what) 2 Please be on time tomorrow morning.
 
3 The only thing we need is more time. (all) 3 You have to cook your own dinner tonight.
 
4 Kelly loves Dan for his sense of humour. (it) 4 Kelly really sings very well.
 
5 We want more information from witnesses. (what) 5 Nobody helped me to prepare the presentation.
 
2 Rewrite the sentences using the words and phrases below 4 Choose the correct words to complete the mini-dialogues.
and emphatic forms. Ruth I 1myself / did like the song you guys performed, but
goodness knows on earth trouble truth whatsoever whose song was it?
1 Who can tell why he gave up football, but he did. Jenny We wrote the song 2ourselves / whatever.
 Ruth Gosh, you 3do / yourself have a lot of talent! Where
2 Jenny and Greg are both nice, but they don’t get on. 4
on earth / whatsoever do you get your ideas?
 Dad Goodness / Do tell us when you’re going to be home
5

3 What are you doing in my room?

late, Carrie.
 Carrie 6What / All I did was stay a bit longer. Why all the
4 To be honest, you really upset me − although I know you
fuss?
didn’t mean to.
Dad 7The truth / It is we were worried about you.
 8
Goodness / Whatever knows − you read about
5 I can’t speak any Spanish.
terrible things in the paper these days.

5 Complete the text. Write one word in each gap.

ONLY the worst prisoners were sent to Alcatraz − an and 10

‘inescapable’ prison island in San Francisco Bay which he could do was
boasted inmates like Al Capone and George ‘Machine watch. The others
Gun’ Kelly. 1 made it impossible to escape 11
break
Alcatraz was its location. It was tantalisingly close to San out, leaving dummy
Francisco, but the 2 was the sea currents heads behind in bed
that pulled swimmers out to sea, and to their deaths. so it looked like they
Some prisoners 3 try to escape from time were sleeping. They
to time, but they were all accounted for: caught, shot or climbed out of their
drowned. cell block, then across
4
was Frank Lee Morris’s arrival at the roofs of Alcatraz.
Alcatraz in 1960 which changed things. 5 12
happened after that remains a mystery to
Morris had known from an early age was a life of crime, this day.
and getting 6 out of one prison after another. The 13 is, ‘Did the men make it?’ How on
At Alcatraz he met Alan West and brothers John and 14
could they get across the treacherous
Clarence Anglin. Together they made a plan, which bay at night? And even if they 15 reach the
involved secretly making 7 digging tools, a shore, where could they go afterwards, with no money or
crude life raft − and models of their heads! At night, they transport? Extensive searches revealed no sign of the men
dug holes in their cell walls − then through the roof of 16
. 17 the police could do was
their cell block. 8 knows how they weren’t hope for a tip-off from the public. It never came. Perhaps
caught! the men drowned that night, or perhaps they spent the
9
was on 11 June 1962 that they attempted rest of their lives as free men − the 18 is that
to escape. West couldn’t get through the hole in his cell, nobody knows.

© Copyright Oxford University Press Unit 8 Secrets 85

 8C Listening
Spilling the beans
I can understand people gossiping.

2 2.16 Read the Listening Strategy. Then listen to the

Revision: Student’s Book page 89
same question being repeated with different stress each
1 Complete the mini-dialogues with the words below. time and number the statements.
between bite breathe further gets out hat
The speaker is asking …
hearsay latest quote rumour sealed
A who sent the text.
B if people were told by text or in another way.
C if everyone was told, or only some people.
D where Ian went with Pete’s girlfriend.
E who went to the cinema with Pete’s girlfriend.
F whose girlfriend Ian went out with

3 2.17 Listen to six more sentences, and underline the

stressed words in each one.
1 Mark is very talented, and he’s nice.
2 I may go to the shops later − they’re open ’til late tonight.
3 I got my first guitar when I was about twelve.
4 We don’t think Clara was horrible to Rob at all.
5 Don’t invite Liam to your party.
6 Never trust people who gossip a lot.

Matt Have you heard the 1 gossip? 4 2.18Listen to two conversations and choose the correct
Ryan’s broken up with Kathy. answers. There are two questions for each conversation.
Anya That’s just 2 − it isn’t true.
Matt It is! Don’t 3 me on this, but I
actually heard Ryan telling his best mate it was
over.
Anya Really?
Matt Yes, but keep that under your 4 .I
don’t want people calling me a gossip.
Anya It won’t go any 5 , honestly. I’ll
6
my tongue.

Anna 7
has it that Sam was caught Conversation 1: you hear two people talking about someone’s
shoplifting by the police. He was let off with a sports injury.
caution. 1 Mick claims …
Ravi Really? I wouldn’t be surprised. 8 A Jessica injured herself by training too hard.
you and me, he’s been acting really wierdly B the injury stopped her from getting into a team.
recently. I’ll tell you something else about him if C Jessica is lying about her injury.
you keep a secret. 2 Mick and Aisha agree to …
Anna My lips are 9 . A tell a few people at school the rumours.
Ravi Seriously − don’t 10 a word of it. B ask Jessica’s boyfriend about it.
If word 11 , I’ll be in big trouble. C not discuss what Jessica’s ex-boyfriend said with
Anyway, last weekend, Sam … anyone else.
Conversation 2: you hear two people talking about
someone’s girlfriend.
Listening Strategy 3 Petra says that Angela …
Notice how stress can affect the meaning of a sentence. A isn’t really very pretty.
Speakers stress certain words to indicate an alternative, B has just become a fashion model.
make a contrast or to correct what someone has said. C isn’t really who Scott says she is.
‘Have you been spreading rumours about me?’ 4 Petra says that Scott …
‘I haven’t, but Kate has.’ A sometimes has difficulties at school.
‘Did you walk round the hill?’ ‘No, we walked over it.’ B would like to go out with Angela.
C is respected by everyone at school.

86 Unit 8 Secrets © Copyright Oxford University Press

8D Grammar
whatever, whoever, whenever, whichever, wherever and however
I can use whatever, whoever, whenever, whichever, wherever and however.

1 Match the parts of the sentences and complete them with 3 Write the sentences using suitable tenses and adding
whatever, whenever, whoever etc. whatever, whenever, whoever etc.
1 I always find something exciting to do in Berlin, … 1 rich people / be able to / buy / they / want
2 You can bring … Rich people are able to buy whatever they want.
3 The Ministry of Culture will choose … 2 we / visit / grandma / we can
4 Just let me know … 
5 you try and explain it, … 3 believe / that story / not be / very clever
6 the children want to watch is fine, but … 
4 you / look great at tomorrow’s event / of these two dresses
7 If you could have a house you wanted, … / you / wear

a you like to the party: everybody’s welcome! 5 we / see posters for the concert / we / went
b where would you live? 
c of the two designs is best for the 6 it / be / a difficult decision / way you / look / at it
new museum. 
d they must be in bed by ten. 7 some people / be / always successful / they / do
e you need assistance – I’m happy to help any time. 
f often I visit the city. 4 Rewrite the sentences, using whatever, whenever, whoever
g it was still wrong to lie. etc. Make any other necessary changes.
2 Complete the text with whatever, whenever, whoever etc. 1 You can find anything you like to eat in Singapore.

2 Phone me any time that you have a problem with your
1
you are and 2 your computer.
background, you’ve probably dreamt of being rich 
sometimes. It’s fun to imagine that you could go on holiday 3 Everyone I speak to is looking forward to the concert.
3
you felt like it, live 4 you

choose, and buy 5
you want. But there are
4 It doesn’t matter how hard I train − I’m still not fit enough
downsides to being wealthy too.
to run a marathon.
If you suddenly win a lot of money, you will experience

a ‘spike’ of happiness. But 6 you do with
5 Everywhere you go in central London, cameras could be
your cash, you will soon get used to having it. For example,
watching you.
7
luxury car you buy, it won’t give you the
same pleasure after you’ve used it for a while. 
6 You can buy tickets for any of the seats that are free.
Guilt about being wealthy is another common problem.
8
hard you try to help others, you will

probably still feel guilty 9 you see people who 5 Complete the sentences. Use the correct form of the words
are poor. ‘Help’ is often just expected of you too, and this can below and whatever, whenever, whoever etc.
mean being harassed by family and friends. 10
buy / you / prefer come / you / want eat / you / like
much money you choose to give away, someone will always
go / you / want in the city I / go / shopping
want more.
record / the criminal / say you do / not touch it
Forming new friendships also becomes more difficult −
1 The exhibition is open all day − come whenever you want.
because 11 way you look at it, there are people
out there who will try to use you. 12 comes 2 Toby’s always at the shopping mall on Saturdays. I see him
along and wants to make friends, they should be regarded .
with suspicion until you know them better. 3 Beijing has got a fantastic metro system, so it’s easy
.
Being wealthy can be surprisingly tough, so perhaps we
should be more careful 4 They both look nice. Just .
what we wish for. 5 That electric cable is dangerous. .
6 This is a police interview. We .
7 The food is free − .

© Copyright Oxford University Press Unit 8 Secrets 87

 8E Word Skills
Productive prefixes and suffixes
I can use a range of useful prefixes and suffixes.

