Calculation of ABCD Parameters AIN s the ABCD Parameters for symmetric PI -configuration ofa To Deten transmission line. ro Verify the relation AD-BC=1. . A eo ote cai atin of effeteney and regulation of line by using ABCD constants, Theoretical background: ‘ : ome ci Accurate analysis of the transmission lines requires that the 2 - port parameters viz., A.B.C, D parameters of the lines are to be determined. Let line series impedance be 2 and y be its shunt admittance, where z and y are the impedance and admittance per unit length, respectively. It can be shown that for a long transmission lines the A, B, C. D parameters are given by: : A= coshyl, B = Z.sinhyl. C= Y¢ sinhyl, D = coshyl. Sending end and Receiving end Voltages and Currents are related by: vs) (a 5 vw I, c D Ie ion Tine connected to a source at the sending end and a load at the receiving end may be thought of as a two terminal pair network . with sending end Voltage and current as Vs and Js. and receiving end voltage and current as V Jn - For any two of the above four variables, the other two variables depend on the Parameters of the transmission network between the input and output ports. For example, the dependence of Vs and Js on Ve and Jy may be expressed through the relations: = AV, + Bly a). Is =CVe+Dlk.,... (2). phere the coefficients A, B.C, D are called the transmission parameters. It follows from equations (1) and (2), Passive networks have the AD-BC: Fora specified Vp and fy, Vs and Jy can be determi unique property of ined from equations (1) and (2), Nore: With? -v=v* 9) pow, Me tg pee — E+(I79)) + Similarly, with yp =O, / © scanned with OKEN Scanner® and Des? with Veo 0 In (i). A Pi newwork is identified with a series impedance and symmetric shunt admit (2). Determit (3). Using va AD-BC=1 (4). For an given active power of P KW or watts/ph drawn by the load at the receiving end at rated voltage V’e and power factor p.f, say lag, the receiving end current is ? Ip = ic pf apy Cont the corresponding sending end volta, V+ Ble +DIk 1g end Real Power = P =Real(V I’) and J, are obtained as Sent Receiving end Real Power (given) = Pe =P Then, Efficiency= _**100 Ps -V, ®) #100 Ve Output expected from the program (Experiment): ABCD constants. Sending end voltage, current, power, power factor. Percentage voltage regulation. Then, Regulation= ALGORITHM: To find ABCD constants of equivalent PI - network & hence to find efficiency regulation Read length, impedance/Km, admittance/Km of transmission line Enter choice |- for short ine 2- for medium line 3- for long line. Calculate A= D=(1 + YZ/2) and er © scanned with OKEN ScannerPower Sy c= + YZ). Fehoice = 3. Y. Ys fa Read length [|] x Pens ngth, A=D=Cosh (7) C=HZe Sinh (7). 