import math
Function to calculate Euclidean distance between
two points
def distance(p1, p2):
x1, y1 = p1
x2, y2 = p2
return math.sqrt((x2 - x1) ** 2 + (y2 - y1) ** 2)
Function to generate all permutations of a list
(recursive)
def generate_permutations(lst):
# Base case: if the list is empty, return empty permutation
if len(lst) == 0:
return [[]]
perms = []
for i in range(len(lst)):
# Remove lst[i] and generate permutations of the rest
rest = lst[:i] + lst[i+1:]
for p in generate_permutations(rest):
perms.append([lst[i]] + p)
return perms
Read points from the file
filename = 'points.txt'
with open(filename, 'r') as file:
n = int(file.readline()) # Reads the number of drilling points (first line)
points = [] # Creates empty list to store points
for _ in range(n): # Loop runs for n times to read each point
line = file.readline() # Reads the next line from the file
x, y = line.strip().split(',') # Splits the line using comma to get x and y
points.append((float(x), float(y))) # Converts x, y to floats and adds to points list
Start point at (0, 0)
start = (0, 0)
shortest_path = None # Will store the best path found
shortest_length = None # Will store the best total distance
Generate all possible orders to visit the points
all_paths = generate_permutations(points)
For each possible path
for path in all_paths:
full_path = [start] + path + [start] # Start -> all points -> back to start
total_length = 0 # To add up total distance for this route
for i in range(len(full_path) - 1): # Loop to calculate distances between consecutive points
total_length += distance(full_path[i], full_path[i+1])
# If this route is shorter, save it
if (shortest_length is None) or (total_length < shortest_length):
shortest_length = total_length
shortest_path = full_path
Print answer
print("Shortest path:")
for pt in shortest_path:
print(pt, end=" -> ")
print("\nTotal distance:", shortest_length)
explain all lines and also Explain the code line by line including all loops,lists initialisation, if or
conditionals etc Include the whole code also
Here is the complete Python code again, followed by a detailed line-by-line explanation including
all loops, list initialization, and conditional statements:
import math
def distance(p1, p2):
x1, y1 = p1
x2, y2 = p2
return math.sqrt((x2 - x1) ** 2 + (y2 - y1) ** 2)
def generate_permutations(lst):
if len(lst) == 0:
return [[]]
perms = []
for i in range(len(lst)):
rest = lst[:i] + lst[i+1:]
for p in generate_permutations(rest):
perms.append([lst[i]] + p)
return perms
filename = 'points.txt'
with open(filename, 'r') as file:
n = int(file.readline())
points = []
for _ in range(n):
line = file.readline()
x, y = line.strip().split(',')
points.append((float(x), float(y)))
start = (0, 0)
shortest_path = None
shortest_length = None
all_paths = generate_permutations(points)
for path in all_paths:
full_path = [start] + path + [start]
total_length = 0
for i in range(len(full_path) - 1):
total_length += distance(full_path[i], full_path[i+1])
if (shortest_length is None) or (total_length < shortest_length):
shortest_length = total_length
shortest_path = full_path
print("Shortest path:")
for pt in shortest_path:
print(pt, end=" -> ")
print("\nTotal distance:", shortest_length)
Line-by-Line Explanation
1. import math
Imports the Python math library which provides mathematical functions, such as sqrt for
square root calculation.
2. def distance(p1, p2):
Defines a function named distance which takes two points (p1 and p2) as tuples (x, y).
3. x1, y1 = p1 and x2, y2 = p2
Unpacks the x and y coordinates from each of the two point tuples.
4. return math.sqrt((x2 - x1) ** 2 + (y2 - y1) ** 2)
Calculates and returns the Euclidean distance between the two points using the formula
.
5. def generate_permutations(lst):
Defines a recursive function to generate all permutations of a list of points.
6. if len(lst) == 0:
Base case for recursion: if the list is empty, there is only one permutation, the empty list.
7. return [[]]
Returns a list containing an empty list as the sole permutation.
8. perms = []
Initializes an empty list to hold all permutations generated for the current call.
9. for i in range(len(lst)):
Loops through all indices in the current list to select each element as the first element in the
permutation.
10. rest = lst[:i] + lst[i+1:]
Creates a new list without the selected element, combining slices before and after index i.
11. for p in generate_permutations(rest):
Recursively generates all permutations of the smaller list rest.
12. perms.append([lst[i]] + p)
Prefixes selected element lst[i] to each permutation p of rest and adds it to perms.
13. return perms
Returns the full list of permutations generated.
14. filename = 'points.txt'
Specifies the file name containing the drilling points data.
15. with open(filename, 'r') as file:
Opens the file for reading in a context manager to ensure proper closure afterwards.
16. n = int(file.readline())
Reads the first line, converts it to an integer representing the number of drilling points.
17. points = []
Initializes an empty list to store drilling point coordinates.
18. for _ in range(n):
Loops exactly n times to read each point coordinate.
19. line = file.readline()
Reads the next line from the file.
20. x, y = line.strip().split(',')
Strips whitespace and splits the line by comma into strings x and y.
21. points.append((float(x), float(y)))
Converts string coordinates to floats, makes a tuple, and appends it to points.
22. start = (0, 0)
Defines the starting point of the drilling path.
23. shortest_path = None
Initializes a variable to hold the shortest drilling path found.
24. shortest_length = None
Initializes a variable to hold the shortest total distance found.
25. all_paths = generate_permutations(points)
Generates all possible orders (permutations) of points.
26. for path in all_paths:
Loops through each candidate drilling route.
27. full_path = [start] + path + [start]
Constructs the full route including starting and ending at (0,0).
28. total_length = 0
Initializes the total distance accumulator for the route.
29. for i in range(len(full_path) - 1):
Loops through consecutive pairs of points to calculate total distance.
30. total_length += distance(full_path[i], full_path[i+1])
Adds the distance between points full_path[i] and full_path[i+1] to total_length.
31. if (shortest_length is None) or (total_length < shortest_length):
Checks if this is the first path or if it has a shorter distance than the shortest so far.
32. shortest_length = total_length
Updates the shortest length variable.
33. shortest_path = full_path
Updates the shortest path variable.
34. print("Shortest path:")
Prints the heading.
35. for pt in shortest_path:
Loops through each point in the shortest path.
36. print(pt, end=" -> ")
Prints each point followed by an arrow -> without line breaks.
37. print("\nTotal distance:", shortest_length)
Prints a newline and then the shortest total distance.
This explanation covers every line, its purpose, all loops, list and variable initializations, recursive
logic, and conditional statements, suitable for someone new to Python and this type of problem.
⁂
1. https://ijmmt.ro/vol5no12013/Mansour_Gabriel_1.pdf
2. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405896316307972
3. https://etherealmachines.com/blog/advancing-cnc-efficiency-innovative-toolpath-optimization-techniq
ues/