1 Complete the sentences with words formed from the 3 Rewrite the sentences using the correct form of the words
words and prefixes and suffixes below. below. Add prefixes or suffixes.
-based -conscious -led mono- -phile -proof under- book (v) friend market road size tax
Anglo bullet class exposed health rail student 1 This washing powder is good for the environment.
1 The president wasn’t hurt in the attack because the 
windows of his official car were . 2 The plane was too full, so they paid two people to get off
2 You can take the right around Sentosa the flight.
Island. It’s a great way to get between the sights. 
3 protests have erupted in Paris, paralysing 3 Our company has reduced its operations in China.
the city centre. 
4 Sally is so she never eats junk food. 4 You can buy everything in this airport shop without paying
5 I’m a bit of an − I love British culture. any money to the government.
6 The artist’s work is very good, but she’s – 
few people have heard of her. 5 This car isn’t safe enough to drive. It should be scrapped.
7 England in the 1800s was a strictly society. 
6 Technology companies are driven by what people want −
2 Complete the article, adding suitable prefixes and suffixes they invent lots of different things but only produce them
to the words in brackets.
if they will sell well.

VOCAB BOOST!
Adding a prefix or suffix to a word often changes the
word’s part of speech. For example:
size (n/v), sizeable (adj), downsize (v)
vandal (n), vandal-proof (adj), vandalise (v)

4 Read the Vocab Boost! box, then make new words with the
prefixes and suffixes below.
In August 2016, Time Magazine produced an article about -able -able -ance -ence inter- -ion mis- out-
how 1 (space) is now full of trolls who are
1 read (v) (adj)
attacking people online. This is a growing problem, but it tends
to be 2 (played) in the media − it isn’t seen as 2 take (v) (n)
being very 3 (news) unless it affects a famous 3 depend (v) (n) (adj)
person. As a result, the impact of trolls on social media is often 4 act (v) (n)
4
(estimated). 5 attend (v) (n)
According to a 2014 survey by the 5 (US) Pew 6 wit (n) (v)
Research Center, 70% of 18−24-year-olds have been harassed 7 city (n) (adj)
online at some time. This harassment ranges from making cruel
jokes to making threats, and 6 (loading) faked 5 Look at the word stems below. Try to form as many words
photos of people onto websites. as possible from them, using suffixes and / or prefixes.
Many trolls engage in aggressive behaviour for what they call A expect 
‘the Lulz’ (laughs), or because they have a grudge against the 
victim. In some countries, opposition politicians and journalists B drama 
are also regularly threatened by state-sponsored trolls. These

are part of 7 (government) attempts to silence
C respect 
opposition.

8
(security) internet companies are making D real 
some 9 (praise) efforts to tackle the problem.
They’re 10 (grade) online safeguards and 
blocking the accounts of known trolls. But sadly, there’s no
11
(fool) way of keeping the internet totally
12
(troll).

88 Unit 8 Secrets © Copyright Oxford University Press

8F Reading
Trade secrets
I can understand texts about trade secrets.

Revision: Student’s Book page 93 Reading Strategy

1 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the With multiple matching tasks consisting of several texts
words below. There are two extra words. on the same topic, first identify the principal differences
bear broker call in confirm reach remain between the texts. This will help you to match sentences
research restore which contain more detailed information with the texts.

1 They the police after discovering the

break-in. 2 Read the Reading Strategy. Then read the extracts and
2 We’re an article about the food match them with the statements.
business. Which text …
3 Lawyers a deal between the two sides. 1 mentions unappreciated skills?
4 The identity of the attacker a mystery. 2 talks about the layout of a building?
5 We can’t or deny the story in the 3 mentions that people appreciate a conversation?
papers. 4 recommends that readers do some research?
5 mentions that two products are nearly the same?
6 says that something may not be as new as it appears?

7 refers to a scientific study?

8 mentions deliberately giving someone the wrong thing?

C If you think you’re tired on a long-haul flight, spare a

thought for your cabin crew. They’ve been on their feet for
hours, and their body clocks are out of sync. When the cabin
A Being a coffee-shop worker, or barista, is actually a harder lights are dimmed at night, the crew actually like it when a
job than it looks. It takes a while to learn the tricks of the trade. passenger comes over and talks to them − it helps them to
Did you know, for example, that when you order the biggest size keep awake! Some passengers treat cabin crew as if they
in many coffee outlets, you don’t get any extra coffee − only were glorified catering staff. In fact, they’re highly trained
more hot water and milk. That marbled shape that baristas people who may speak several languages and have skills
pour on top of your latte isn’t just decoration either. If it has ranging from building survival shelters to delivering a baby!
clear edges, it shows the barista that the milk was prepared Most passengers are well behaved, and the crew can usually
correctly. Finally, it’s worth being polite and waiting patiently for spot trouble-makers when they first board. A bit of extra care
your morning shot if there’s a queue. People who are rude and usually pacifies these people. But it can be hard to preserve a
impatient may be given a decaf when they wanted caffeine − or smile when someone is going ballistic over their cold in-flight
vice versa − because you can’t tell the difference. meal.

B Supermarkets are usually cleverly designed, with the D Sure, hamburgers taste great − they’re packed with salt,
most expensive brands at eye-level, and the fruit and veg at the sugar and fat, which our brains are hard-wired to crave. But
front − to give customers an impression of healthy, wholesome according to a 2013 report in a respected medical journal, only
food when they enter. But the reality in some supermarkets is about 12% of that deliciously juicy-looking beef in your burger is
far from ‘wholesome’. We forgive supermarkets for accidentally really beef. The rest consists of fillers like soya protein, ground
leaving the odd out-of-date product on the shelf, because it’s bone, and artificial flavourings. And those innocent-looking
clearly very difficult to keep track of thousands of different hamburger buns may well contain compounds like ammonium
perishable goods. But did you know that some places indulge in chloride − also used in explosives! Of course, there are plenty of
‘food reconditioning’? This means that, for example, old pasta good restaurants out there serving genuine home-made burgers
is ground up and repackaged as flour, and meat that has nearly made of real meat. But as customers, it pays to investigate for
expired is given a spicy marinade − then repackaged with a ourselves, and find the good places. It may come as a surprise to
new ‘use by’ date. And unlike restaurants, supermarkets aren’t hear that many chefs never eat out!
immediately closed if they fail hygiene inspections. Amazingly,
it’s often up to the business themselves to clean up their act.

© Copyright Oxford University Press Unit 8 Secrets 89

8G Speaking
Discussion
I can agree, disagree, give an opinion and justify it.

1 Complete a student’s ideas with the words below. 4 2.19 Listen to two people discussing the questions in
add besides example not only opinion reason exercise 3. Which of the questions do they …
1 agree about?
I’m of the same 1 as Magdalena, who 2 disagree about?
has made some really good points. 2 the
arguments that we’ve just heard, I would 3 5 2.19 Listen again and tick (✓) the discourse markers
this one. The main 4 that I believe it is that you hear.
sometimes good to lie is that lies can be kinder than if anything even so
the truth. To give you just one 5 , would
as a matter of fact anyway
it help to tell a friend that you hate her new hairstyle?
besides incidentally
6
would this make her feel terrible, but also
it would damage your friendship. to be honest by and large

6 Choose the correct discourse markers to complete the

sentences.
2 Complete the second sentence so it has a similar meaning 1 I love the band. As a matter of fact / Mind you, I’ve just
to the first. Use 2–6 words, including the word in brackets. downloaded one of their albums.
1 We’ll never have the same opinion about this. (disagree) 2 Some people try to cheat in exams, but incidentally / by
We’ll have to about this. and large most students are honest.
2 It may not always be true that lying is bad. (case) 3 I trust my friends. To be honest / Even so, I don’t tell them
It’s lying is bad. all my secrets.
3 This is my main reason for having this opinion. 4 It was quite mean to play that practical joke on Matt. Mind
(justification) you / If anything, it was very funny!
This is my thinking this. 5 I don’t know why Jenny is mad at me. Mind you / If
4 You’re completely right about that. (agree) anything, she’s the one who should apologise.
I 100%. 6 It was wrong of you to do that. Incidentally / Even so, it’s
5 I totally support your point of view. (more) also against the law.
I couldn’t you.
6 I’d also say that nobody is 100% truthful. (add)
7 Read the statements below and think about whether you
agree or disagree with them. Make notes giving reasons for
I would nobody is 100% truthful.
your answers.
Speaking Strategy Society would collapse if people disobeyed laws just because
In a discussion, listen carefully to the other participant(s) they didn’t like them.
and, while they are speaking, work out your own opinion 
on the point under discussion. When it is your turn to

speak, be prepared to pick up on points they have made,
I don’t think there’s anything wrong with buying photocopied
and either agree with them and reinforce them, or
disagree with them and give your own opinion. books or pirate DVDs.


3 Read the Speaking Strategy. Then look at questions 1−3 and
It’s never right to report a friend to the police, whatever
make notes about how you would answer them.
they’ve done.
1 Is it ever acceptable to disobey the law?




Laws are only binding if they are made with the consent of all
2 Some people think that people respect the law more as
the people.
they grow older. Do you agree?
 
 
3 Do you think it is ever right not to report someone who is 8 Choose two of the questions above and practise answering
breaking the law? them. Speak for about 30 seconds.



90 Unit 8 Secrets © Copyright Oxford University Press

8H Writing
Discursive essay
I can write a discursive essay using a variety of sources.