4. Display A, B.C. & D constants $. Enter choice 1 —to read Vr, Ir & compute Vs, Is 2-To read Vs, Is& compute Vr, Ir Ifchoice Find V I Displa 4 A.Vr+B.lr : Vr + Dlr where Vr & Irare in per phase { Vs & Is Find Vr=D.Vs~B.ls : Is=C.Ve+ Dlr where Vs & Is are in per phase Display Vs & Is, Find (i) VsZosv & Is Zést (i) Sending end power factor, Phew = Cos (Z8sv - 8st) < i)” Sending end power, Ps=3 [Vs |* Isl * Pfoxy j 6. Find (i) Vr Zérv & Ir Zor], (ii) Receiving end power factor Phe Cos (Zérv ~Zérl) ‘ i) Receiving end power, Pi IVel* ltr] * ice ‘ i t 7. Find efficiency, = Pr/Ps * 109 8. Find voltage regulation i Is}- [vel VR= ————. «19 § Ivel 9. Display (i) efficiency, » ‘ (ii) Voltage regulation, VR 10. Stop. § Note: ~ Boe § (1/Tofind generalized equivalent circuit lements of Pi- network for long lines, U7 Zor Za = y*length* sinh Oh ¥ or You= y*length/2* tanh (2) / (72) # Yer 7 : Shain lines are eatesorized as three types: : (i). Short transmi: ‘on Tine: Length of the line varies up to 80km, & ansmission line: Length ofthe tine Varies from 80 to 150km. transmission line: Length Varies above 150km, | oe m Pave 3 ‘’ © scanned with OKEN Scannerthe programming : Fe ne parameters (AB CD), for th alation for different fine lengths (ie. Short, Medium, and Data fo ne the ind voltage Fee Tong Fines). ; oe dae recs Fn! Voltage, Vr~ (1324000 in KV (Line Line Ginerng end Curent in Amps = (17AM6-131.22i), Roos afte fom Three Phase Power dan bythe Load) ase tnassion Line Parameter: Line impedance zin ohms/KM, z= (0.20.4) dine admittance y in ohms/KM, y= (043.14e-6i). {Given: Short lines 40km Medium line =150 km, and Long lines = 250 km) Za Receiving End Voltage = 6.6 KV, (Line to Line) ‘Three Phase Power drawn by the Load = 100 KW at 0.8 PF lag ‘Transmi Parameters: Series Resistance = 5 Ohms Series Inductance = 0.1 Henry Total Line charging capacitance = 0.4 pF _ © scanned with OKEN ScannerPower System Simulation Labs - ~--MATLAB Program for AB CD paranetors $ Calculation of ABCD Paranoters for equivalent PI - Notwork with ‘ impedance Z and Shunt admittance ¥, And daternination of % EEficsenoy and voltage ror jelatxon crreset \ Lino Data given ‘ 2*0.240.401 7 Lino impodance = in ohns/K yn0+3.14e-6i ; § Line admittance y in ohme/KM Ki = input("\n Enter 1-for short line \n 2-for medium Lino \n 3-for long line"); ¥ Line type 8 Short Line * data given or use the input statenent as given avd switch KL a 0 * length=input("\n Enter length of short Line"); Zez*length; Y=y*length; = ¥ data given 20 = sqrt (z/y); gen = sqrt(z*y)*length; § canna Ascosh (gam) ; Dea; Bezcteinh (gan) ; cal /ze¥einh (gan) : DaPnPp nnn otherrise 1 Asp "irong choice of tine type") « ona N EPrinte("\n A,B,C and D constants + \n'); | Eprante (a ae , EPEANEE('\n A = M5. 48 told. ae Foal Ia) leagOuyT EPEANEE("\n Bw A15.4f seis. dfs" toal (Oy seat aN) & Eerint£("\n © = A154 Seis.dti eed ey ieee! Eprinte("\n D = U5. 4f Qel8. tts. real fy aed) 6 APFANEEC*\n\n (AD ~ BC) = NE.2E (nrenecn tao, K2 = imput("\n Enter 1 - To read ve, Iz and compute ve cE & \n 2" to read Vay Te and conpannute ch 2, 6 ti S vesinput(Yonter Ve/phase +); & $ szsinpue (‘enter Ie/phace wesizv0.04; SRecoving end voltage sn KV (teL) 6 $=6374.96-131.294; 4 Recoving ond Currents neve wevetled/oartQ) |< int votage to ph voltsge es vonts 6 vestatvesBese) (163; 4 tn ev is=C*vr+ptir; & 6 e ~ e oe © scanned with OKEN Scannerwe ’ woe ee vbbuoBuwwvvvur 3 Powe vim Sanding ond YoLtage/Ph\t ACL RV! pnanee (s\n Sending ond ¥ S664. WV" jr0nd (va) imag ive ceeante 0 Sony and orsen/eot SVE oa ey ange forint lays RV to wall : ose 2, ec aninput (seater Va/phase*) Pee eonear de/phase "7 enka20.087 . hnel74.96-131.2247 ve = voele3/sqrt (3.007 we =(Dtve-Btis) /103) Ar =-CtvetDtisi gprintf ("\n Receiving ond Voltago/ph=¥f $f xv", roal (vr) ,imag(VE)) 7 Zprinef (*\n Receiving ond Curront/phSf $f que! real (ir) imag (42) + veevetle3 end roe_pows3#real (vr*eon) (i2)) /1067 Sede powe stabs (ve) tabs (Sx) *e08 (angle (wr) -angle (ix) /206; send_pow=3#real (veteon3 (is) /106; Soreae powe3tabs (va) tabs (18) *c08 (angle (ve) ~angle(3s)) /1e6: efferes_pow/send_pow*100; eg ((abs (v8) /abs (A) ) ~abs (vz) ) /abs (vz) #100; Fpuintf (*\n Recoiving end poxor=$.2£ KVA Fec_pow) { Eprinef ('\n Sending end poxor=%.2f KVA',2end_pow) + Eprinté (*\n EEficioncy=$.2 V8" eff): Eprint® (*\n Voltage Regulation=*.2 48 \n! reg) outpute: Ae 0.9337 40,0031 Be 20,0000 +40..00001 ce 010000 +0,00031 D= 0.9937 40,0314, TAD = BC) = 1,00 Enter 1 - To read Vr, Ir and comput: 2- To read Vs, 1s and compute Vr, r= 762100404 sending end Voltage/ph+84.479635 +4.6133005 KV Sending end Current /ph=174.235712 ~105.9916903, AME ing end power=40.00 KVA fend power=42.69. KVA age Regulation=11.72 § Deptot E& E Engg, PESCE. Mandya i) © scanned with OKEN ScannerExperiment No.2 Yow by inspection method and Calculation of Li ¢ flows: AIM: 1. To form ius for a power system by inspection method. To Determine Bus currents, Bus power and Line flows for a specified system voltage (bus) profile, for a given power system. Theoretical backgroi The anal is OF a power system requires certain network matrices vi matrix, Yhus or Bus Impedance mat current variables represented by the through the relation . Bus admittance 2. The bus admittance matrix relates the bus column vector to the bus voltage variables Jon “Vin () Yow is ann Xn square matrix vw here n is the can be formed by using technique. number of buses in the system. This Yow, ‘manual Inspection method or Singular transformation The method of inspection appeal a aeons and off diagonal elements separately. _ fhpltcable for systems with no mutual coupling + has a simple computational procedure: ~ Diagonal Element = sum of all the admittances connected at the bus under consideration, (). Where q=0 represents ground And N= Number of buses in the system Joy = admitance between buses p & y + Off Diagonal Elements = negative of admittance between the buses (p&q ) under consideration i.e, MM cee el (2). ~ hs elements are determined using the above equations (1) and (2), for Yew is a symmetric matrix. Hence only the Nx(N-1) element ax be determined and the remaining N ‘elements te relation Yog = My, ton. ts of upper triangular determined using the Y=, Calculation of Line flows: Computation of Power flow the real and reactive power injected at each bus, GB). gives vital information about into the system, real and pone toss ingot HONS in each transmission line and the real and reactive Power loss ineach transmission line. The algorithms required t0 program are as given below. PROCEDURE 30) MS; 2.