1 Read the task. Think of two more reasons why it might be 3 Use the underlined phrases from the text to complete the
good or bad to limit freedom of speech. sentences.
1 The rise in crime is partly the
Your class has had a discussion about freedom of speech,
economic crisis has increased unemployment.
and you have made the notes below:
2 One of of state censorship is that
1 divisive or violent views
people are unable to make informed decisions.
2 government political control
3 The town was flooded of the
3 free speech as a human right
heavy rain.
4  4 Similarities between two exam essays can
5  accusations of copying.
Some opinions expressed in the discussion: 5 The company wasn’t successful. , it
‘Sexist and racist views clearly need to be restricted.’ closed down.
‘Governments can use censorship to control people.’
‘People need to be protected from abuse.’ Writing Strategy
Write an essay discussing TWO of the points in your notes. When writing an essay, make sure you:
Explain which point is more important in your view, giving 1 read the task carefully and include all the relevant
reasons to support your answer. You may make use of the information.
opinions expressed in the discussion, but you should use 2 write in an appropriate style for the genre.
your own words as far as possible. 3 organise the text in an appropriate way, presenting
ideas coherently, and linking sentences and paragraphs.
2 Read the essay. Which points from the question and notes 4 use a range of grammatical structures and vocabulary,
are not included? and use them correctly.

Limiting freedom of speech is a controversial issue.

4 Read the Writing Strategy. Then read the task and plan
your discursive essay. Make notes.
Some people would argue that we should be able to say
whatever we like, but others warn that people cannot be Your class has had a discussion about censoring art, music
given unlimited freedom to express dangerous views. and literature, and you have made the notes below:
In general, freedom of expression leads to a more
1 violent or shocking content
2 freedom of expression and creativity
tolerant society, where people value different opinions.
3 offending some people
However, it is argued that we have to impose some
Some opinions expressed in the discussion:
limits in order to protect people. This is due to the fact
‘Many great works of art were offensive in their day.’
that some people have extreme and prejudiced views.
‘People say that some lyrics encourage acts of violence.’
These may give rise to violence. Consequently, we need ‘Attacking religious figures or holy books should be off-limits
to limit the freedom to express some opinions. because it offends a lot of people.’
On the other hand, there are more controversial Write an essay discussing TWO of the points in your notes.
reasons why governments limit freedom of speech. Explain which of the points is more important. You may
All countries have state secrets such as the details of make use of the opinions expressed in the discussion, but
military operations. As a result, governments prosecute you should use your own words as far as possible.
people who release sensitive information. But one of
the main consequences of this is that governments can 5 Write your essay (220–260 words) using your plan from
use national security as an excuse for hiding politically
exercise 4.
damaging information. Clearly it is totally undemocratic
CHECK YOUR WORK
to limit people’s freedom to discuss and criticise their
Have you …
government’s activities.
organised the essay into clear paragraphs?
To sum up, in general, freedom of expression is a good introduced your essay topic?
thing. However, I would argue that there have to be supported statements with suitable examples?
given your opinion?
some limits to this freedom, due to the need to protect
people and society from violent views.

© Copyright Oxford University Press Unit 8 Secrets 91

 8 Review Unit 8

Vocabulary Word skills

1 Complete the words in the sentences. 4 Complete the text with the correct form of the words in
1 There was a huge public o after the report brackets. Use a prefix or suffix from below.
about poor hygiene in hospitals was made public. -based -conscious cyber- de- down- down- -friendly
2 The FBI sometimes l in on phone calls. up-
3 Please c and answer all the questions.
4 The government attempted a c -up, but the
INTERNET SECURITY GIANT Symantec have opened
truth came out in the end. a brand-new $12-million high-tech centre to fight
5 Many sports people e sports-clothing 1
(crime) in Sydney, Australia. It’s a bold move
companies like Nike and Asics by wearing their products. at a time when many IT companies are 2
6 A leading newspaper has i an apology for (size). The 3 (US) company specialises in
publishing inaccurate information. 4
(bug) computer systems for governments and
7 Ministers have a to requests for an inquiry. 5
(security) industries like telecommunications.
8 Our president is trying to h an inquiry into Worldwide, Symantec’s software identifies an estimated
his illegal activities. 1 trillion electronic security threats per year. The company also
9 Who a him to see those top-secret produces 6 (user) anti-virus software for home
documents? Someone must have given him permission. computers, and security 7 (date) for home
10 The journalist won an award for her shocking users to 8
(load).
e of high-level corruption in the military.
Mark: / 10 Mark: /8

2 Match the sentence halves and complete them with the 5 Complete the sentences with words made from A and B
correct form of the words below. below.
expect misinformation pre-owned A cyber eco fat mono over techno under
put on a few extra pounds rest room
B book exposed free friendly lingual phobe space
1 Don’t believe everything you read on the internet −
1 This is a dictionary, so both the words and
2 Kelly had her baby boy two years ago and now …
explanations are in Arabic.
3 This car is good price because it was …
2 I’m an old man now, and a bit of a − I’ve
4 Excuse me, can I use …
never learned to use a computer.
5 You should go back to the gym. You’ve …
3 That cereal is , but it’s got a lot of sugar in it.
a she a girl. 4 We didn’t expect the hotel to be − when
b since you stopped training. we arrived, there weren’t enough rooms for all of our tour
c there’s a lot of out there. group.
d your , please? 5 These plastic bags are . They break down
e , but it’s in good condition. naturally in the environment.
Mark: /5 6 Some virtual worlds in are now so realistic
that it’s hard to tell them apart from the real world.
3 Choose the correct words to complete the sentences. 7 Ingrid Calame is a great artist, but her work is
1 Don’t breathe / let on, but Peter’s leaving his job. − most people have never heard of her.
2 Have you heard the latest / quote about Matt and Jenny? Mark: /7
3 I don’t believe the word / rumour about Paul. He’s a nice
person, and he wouldn’t do that.
4 Keep this under your lips / hat, but I saw Yasmina at the gig
with Robert − and they were very close.
5 I promise not to tell anyone. Bite my tongue / lips.
6 This mustn’t go between / any further, but we’re planning
a surprise party for Jake.
Mark: /6

92 Unit 8 Secrets © Copyright Oxford University Press

 8 Review Unit 8

6 Complete the statements with the words below. Use of English

agree to disagree be honest matter of fact point
principal justification the case 9 Complete the text with the correct form of the word in
1 We have very different opinions on this, so I think we’ll brackets.
have to .
2 Kathy’s just made another really good Gregg Bergersen, an American citizen 1
(author) to see secret documents at the Pentagon, was
, but …
convicted of spying in 2015 after being secretly filmed
3 Everyone tells white lies. As a , I had
in an dramatic 2 (cover) operation. Footage
to tell one this morning. broadcast by CBS shows how hidden cameras filmed
4 The for telling lies is that they can Bergensen 3 (where) he went in his car −
sometimes be kinder than the truth. and caught him accepting money from a foreign agent
5 To , I don’t think that what you said is in return for information. (Bergensen later claimed he
correct. thought the agent came from a friendly power − but
6 It’s often that people really have to
4
(who) the agent is, it’s still a crime!)
conceal the truth. Bergersen was very careful to protect 5
Mark: /6 (him) from internal surveillance. He didn’t 6
(down) documents from the Pentagon’s computer network
− an activity which could easily be tracked. Instead he
Grammar ‘borrowed’ paper files which were then copied by hand.
7 Complete the dialogue with the words below. Pentagon officials were keen to 7 (play)
the Bergersen case, but since his arrest 8
do fact herself in the world is it’s question what
(allege) have emerged of other American citizens selling
Mel What 1 is the matter, Pascale? You secrets to do with naval and space technology. These
2
look miserable. 9
(reveal) show that home-grown espionage
Pascale Mandy’s split up with me. 3 I don’t − by Americans against America − is a growing problem.
understand is why. The 4 is, she didn’t
even tell me 5 − she asked Jane to Mark: /9
do it. Total: / 65
Mel That 6 awful! Why not sit down and
talk to her? I can …
Pascale I’d like to, but the 7 is how. She won’t Read the statements. Think about your progress and tick (✓) one
speak to me. I’m going to go round to hers later. of the boxes.
Mel Well, 8 important not to do anything ⋆ = I need more practice. ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ = No problem!
rash. How about I speak to her first?
⋆ ⋆ = I sometimes find this difficult.
Mark: /8
⋆ ⋆⋆ ⋆⋆⋆

8 Complete the sentences with whatever, whoever, I can talk about cover-ups, privacy and
whichever, however, whenever or wherever. journalism.
1 You must be very busy. I see you − day or I can use a variety of structures to add
night − you’re always in a hurry. emphasis.
2 we decide to do for my birthday, I’m sure I can understand people gossiping.
we’ll have a great time. I can use whatever, whenever, whoever, etc.
3 has the winning ticket will get an all- I can use a range of useful prefixes and
expenses-paid holiday for two to Cancún. suffixes.
4 I saved that file on my computer, I just can’t I can understand texts about trade secrets.
find it. I can agree, disagree, give an opinion and
5 Both boxers are looking very tired, so fighter justify it.
has more stamina will probably win. I can write a discursive essay using a variety of
6 We have to finish this work, boring it is to be sources.
inside when it’s such a nice day.
Mark: /6

© Copyright Oxford University Press Unit 8 Secrets 93

 4 Exam Skills Trainer 4

Reading the recent withdrawal of seeds from the Global Seed Vault to
replace those lost during the transferral of an international
Strategy agricultural research centre from Aleppo to Beirut as a result
In the multiple-matching task, the wording of the questions of the Syrian civil war.
is designed to lead you to specific information and to C Burlington Bunker
disregard irrelevant information. Underline the key words Below a disused quarry near Corsham in the south-west
in the question to help you find the information in the text of England stretches a vast underground community that
which provides the correct answers. remained a closely guarded secret for over thirty years.
The huge complex forms what was once intended to be the
Central Government War Headquarters, more commonly
1 Read the Strategy above and question 1 in exercise 2. Follow known as the Burlington Bunker. Fearing nuclear war
the instructions in the Strategy to answer the question. with the Soviet Union, the British government ordered its
construction in 1955 and made provision for everything that
2 Read the article and questions 2–10. Match sections A–D
would be needed to survive for three months: offices and
with the questions.
bedrooms, a bakery, a hospital, and even a BBC broadcasting
Which hiding place… studio to communicate with survivors. Although the facility
1 failed to serve the function it was designed for? was never used, it was maintained until 1991 before being
2 was built to last well into the future? finally decommissioned in 2004 and put up for sale.
3 is generally regarded as the best of its kind? D Area 51
4 was missing from visual representations of the area? Just over 160 km north of Las Vegas is an air base in the
5 must be reached by plane or ship? middle of the desert whose existence was not officially
acknowledged until 2013. Known as Area 51, the facility
6 has an uncertain future at present?
is a top-secret US military installation which remained
7 has a much greater potential than that which is currently
hidden for decades thanks to map-makers leaving it out and
being exploited? satellite imagery of the area being routinely deleted from
8 was built paying meticulous attention to detail? government databases. It is understood that the base is the
9 was procured with another function in mind? site at which the latest spy planes are developed and tested,
10 is the site of unusual happenings which have not been giving rise to a number of reported sightings of UFOs over
explained? the years. These accounts have generally been attributed
to the fact that witnesses were unaccustomed to seeing the
The Perfect Hiding Place lights of planes flying at such high altitudes as the ones
Read about four of the world’s most secret locations. being tested, but there are some who would strongly contest
A The Mountain this justification.
Just a stone’s throw from New York City lies a former
iron-ore mine which has been converted into a heavily Listening
guarded storage facility known as The Mountain. Inside
are the records of some of the largest and most influential Strategy
companies in the USA. Purchased originally for growing In the sentence-completion task, all of the words needed to
mushrooms, the mine acquired its current function during fill the gaps will be familiar to you. Most questions will focus
the Cold War, when owner Herman Knaust realised its on concrete pieces of information, such as nouns or proper
potential for protecting corporate information from nuclear names, and the answers will generally be single words
attack and founded the company Iron Mountain Atomic or very short noun groups, e.g. adjective + noun. Correct
Storage Inc. Apart from vital business records, The Mountain spelling is necessary for your answer to be awarded a mark.
has housed art collections, valuable antiques and celebrity
memorabilia in its 225 individually locked vaults, and today
it is the premium storage location for the company now 3 Read the Strategy above and the text in exercise 4. What
known as Iron Mountain Inc. information do you need to fill the gaps in questions 1–8?
B Global Seed Vault
In the depths of an icy mountain on Norway’s remote 4 2.20 You will hear a talk about the latest research
Svalbard archipelago exists a resource of vital importance: into animal migration. For questions 1–8, complete the
the Global Seed Vault. Far from the dangers of world crises sentences with a word or short phrase.
and natural disasters, the building will eventually contain
Remarkable journeys
the seeds of all the plants the Earth has ever seen. Currently
holding 930,000 samples from every corner of the planet, Humpback whales are the 1 that have the
the deposit is at less than a third of its maximum capacity. longest migration.
Its principle aim is to serve as a back-up if one of the world’s The leatherback turtle studied by scientists started its
1,750 individual seed banks is damaged. A case in point is journey in 2 .

94 Exam Skills Trainer 4 © Copyright Oxford University Press

 4 Exam Skills Trainer 4

The blue wildebeest’s migration is prompted by a search for 5 a put off b stood out
3
to eat. The animal with the longest c stood up d turned out
terrestrial migration is the caribou, or 4 . The 6 a fell out with b friended
insect with the longest migration route appears to be a c kept track of d ran into
5
. The bar-headed goose flies south every year 7 a circumnavigated b conducted
to avoid the 6
in Mongolia. c roamed d traversed
Scientists have never measured a 7 flight 8 a accomplished b achieved
longer than the bar-tailed godwit’s. The arctic tern’s c attained d realised
migration is the longest because the birds visit the two Speaking
8
each year.
Strategy
Use of English In the discussion phase of the test, if you disagree with a
statement, you should do so politely, e.g. I’m afraid I don’t
Strategy agree, rather than That’s wrong!
In the multiple-choice cloze task, use your knowledge of
collocations, dependent prepositions and verb patterns to
7 Read the Strategy. Add three more examples of phrases for
eliminate the words that do not fit the gap. Then decide
disagreeing politely.
which of the remaining words fit the gap semantically.
8 Politely disagree with the statements below using
5 Read the Strategy above. Then read the question and phrases from exercise 7 and a full personal response.
options below. Which is the correct option? Why are the If you have a secret, it’s best not to confide in your best
other options wrong? friend.
My grandparents are completely to the idea of moving Your employer should have access to all your personal
house. In short, they refuse. information.
a against b disagreed c favourable d opposed
Writing
6 Complete the text. Write a, b, c or d.
Lone woman cyclist reaches Iran Strategy
When journalist Rebecca Lowe announced she was planning Read the task carefully and choose the two points you feel
a twelve-month cycling trip to Iran, her friends and you could write most about. Make notes about each of the
family tried hard to 1 her from going. They failed, points before you start writing, and think about how you
of course, and on 29 July 2015 Rebecca set off alone from can develop them. You can use the opinions in the task if
her London flat on what was to be a truly 2 journey. you want to, but remember to paraphrase the actual words.
Her main aim in making this daunting trip was to 3
a better understanding of the Middle East. She chose to
cycle believing her bike would 4 her to meet people
9 Read the Strategy above and the task below. Make notes
about the two points you feel you could write most about.
more easily. And she was right. Being a lone woman cyclist,
Rebecca 5 from all other visitors and attracted the right Your class has had a discussion about how to improve road
sort of attention from locals. Nearly everyone she 6
safety. You have made the notes below:
offered her food, shelter and, what she was really after, an
Measures for improving road safety:
insight into their lives. By the end of her journey, Rebecca
had 7 a grand total of 20 countries, including Turkey, • reduce speed limits
Lebanon and Sudan. She 8 her mission of reaching Iran • increase punishments for dangerous driving
on 20 June 2016, when she arrived in Azadi Square. • introduce obligatory safety courses
Some opinions expressed in the discussion:
1 a disapprove b discourage
‘Drivers shouldn’t be allowed to go so fast on motorways.’
c inhibit d restrict
‘Dangerous drivers should be banned for life.’
2 a evocative b hazy
‘Drivers should take a safety course every five years.’
c vivid d unforgettable
Write an essay discussing TWO of the measures in your
3 a earn b gain
notes. You should explain which measure would improve
c make d win
road safety the most, giving reasons to support your answer.
4 a allow b authorize
c let d oblige
10 Write the essay (220–260 words) for the task in exercise 9.

© Copyright Oxford University Press Exam Skills Trainer 4 95

 Endings
9 Vocabulary
End of the world
A I can talk about potential threats to our planet.

1 Complete the definitions of global threats 1–8. 4 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs
A A nuclear is a situation of mass destruction and phrases below. Some of the answers are passive.
caused by the use of atomic weapons. detonate hurtle overthrow slam into spell disaster
B A pole is a change in the angle of the Earth’s unleash wipe out wreak havoc
rotation. 1 Their car skidded and a tree.
C A global is a disease that spreads all over 2 After losing control of his bike, he down the
the world. hill into the bushes at the bottom.
D An asteroid is an accident in which a large 3 The military held a coup in an attempt to
rock hits a planet. the government.
E Robot will occur if machines become 4 The bomb using a remote-controlled device.
superior to humans. 5 The hurricane on the town, destroying
F An interplanetary is an accident in which everything in its path.
two planets crash into each other. 6 The announcement to close the hospital a
G A supervolcanic is the explosion of a volcano storm of protest.
of massive proportions. 7 The wet weather could for farmers, whose
H An alien is when creatures from another crops are ripe for picking.
world land on a planet and take over by force. 8 Whole settlements by the earthquake.

2 3.02 Listen to five people discussing global threats. 5 Complete the second sentence so that it means the same
Match the threats in exercise 1 with the speakers 1–5. as the first. Write no more than six words and include the
1 2 3 4 5 word in brackets.
1 Abigail has very rich parents. (spoon)
3 3.02Listen again. Match speakers 1–5 with sentences She was born with  .
A–H. There are three sentences you do not need.
2 You’ll have to wait to find out what happens. (time)
The speaker describes a threat which … Only  .
A might resemble an infamous event in history. 3 When you’re in an unfamiliar place, you should behave like
B would cause an increase in droughts and famines. the people around you. (Rome)
C would cross borders as if they didn’t exist. When  .
D would be a repetition of a similar event that supposedly 4 People of the same sort are found together. (flock)
destroyed the dominant species. Birds  .
E would eject the Earth from the Solar System. 5 Don’t be sure of success – something may go wrong.
F may occur as a result of progress. (chickens)
G could destroy the ozone layer. Don’t count  .
H would cause severe respiratory problems. 6 If something bad is being said about something, it’s usually
true. (smoke)
There’s  .