(u)-Formation of ¥ bus by direct method. (Unspection method), J. Read the no. of buses (nbus) & no, of lines (nline), 2. Read the following line from bus no, to bus no, charging admittane & half line Pace? © scanned with OKEN Scannerower System Simla 4. Comer fine impedance to admittance of each Tine 4. Repeat step i) to (ii) for KH to nine. : ; i pettom busno, qé to bus no. ii, Diagonal elements Ypp = Ypp + line admittance + half 1 Yaa = Yaqtline adm. + hleY iii, Of diagonal elements Ypp = ye admittance Yqp = e admittance, we charging Y. $. Display Ybus Display Zbus = [Ybus}" 6. Stop. ‘Program % FORMATION OF " ybus "i.e, Bus Admittance Matrix. {BY USING INSPECTION METHOD WITHOUT MUTUAL COUPLING: S line Data is from Stagg6 Abiad book 3 Note: Idata -> Line data & hicY ~>Half Line Charging Admittance & Bus No.From to z =(r+}x) _hic¥(Suceptance +4B only) Idata = (1 2 0,02+0,06i 0.064 1 3 0.08+0.24i 0.054 2 3 0,06+0.18i 0.043 2 4 0.06+0.183 0.043 2 5 0,04+0.123 0.034 3 4 0.01+0.03i 0.024 4 5 0.08+0.243 0.054]; fb = Idata(:,1); % fb-From bus th = Idata(:,2); % tb-To bus z = Idata(:,3); | % Line Inpedances ho = Ldata(:/4) % Half Line Charging Adnittance yorl/e 4 Line Adnittances Abus=nax(nax (fb) ,max(tb)}; % Total no. of buses/Max.Bus No. Ybus=zeros (nbus) ; nline=length (fb) ; & Total no. of Lines for k =1 : nline, path (k) sqntb (i) 7 Yous (p/p) =¥bus (p,p) +y (k) +h(k) 7% Self Admittances, Ypp Yous (4/4) =¥bus (4/4) +y (k) +h(k) 7 § Self Admittances, Yaq Yous (p,q) =Ybue (p,4) -y(K) : \ Mutual Admittances, Ypq Yous (q,P)=¥bus (p,q) # % Mutual Adnittances, Ypq end format short; Yous Dispaly Ybus and Zbus Zbus=inv(Ybus) Program outputs: [Ybus] and [bus] matrices. Ybus = CBG] STIS “asap a “Sifts [TOSI jI2ATS| 1.666748 | 1007-35 Tas f375 | 1.0067 +18 | 129167 -]38.095 | _—_-10 + 530 7 TH666T HIS 107} 30 | TEGT=j AROS | “13S FRI o S4i75 0 waa j315 [378-50 ieee” tage Deptot SCEMandya © scanned with OKEN Scanner‘ Power System Simulation Lab t © 1.728% 0.0043 - 1.7369; -0,0053 - 1.7398 -0.0082 «1.7396 ¢ Si 0.0053 - 1.70841 -0.0057 «1.73524 -0.0038 - 1.73561 -0.0015 «72881 Bynes 1 7369% -0.0037- 1.73821 0.0089. 1.69751 0.0045 171071 -a0nd) «1 Foe S Duss 17398i 0.0038 1.7356) 8.0045 = 71071 0.0090 1.69731 _00088 «173% 0082 -1.7396i -0.0015 1.7285; 0.0087 - 173821 44.0033 = 1.73394 0.0212 -1:66101 ¢ 2ub)Procedure & Aleori Poee a e A system volt ‘é ize profile is assumed (which could preferably be the data obtained from a load flow anal is), (1D Read the following fine data at each from busno(p), to busnotq), fine imp. (Zy) & half line chargi 1g admittance (Y.spq) read voltages at all buses. (2) Comer line impedance to admittance ofeach line Vp (3). Repeat step (i)t0 (ix) for k= 110 no. of lines, (. Let p= from bus no. & q = to bus no. ns on (i). Cine current. tp = (Vp-Vq) Ypa* Vq* Yap S (ili). Line flows = SLpq = Vp.(lpq)* (iv). Generation at bus ip = SGp + SLpq. g (9). Iba = (Va = Vp).Ypq-+ Vq * Yap ¢ I + Ipq. N Pq * Va Ipg®. 6 Loss (k) + Sipq + Sap. ‘ (ix) Total loss = Total loss + loss(k). 