96 Unit 9 Endings © Copyright Oxford University Press

9B Grammar
Ellipsis and substitution
I can use auxiliaries, modals, so and not … so to avoid repetition.

1 3.03 Read the dialogue and cross out the words that 3 Write a positive and negative response for each item, using
can be omitted. Then listen and check. the word in brackets.
1 Do you think you’ll pass all your exams? (guess)
A 
B 
2 Will you ever get married, do you think? (expect)
A 
B 
3 Will you enjoy university, do you think? (presume)
A 
B 
4 Are you going out tonight? (think)
A 
B 
Tamsin My great-grandma’s 100 on Saturday. 5 Will you ever live abroad, do you think? (imagine)
Millie Really? Are you having a party for her? A 
Tamsin Yes, we are having a party for her. We’re B 
having it in our garden. 6 Do you think you’ll be going on holiday this summer?
Millie But I thought your great-grandma lived in a (suppose)
nursing home. A 
Tamsin She does live in a nursing home, but she’s B 
coming out for the afternoon.
4 Which three questions in exercise 3 have another possible
Millie Can’t she stay with you for longer? response? Write the number of the question and the other
Tamsin She’d like to stay for longer, but the home possible response.
won’t let her stay for longer. Anyway, I

wanted to ask you if you’d help me with her

cake.

Millie Of course I will help you with her cake!
5 3.04 Complete the dialogue. Write one word in each
space. Then listen and check.
2 Complete the dialogues with the phrases below. A Did you get round to asking your grandparents about our
I didn’t mean to I’d love to I do I haven’t I intended to history project?
I should I used to I will B I’m afraid 1 . I meant 2 , but I
1 A Who’s got my phone charger? didn’t see them last weekend. I had to help my brother
B . Maybe Freya’s got it. move into his new flat, so I 3 .
2 A Don’t you like burgers? A Do you think they’ll agree to be interviewed?
B  , it’s just that I don’t fancy B I’m sure they 4 . They love talking about the
one now. old days.
3 A Why are you shouting at me? A Will they mind if we video them?
B Sorry, . I’ll take off my B There’s a chance that they 5 at the start, but
headphones. if they 6
, we’ll just have to talk them round.
4 A Can you turn down the music, please? A Will you be seeing them in the next couple of days?
B , as soon as this song finishes. B I presume 7 . They usually come round for
5 A Have you tidied your room? dinner on Tuesdays. I’ll ask them then.
B Sorry, , but I forgot. A Try not to forget. We haven’t got much time left to do the
6 A Are you going to the gym tonight? interview.
B , but I can’t be bothered. B Don’t worry, I 8 .
7 A Do you want to join us for a bike ride tomorrow?
B . What time?
8 A Do you play in a band?
B , but we’ve just split up.

© Copyright Oxford University Press Unit 9 Endings 97

 9C Listening
Lost civilisations
I can use context to understand a text on lost civilisations.

5 3.06 You are going to hear a talk about two studies

Revision: Student’s Book page 99
into the reasons for the decline of the Khmer Empire. What
1 Match 1–8 with a–h to make verb + noun collocations. was the focus of each of the studies?
1 enjoy a a role (in sth)
1 the analysis of
2 fall b (sb) an indication
2 the analysis of
3 give c a theory
4 play d into decline 6 3.06 Listen again and complete the sentences with a
5 put e (sth) into perspective word or a short phrase. First read the questions to be aware
6 spell f success of the information you require.
7 trigger g the end (of / for sth) 1 Until now, the fall of the Khmer Empire has often been
8 undermine h the demise (of sth) attributed to land misuse or .
2 Complete the sentences with the collocations in 2 The only written references to the demise are observations
exercise 1. Use the correct form of the verb. made by from China.
3 Brendan Buckley sought specimens for his research that
1 European colonisation of the Americas triggered the
were – some were 1,000 years old.
demise of several important civilisations.
4 The droughts probably caused a decline in health and
2 The Aztec Empire until the
in the Empire.
arrival of Hernán Cortés.
5 Buckley suggests that may have damaged
3 The expeditions of Francisco Pizarro
the Khmer’s water system.
for the Inca Empire.
6 Mary Beth Day’s first sample was taken from the West
4 Infectious diseases also in the
Baray, one of the in the Empire.
decimation of the population.
7 The result of Day’s research was a millennium-long
5 The discovery of Viking remains
.
that Columbus was the first to set foot in America.
8 The results of both studies show that are
6 Tales in the Sagas of Icelanders
not enough to protect a civilisation.
that the Vikings went there before.
7 Leif Erikson’s voyage across the Atlantic
the power of the Vikings.
8 The Viking settlement in Newfoundland soon
due to the inhospitable climate.

Listening Strategy
Read the rubric so that you are aware of the context of
the task, and read the questions so that you are aware of
the information you require. This will help you work out
exactly what you need to retrieve from the recording,
and show you when the answer is coming up.

3 Read the Listening Strategy. Then look at the sentence

below. What kind of information do you need to complete
the sentence?
Many tourists are drawn to Cambodia today by a
built by the Khmer civilisation.

4 3.05 Listen and answer the questions.

1 Which modern-day countries did the Khmer Empire cover?
2 When was the highpoint of the Khmer Empire?
3 In what ways were they inventive?
4 Who conquered the the Khmer Empire and when?
5 Why did the Khmer Empire fall into decline?

98 Unit 9 Endings © Copyright Oxford University Press

9D Grammar
Advanced uses of the infinitive
I can use advanced uses of the infinitive.

1 Correct the mistakes. 3 Complete the second sentence so that it means the same
1 Navajo is one of the hardest to learn languages. as the first. Write no more than six words and include the
word in brackets.

2 That word is too formal for say in this context. 1 I acquired a new passport, but I had it stolen the first time I
 used it. (only)
3 Can you lend me a book for to read on holiday? I acquired a new passport the first
 time I used it.
4 My French isn’t enough good to have a long chat. 2 Only one person signed up for the German exchange
 before me. (second)
5 I’m the first person in my family going to university. I was for the German exchange.
 3 No place is better for learning a language than the country
6 I’m not as brave as to travel around India alone. where it is spoken. (best)
 a language is in the country where it
is spoken.
2 Complete the sentences with a word from box A and the 4 We can use the app I’ve downloaded if we need to ask for
infinitive form of a verb from box B.
something. (to)
A I’ve downloaded if we need to ask for
easiest emails enough last only shy something.
B 5 They speak very fast, so I can’t understand what they’re
answer approach discover leave make understand saying. (too)
1 I was the the room, so I turned off all They speak what they’re saying.
the lights. 6 The first episode of the series didn’t make me want to
2 My brother’s too a speech in public. watch the rest, as it wasn’t very good. (so)
3 Of the languages I know, I find Italian the The first episode wasn’t want to
. watch the rest of the series.
4 I called the language school all the
4 use of english Complete the text. Write one word in
classes were full.
each gap.
5 I’m not confident someone and start
a conversation.
6 I’ve got a few , and then I’ll turn off
my laptop.

Kernewek, or Cornish, is one of the minority languages of the

UK. Spoken only in Cornwall, a county in the south-western
tip of England, the language was considered dead after the
1
person to speak it fluently passed away
in 1777. In the early 20th century, however, a revival of the
language began, but there were very few written records
2
go on. The 3 attempt to
provide standardised rules was made by Robert Morton Nance
in his 1929 work Cornish For All. From then on, the revival
gathered steam 4 to come to a standstill in
the 1980s due to an argument over the 5
important decision to be made: which of the three or four
dialects should be declared official? At one point it seemed that
the differences of opinion might be 6 great for
a compromise to be reached. In 2008, however, a standard
written form was agreed upon. Since then, Cornish has
gained 7 speakers for UNESCO to remove its
classification of the language as ‘extinct’. Today, some Cornish
people are 8 bold as to dream of living in their
own independent country.

© Copyright Oxford University Press Unit 9 Endings 99

 9E Word Skills
Collocations with common verbs (come, do, put and take)
I can use collocations with common verbs to discuss spoilers.

1 Choose the correct verb. 3 Rewrite the sentences replacing the underlined words with
1 Don’t come / do / put / take it for granted that I’ll help you the correct form of six of the collocations in exercises 1
– I may not have time.
and 2.
2 The main character came / did / put / took to an untimely 1 The concert finished to thunderous applause.
end when his car crashed into a tree. 
3 It’s time our school came / did / put / took a stop to the 2 The teachers want to halt bullying in our school.
use of mobile phones in class. 
4 My brother’s coming / doing / putting / taking his utmost 3 It upset Amy’s parents to hear she was in hospital.
to find a part-time job. 
5 Jenny’s older brother seems to come / do / put / take 4 The mistake caused a lot of damage to the company.
pleasure in making her cry. 
6 It came / did / put / took as a shock to Mia to discover that 5 Jamie had to study hard to succeed at school.
she’d failed most of her exams. 
7 I really came / did / put / took my foot in it when I asked 6 I always believed that we’d never move house.
about his girlfriend – they’ve just split up! 
8 It wouldn’t come / do / put / take them any harm to walk
VOCAB BOOST!
to school once in a while.
One of the most common verbs in English is get.
2 Complete the sentences with the correct form of come, do, Collocations with get are listed in a dictionary under the
put or take and one of the words or phrases below. entries for the nouns and adjectives in the collocation. For
example, get your act together is listed under act (get your
charge notice (sb) under pressure (sth) into practice
act together = organise yourself in a more effective way).
the trick to mind under fire well
1 The police last night for allowing the
murderer to escape. 4 Read the Vocab Boost! box. Match the collocations below
2 When I get hiccups, I find that drinking water out of the with the definitions 1–8.
opposite side of a glass . get a grip (on yourself) get on sb’s nerves get nowhere
3 The fire chief and ordered everyone get sth off your chest get sth straight get the hang of sth
get the picture get your own back on sb
out of the building.
4 I’m sure you’d at university. Medicine 1 understand a situation that sb is describing to you
is the type of thing you’d be good at. 2 annoy sb
5 Now that you can cook, you can your new 3 make a situation clear
skills and make the dinner. 4 do sth to sb in return for harm they have done to you
6 Whenever I think of the summer, my local swimming pool 5 talk about sth that has been worrying you in order to feel
. less anxious
7 Don’t any of that phone call; 6 control your emotions after being afraid, upset or angry
I’m sure it was a hoax.
8 My coach is to play our next match 7 learn how to do sth
despite the fact that I’m injured. 8 make no progress

100 Unit 9 Endings © Copyright Oxford University Press

9F Reading
Grand finale
I can understand and react to an article about the endings of films.

2 Read the article about disappointing film endings. Match

Revision: Student’s Book page 102
the genres 1–3 with the films A–C.
1 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the
1 comedy drama 3 crime thriller
phrasal verbs below.
2 war thriller
be caught up in break out of bring up come out
come up with die down hole up track down
Reading Strategy
1 I wonder how the prisoner jail. In a multiple matching task, the questions paraphrase
2 I’m definitely seeing that movie when it the information given in the text. Read the question
. carefully and underline the key words and phrases. Then
3 His parents weren’t around when he was young, so scan the text, watching out for paraphrases of the key
he by his aunt. words and phrases in the question.
4 She didn’t start speaking until all the noise
. 3 Read the Reading Strategy. Match questions 1–6 with
5 We were in our basement paragraphs A–C.
during the tornado. Which paragraph mentions a movie in which …
6 Police are using dogs to the 1 the story appears to be going nowhere?
criminal. 2 the suspense increases with every moment?
7 That politician is in trouble – he 3 one character is deceived by another?
a corruption scandal. 4 the audience doesn’t witness a vital moment?
8 Who the solution to the 5 the ending is narrated rather than represented visually?
problem?
6 viewers find themselves in the middle of the action in the
opening scene?

MOVIES THAT FAIL TO MOVE C UP IN THE AIR

Jason Reitman’s 2009 satirical movie
For critic Allen Palmer, a great movie does not need a happy ending, but one about corporate ‘downsizer’ Ryan
where the final scenes are emotionally satisfying. Below are three movies Bingham is certainly a lot of fun at the
she feels do not fit the bill. start. Bingham – played by George
Clooney – is employed by a Human
Resources consultancy to travel the
A NO COUNTRY FOR OLD MEN B THE HURT LOCKER country firing people. Enter Alex, a
Despite the Coen brothers’ four Kathryn Bigelow’s 2008 movie is beautiful executive in the same league as
Academy Awards, I found the ending awesome – at least, for the first hour Bingham, and a new colleague, Natalie,
of this 2007 movie disappointing. or so. When the lights go down, the whose innovative idea for remote firing
The movie is a kind of cat-and-mouse audience is transported to the battle- via webcam threatens Bingham’s very
tale, where Vietnam veteran Llewelyn scarred streets of Baghdad, where existence. The movie falls apart, however,
Moss is the mouse, and hitman a bomb disposal squad is at work when Bingham discovers that Alex isn’t
Anton Chigurh the cat. Finding a case defusing an explosive device. At the the woman he thought she was. From
containing two million pounds in a field start, the movie is a rollercoaster ride, this point on, the audience is talked
in Texas, Moss flees with the money, with the tension rising and falling as through the action rather than feeling it.
and Chigurh is hired by its owners to the bombs are deactivated – or not. We discover that Bingham gives Natalie a
recover it. Chigurh finishes off everyone Later, however, it suddenly becomes glowing reference to help her get a new
standing between him and Moss, clear that, although the bombs are job, but Alex gets no further mention.
using his trademark coin flip to decide getting bigger, the action is repeating Bingham himself is last seen dropping his
the victim’s fate. The tension mounts itself. Towards the end, one soldier gets luggage in front of the destination board
as Chigurh nears his prey, but just injured, another shows signs of mental of an airport, which could
when it appears that the two are set to stress and their leader goes home on mean anything, really.
clash, Moss is killed by someone else leave until he can return to do the same
– off-screen. For me, the greatness of all over again. What we seem to have
this movie lies in the journey, not the here is the depiction of a conflict zone
destination. rather than the exploration of a plot line.

© Copyright Oxford University Press Unit 9 Endings 101

 9G Speaking
Collaborative task
I can deal successfully with interruptions.

company
ethics
colleagues How might
these factors
influence a person’s location
decision whether
to accept a
salary job offer? promotion
prospects

1 3.07 Read the task and listen to two students

discussing it. Answer the questions.
1 Which factors do the students talk about?

2 Which of the two candidates tries to dominate the
conversation? Which two factors are the most important when deciding
3 How many times does the other candidate interrupt the whether or not to accept a job offer?
dominating candidate?
4 3.08 Read the question and listen to students doing
Speaking Strategy the second part of the task. Which two factors do they
In a collaborative task, students are expected to share the choose?
interaction equally.
1 If the other student dominates the discussion,
interrupt them politely to give your opinion. 5 3.08 Listen again. Who says the synonyms for

2 If you are interrupted when you are speaking, you can important below? Write G (girl) or B (boy). There are some
choose to allow the interruption or to reject it politely. extra synonyms that are not used.
3 If you reject the interruption, you need to go back to critical essential significant
what you were saying. crucial fundamental vital
decisive imperative
2 Read the Speaking Strategy. Match phrases 1–14 with facilities
categories A, B, C and D below. Write the numbers. How
capacity important are
A Interrupting these factors when location
B Allowing an interruption choosing a venue
to celebrate an
C Rejecting an interruption
end-of-year
D Continuing after an interruption price menu
party?
1 Yes, of course, go ahead.
2 Sorry for interrupting, but … 6 Look at the task. Make notes about the importance of each
3 Continuing where I left off … option.
4 Before you go on, I’d just like to say …

5 Can I just stop you there for a moment?

6 Can I complete my train of thought?

7 Where was I? Oh yes, …

8 Do you mind if I finish?

9 If I could just come in here, I think …
10 Sure. What do you think? Which two factors are the least important when choosing a
11 Please let me continue. venue?
12 As I was saying, I think …
13 Excuse me for butting in, but … 7 Read the question above. Make a note of your choices and
14 That’s OK. What did you want to say? reasons.

3 Listen again and tick (✓) the phrases 1–14 in
3.07

exercise 2 you hear.


8 Now do the task using your notes from exercises 6 and 7.

102 Unit 9 Endings © Copyright Oxford University Press

9H Writing
A report
I can write a report.

3 Match the two halves of the sentences.

You have just finished a preparation course for being a
lifeguard at a swimming pool. In the mornings you had 1 Broadly speaking, the programme
classes, and in the afternoons you practised what you had 2 In general, the course lived
learned in a swimming pool. The course director has asked 3 The afternoon classes were superb, unlike
you to write a report in which you should evaluate the 4 Weighing up the different factors,
programme, explain which part of it was most useful and a I would say I benefited more from the mornings.
recommend changes for future courses. b leaves a lot to be desired.
c the morning classes, which were appalling.
1 Read the task above and the report. In the writer’s opinion, d up to my expectations.
which part of the course was the most useful?
 Writing Strategy
In a report you describe and evaluate an experience, and
make recommendations for the future. You must use
Ivybridge Sports a formal impersonal style, and follow a clear structure,
Lifeguard Course with a title and subheadings.
•• Paragraph 1 states the aim of the report by
Introduction paraphrasing the three elements in the task.
The aim of this report is to assess the effectiveness of •• Paragraphs 2–4 each explore one of the elements in
the lifeguard course I recently participated in, identify the order they appear in the task.
the most valuable part of the course, and make some Read the task carefully to understand the context for the
recommendations for improvements. report and the three elements you need to explore.
Evaluation
On the 1 , I gained a great deal from the
4 Read the Writing Strategy and the task. Underline the three
course. As well as learning different techniques for rescuing
elements in the task.
swimmers in difficulty, I acquired a thorough knowledge of
health and safety legislation, and basic first-aid skills. The
only 2 of the course was the price, which You have just finished a preparation course for being a
seems excessive considering most of the participants were helper at a summer camp. In the mornings you had theory
students. classes, and in the afternoons you practised what you had
Theory vs practice learned with some children. The course director has asked
In 3 of teaching, the morning classes definitely you to write a report in which you should evaluate the
had the edge over the afternoon because the time was used programme, explain which part of it was most useful and
more effectively. The morning classes were well planned recommend changes for future courses.
and interesting, while the ones in the afternoon were much
less well organised. This meant we spent much less time 5 Make notes about the three elements in the task.
in the water, so we did not have the opportunity to practise
as much as I would have liked. Therefore, I would say that I 1 
benefited more from the theory part of the course than the 
practical part. 2 
Recommendations 
As a result of my experience, I would like to suggest the 3 
following: 
• The classes should be more structured to allow for better
use of the time available.
6 Write your report (220–260 words), using your notes from
• Participants ought to spend more time practising life- exercise 5.
saving skills in the water.
• Students should be given a discount on the fees to make CHECK YOUR WORK
the course more accessible to them. Have you …
If these recommendations are carried out, the lifeguard followed the structure in the Writing Strategy?
course at Ivybridge Sports is bound to improve. included phrases for evaluating an experience / event
and comparing and contrasting different aspects?
checked the spelling and grammar?
2 Read the report again and complete the phrases (1–3)
for evaluating an experience / event and comparing and
contrasting different aspects.

© Copyright Oxford University Press Unit 9 Endings 103

 9 Review Unit 9

Vocabulary 4 Choose the correct words to complete the text.

1 Match the global threats below to the quotes.

alien invasion asteroid pandemic pole shift supervolcano The great Roman cities of North Africa 1gave / enjoyed huge
wealth in their time. Today they stand abandoned. At one time
1 ‘The virus has already spread from West Africa to Europe.
it was felt that climate change 2triggered / put the demise of
Today the first cases are being reported in Canada.’
Roman cities like Sabratha and Leptis Magna. Today, however,
2 ‘It’s estimated to be about 300 metres wide and is that theory has been 3given / undermined by scientific data.
expected to hit Earth somewhere in the southern
Natural events such as earthquakes undoubtedly 4enjoyed /
hemisphere.’
played a role in the destruction of some ancient North African
3 ‘There are fears tonight that increased volcanic activity in
cities, but we now believe that human actions are mostly to
the region could lead to the biggest eruption in history.’ blame. Wars and invasions led to the destruction of irrigation
4 ‘The change was massive and sudden. The Earth’s new systems. That was followed by widespread deforestation,
rotation is disrupting weather systems worldwide.’ which 5spelled / undermined the end for agriculture. Visiting
5 ‘Strange flying objects have appeared in the sky over Lagos, the semi-desert region today 6spells / gives us an alarming
Tokyo and Paris, causing widespread panic.’ indication of what will happen if we don’t prevent deforestation
in other parts of the world.
Mark: /5

2 Complete the words in the sentences.

Mark: /6
1 Luckily, the police were able to prevent a terrorist from
d the bomb outside the football stadium. Word skills
2 We’ve stopped the disease from spreading, but we haven’t
w it o completely yet. 5 Complete the dialogue with the correct form of come, do,
put or take.
3 A big solar storm could w h on
Earth by destroying computer systems worldwide. Bradley Who’s 1 charge of organising the
4 If countries pull out of the agreement, it could college Arts Week this year?
s d our planet. Meltem I have − but I wish I hadn’t! I’m 2 my
5 I don’t think that intelligent computers will ever utmost to please everyone, but I’m 3

o humans and take over Earth. under a lot of fire. Some students are even posting
6 Asteroids have s i Earth comments online, saying I’m not 4 a
many times. good job.
Mark: /6 Bradley Don’t 5 any notice of stupid
comments like that.
3 Match the sentence halves and complete the sayings. Meltem I’m trying not to − but it’s all 6 as a bit
1 Matt’s lucky because his parents are rich. He … of a shock to me.
2 The band’s very popular so concert tickets … Mark: /6
3 You think you’ll definitely win the competition, …
4 It’s better not to know how many viruses there are.
6 Rewrite the sentences using the correct form of a phrasal
verb formed from the verbs in brackets.
Sometimes …
5 The rumours are probably true. After all, … 1 Tom’s grandparents looked after him as a child. (bring)
6 We don’t know whether we can avert the worst effects of 
climate change. In the end, … 2 Three prisoners have escaped a prison in Devon. (break)

a there’s without fire.


3 It’ll take a while for these rumours to stop. (die)
b will be sold on a , first served basis.
c is bliss.

4 It wasn’t easy to find you. (track)
d was born with a in his mouth.
e will tell.

5 The criminal was hiding in a warehouse when the police
f but I wouldn’t count before they
found him. (hole)
hatch.
Mark: /6 
Mark: /5

104 Unit 9 Endings © Copyright Oxford University Press

 4 Cumulative Review 4 (Units 1–7)

Listening
1 3.13 Listen to a person describing a visit to the town of THE CAVE OF
Selma, Alabama. Are the sentences true or false?
1 The speaker planned to visit Selma on his/her way to
Dallas.
2 Elijah and his brothers took part in the 1965 protests in
Selma.
CRYSTALS
3 At that time, African-Americans in Selma were supposed to The Naica mine, near Chihuahua, Mexico, has been worked by
have equal rights, but didn’t. generations of miners. Over the years, a maze of tunnels has
4 Martin Luther King’s campaign in Selma focused on slowly been excavated, some of which now reach hundreds of
education rights. metres down under the ground. But until this century, nobody
knew that a beautiful but deadly hidden world lay right next to
5 The authorities in Alabama used violence to prevent King’s
the Naica mine.
first protest march.
In 2000, brothers Juan and Pedro Sanchez were digging for
6 When people saw images of the protests on TV, most silver in the mine when they broke through a rock wall into a vast
Americans approved of police tactics. cave. The inside of the cave was a surreal world of huge crystals
7 Things changed after someone was killed. that dwarfed the men. The crystals, the biggest of which turned
8 In the end, the march was banned by the federal out to weigh 55 tonnes, grew at angles across the cave and
government. glimmered in the light of their lamps.
The heat and humidity in the cave was so high that the men
soon left − probably in the nick of time before being overcome by
Speaking the lethal atmosphere. Two days later an iron door was installed
2 Work in pairs and complete the task. − to stop anyone from going inside. However, one miner did
enter the cave later. He might have hoped to take some pieces of
crystal from the cave, but he can’t have understood the dangers.
When his body was later found, it had been slowly cooked by the
Your school has asked you to plan a day trip for some
intense heat and humidity.
visiting exchange students. What are the advantages
Temperatures of over 65°C have been measured in the
and disadvantages of these ideas? Agree which one is
main cave, and the humidity is nearly 100%. As a result, it’s
the most appropriate.
impossible for the body to cool down. Unable to cope, the body
• a visit to a museum, historical monument or castle diverts a lot of blood to the skin in a futile attempt to lose heat.
• a day at a shopping and entertainment centre Because of this, you lose consciousness as the brain is deprived
• a walk and picnic in the countryside of oxygen. Then you die.
• a visit to a pretty nearby town or village In 2006, an international team of scientists led by Italian Paolo
• an adventure sports day with canoeing and rock Forti conducted a series of expeditions to explore the cave,
climbing which people had by now called ‘The Cave of Crystals’. Due to
the intense heat and humidity, the scientists carried oxygen and
wore specially designed clothes which had ice in them. Even with
this equipment, exploring the caves nearly proved to be fatal.
Reading
3 Read the text and answer the questions in your own words.
1 How was the cave of crystals discovered?

2 What can’t the miner who died have known?

3 Why is the human body unable to cope with the high heat
and humidity in the caves?

4 How did Paolo Forti’s team overcome this problem?

5 What work did the explorers do inside the caves?

6 What does the writer think will happen in the future?


114 Cumulative Review © Copyright Oxford University Press

 4 Cumulative Review 4 (Units 1–7)

Grammar and vocabulary

4 Choose the correct answers to complete the text.
1 a that posts b posted c to post d which is Student work and travel placements can be great
posted for your English − and great fun too. But do your
2 a it b where c their d which research, writes Fabrizzio Melegari.
3 a may have b can’t have c must have d should have
I was excited when I saw an advert for a work and travel
4 a want b had c was d would want
abroad scheme 1 on my language school
wanted wanted
website. I went to the open day advertised, 2
5 a to suggest b I request c begging d they propose
was held at a local hotel. My application was processed on
6 a last b end of c end of it d final
the spot, and they soon contacted me with two possible
the day
placements − one as a swimming coach in Durham,
7 a worth b necessary c great d important England, and the other in a restaurant in Tropic Utah, USA.
8 a up b in c out d off I3 checked the places out before replying,
but I jumped at the chance of going to America.
It wasn’t until I arrived that I realised that Tropic was a tiny
It was difficult and dangerous for the explorers to climb over the settlement two hours from the nearest town − Cedar City.
crystals and make their way through the cave. What’s more, they I was gutted. I 4 to have fun in the States,
couldn’t go slowly because the ice in their suits quickly melted. but here I was flipping burgers at a diner in the middle of
After that time, they became dangerously hot and had to retreat to nowhere. Initially I considered 5 the agency
specially cooled tents in the main mine.
to change my placement. But at the 6 I’m
Despite these difficulties, the scientists were able to map
glad I didn’t. I made some good friends in Tropic, and had
the main caves, take samples and analyse the chemistry which
a surprisingly good time hanging out with them − even in
had led to this amazing environment. It turns out that the Cave
of Crystals is actually three linked caves − one much bigger and a place where nothing ever happens. And nearby Bryce
hotter than the other two − and possibly there are more caves Canyon is beautiful, and really 7 seeing. So
nearby. The crystals are made of a mineral called selenite. Over there was an upside to my experience. Having said that, I’d
hundreds of thousands of years, the caves had been periodically certainly recommend checking out any placement before
flooded by water rich in the mineral gypsum. The heat produced by signing 8 for it.
underground volcanic activity had turned this gypsum into glass-
like crystals of selenite. The longest crystal found was nearly 12
metres in length, and it had probably been growing for about half a
million years!
Paolo Forti’s team mounted twelve short expeditions to the mine
in 2006. Even so, the cave system hasn’t yet been fully mapped.
Since 2006, nobody has dared to go back there but no doubt one
day explorers will. The Naica mine is still in use, but the door to the
staggeringly beautiful and equally lethal Cave of Crystals remains
firmly shut.

Writing
5 Read the question below and write an informal email in
220–260 words. Remember to plan your paragraphs before
writing.

You’ve received an email from an English-speaking friend.

I’m trying to get used to living in my new home – and new
country – but it isn’t easy. I miss my old friends, and my
neighbourhood too. I know you’re away from home all summer
on a language course, so how are you feeling? Are you enjoying
it or missing home? What do you think I should do?

© Copyright Oxford University Press Cumulative Review 115

 5 Cumulative Review 5 (Units 1–9)

Listening Reading
1 3.14 Listen and complete the sentences with a short 3 Read texts A−C and match them with the statements.
word or phrase. Which text mentions …
1 something which can change people’s behaviour?
2 criticism of a film by scientists?
3 a huge disaster which took place a long time ago?
4 something which may become more dangerous one day?
5 the fact that a film has exaggerated something?
6 the typical ending of a plot?
7 new evidence that a theory may be correct?
8 the low probability that something will happen soon?

Global catastrophe is one of

Hollywood’s best-loved themes,
but how realistic are disaster
film scenarios? Read on for our
reality check.
A A sudden climate change
1 British illusionist Derren Brown didn’t think that luck was a In the film The Day after Tomorrow, a weather circulation system
, but he wanted to test his theory. over the Atlantic referred to by scientists as AMOC shuts down.
2 Film-maker Dawn O’Porter helped him to create a This plunges Europe and North America into a sudden and severe
about a lucky statue in a small English town. ice age. The film was put down as rubbish by scientists at the
3 Most people said they’d heard about it because they didn’t time of its release in 2004, but a new study by the University
want to seem . of Southampton and the Max Planck Institute is making people
4 People began to visit the statue and they were reconsider.
for good luck.
Using sophisticated climate modelling programs, researchers
5 Slowly, the of the town began to change.
calculated that climate change caused by carbon emissions could
6 Local butcher Wayne Stansfield strongly believed that he
indeed cause
would always be .
AMOC to shut
7 Derren Brown’s admission that the lucky dog was a hoax down − cooling
came to people who had believed in it. the planet instead
8 Amazingly, the town’s continued, even after of warming it for
they knew the truth. a period of about
20 years. What
Speaking is unrealistic in
the film, however,
2 Work in pairs. Take turns to ask and answer the questions.
is the speed and
• Do you think that some people are luckier than others? severity with which
Why or why not? this happens.
• Have you ever been extremely lucky? What happened? However badly
• Are you generally optimistic or pessimistic about the climate change
future? Why? affects AMOC, it
• What do you think are the most important dangers facing won’t happen in
our planet? Why? the way depicted
• What do you see yourself doing in twenty years’ time? in the film.
• What important scientific breakthroughs do you think will
happen in your lifetime?

116 Cumulative Review © Copyright Oxford University Press

5 Cumulative Review 5 (Units 1–9)

Grammar and vocabulary

B A zombie attack 4 Choose the correct answers to complete the text.
1 a That b That c What d It
Films such as Resident Evil and The Walking Dead portray
2 a they are b such c them d so
embattled heroes fighting for their lives against a plague of killer
3 a it b which c for d what
zombies. Whatever Hollywood says, it’s impossible for dead people
4 a is named b to be named c named d they named
to rise up from the grave. But could some future disease infect
5 a we b to c to be d as
people and control their minds, turning them violent? Worryingly,
6 a will be b must have c had d are
some biologists think so.
7 a Whenever b Whichever c However d Whatever
Some mind-controlling diseases already exist, such as the 8 a it b all c so d that
parasite toxoplasmosis. This makes mice lose their fear of cats
− the parasite needs the mouse to be eaten by the cat in order

USE OF ENGLISH
to complete its life cycle. Interestingly, human studies show that
whoever becomes infected with toxoplasmosis tends to become
bolder and take more risks.
Is it possible that there are intelligent aliens somewhere out
Another virus already exists which causes people to become there, on a distant planet far from Earth? 1
violent, and even bite others: rabies. Luckily, rabies is difficult to we’ve learned about the universe in the last few decades
get, but viruses evolve over time and change. If one day rabies certainly suggests 2 . The question is, will any
became as infectious as flu, it would be time to arm yourself and of them ever visit Earth? And what would happen if they did?
lock the doors!
SETI is a scientific organisation 3 searches
for intelligent alien life. A division of SETI 4
the Post Detection Task Force has plans in place for what
C A meteorite impact to do in the event of alien contact. These basically involve
contacting the United Nations and scientific agencies,
Asteroid impacts are another
sharing data, and working out how to respond. The military
favourite Hollywood theme
would be the last 5 involved. The thinking
− with blockbuster films
behind this is simple: any aliens who actually manage
featuring planet-killing rocks
to cross light-years of interstellar space and get here
that hurtle towards Earth, 6
developed technology that is far more
only to meet their match
advanced than ours. 7 weapons they have
in a heroic astronaut like
will be incomparably better than ours, so attempting to fight
Bruce Willis in Armageddon
them would be futile.
or Robert Duvall in Deep
Impact. These tough-talking, At the end of the day, 8 we can hope is that
good-looking heroes always any aliens who do visit us will turn out to be friendly − more
manage to save us, only like the gentle creatures in the film Arrival than the killers of
to die themselves after a Independence Day.
suitably moving farewell.
The fact is that Earth
has been hit by many big Writing
asteroids in the past – and
will be again. A huge asteroid wiped out the dinosaurs 65 million 5 Read the task. Then write a report of 220–260 words.
Remember to plan your paragraphs before writing.
years ago, causing worldwide destruction. So the big question is,
when will this happen again?
You have been asked to write a report about how ready your
What astronomers know is that there are millions of asteroids school is to deal with an emergency such as a fire, flood or
out there. A really big one could hit us at almost any time − but earthquake. In your report, you should examine what facilities
statistically it isn’t likely for thousands of years. By that time and equipment your school has (e.g. emergency stairs, fire
scientists hope to have figured out a way to deal with them − either extinguishers, etc.) and how well staff and students have
destroying the asteroid or changing its orbit so it flies harmlessly been prepared for an emergency (e.g. first-aid-trained staff,
past Earth. emergency drills, etc.). Evaluate your school’s preparations and
make recommendations to improve them.

© Copyright Oxford University Press Cumulative Review 117

 F Functions Bank

Eliciting a response
What do you think of the idea that … ? (7G)
What’s your view of … ? (7G)
Don’t you agree that … ? (7G)
Would it be fair to say that … ? (7G)
Why do / don’t you like the idea of … ? (7G)
Would you prefer to … ? (7G)
What do you like / dislike about … ? (7G)

Causes and consequences

This situation / state of affairs has been brought about by … (8H)
This is due to … / This is the result of … (8H)
One reason for … is … (8H)
The situation / problem has been exacerbated by … (8H)
The principle cause of … is … (8H)
This has given rise to … (8H)
One of the main consequences of … is … (8H)
This has resulted in … (8H)
Consequently, … / As a result, … / Hence, … (8H)

Dealing with interruptions

Can I just stop you there for a moment? (9G)
Sorry for interrupting, but … (9G)
Excuse me for butting in, but ... (9G)
Before you go on, I’d just like to say … (9G)
If I could just come in here, I think … (9G)
Sure. What do you think? (9G)
That’s OK. What did you want to say? (9G)
Yes, of course, go ahead. (9G)
Please let me continue. (9G)
Can I complete my train of thought? (9G)
Do you mind if I finish? (9G)
As I was saying , I think … (9G)
Continuing where I left off … (9G)
Where was I? Oh yes, … (9G)

Evaluating an experience / event

Broadly speaking, … leaves a lot to be desired (9H)
The downside of my placement was … (9H)
In general, … lived up to my expectations. (9H)
On the whole , I gained a great deal / very little from … (9H)
In terms of … , … definitely has / had the edge over … (9H)
The … was superb, unlike the … , which was appalling. (9H)
Weighing up the different factors, I would say … (9H)

124 Functions Bank   © Copyright Oxford University Press