6. (4). Display current at each bus, \ Display line flows & line loss at each line Display generations at each bus Display the total losses. (5). Stop. Erosram cuz’ Flows Caloutation i.e. bus currents, Bus power & Line Pég : pa 2 le (anu Idata = [1 2 0.020.044 0.00% 1 3 0.0140.034 0.008 2 3 0.0125+0.0251 0004 3; & Bus Voltages v(1)=1.05403; ¥(2)=0.98-0.063; PPPPPPP PPP Pr arn ¥(3)=1.0-0.053; fb=Ldata(:;1); 8 from bus tbeldata(: (2); & to bue Ldata(:/3 Sz Line amp.te yeh=Ldata(;,4) % Shunt ¥/2 or B/2 (yle) yl /a; Rbuowmax(nax (fb) ,max(tb)); nline=Length (fb) ; & format short Ib=zeros(nbue,1) ; ‘S8G=zeros (nbus, 1) ; lossszeros (aline, 1 totloss=0; Deptof E& Page ss» © scanned with OKEN ScannerDeptof E & E Enga, PESCE, Mandy: Power System Simulation Lab petb Qed; getb() 2 p.q)=(v(p) -¥ (q) ) ty (i) + (p) tsb Ok) ) = (eq) ~¥ ip) ) #y Ce) + (q) Py sh Ce) 2 rb(p) = t(P)+7(P/9) 3b(q) = tb(q)+z (4,5) sLip.a) = ¥(p) *e0nd (Z(p a) SE(q,P)= ¥(g) #009 (2 (GP)? SG(p) = SS(P)+8L(P-4 sG(q) = SG(q)+SL(q.P) lose (k) = loss (k)+SL(p,4)+8L(q,>) totloss = totloss+loss (k) : -\n"): 86 Eprint£("\2\n -\n"); loss fprint€(’ Total Less = Program Outputs: BUS CURRENTS... 1.9950 ~ 0.84001 -1,9100-0.67001 0 72.0300 -0.9000i 0.6640+ 0.48801 0 BUS GENRATIONS- so 4.0950 1.89001 $660 - 1.10201, 0.0850 ~ 0.17004 (0.0500 ~ 0.15001 0.0080 + 0.01605 Total Loss = 0.1430 + 033601 © scanned with OKEN Scannertem Simulation Lab System Data for Vies Formation ber oF Buses = 4, Number of Transmission Lines ~ 5. ' Ser] half Line | Impedance | Charging To Bus Admitta 1 2 | 0.02 F5 2 3 0.025 50.125 | 3 4 0.034501 | 4 TT | 0.015 4} 0.09 | 50.02 a 2 O18 +} 0.072 | 50.02 Page 11 © scanned with OKEN ScannerFormation of Ypo. and Zye, by singular transformations AIM: To determine Yn. for a and without mutual coupli en power system by singular transformation method with Theoretical background: A representation of a power s sm & the corresponding oriented graph are shown in Figures. Fo Fig(?) Pquivalecs gph uegeesttion fr the dove Single Line Disgres Leh, rated Beg et eae Y 2 t A Fig(3) Orientation graph The number of branches b required to form a tree, is b = n-1 . where n is the ‘a connected graph with e elements It follows that L Incidence Matrices: Element-node incidence matrix_4, The element-node incidence matrix shows the ence of elements to nodes in a connected graph. The elements of the matrix are as follows: Lot &E Engs.. PESCK © scanned with OKEN Scannerm Simulation fab ee the jth node ent is incident & ori f 2a itncmetemr icine € oriented toward the th nade ement is not incident to jth node Mis deci rie et lv'e tn whee ete te mmr oF elements rice of nea i te raph, The element node Incidence matrix for the the number of nodes in the gra shown in Fig. 2s a, ~ <1 if the ith clemer tenis ph Element-node incidence matrix. 4 (A cap) Bus incidence Bus incidence matrix A: Any node of a connected graph can be of the other nodes, referred to as buses ‘ gio! 2 34 apa 2 7 : 3 7 A 4 Tye . st iat : > > Formation of y ‘ A power syst teference the ‘ independent nodal Performance eq ‘ Ina ™ Yanekne 7 Where ton = vector of 2 Vector oft ¥lE8eS measured w., cference the vector of impressed bus curren ference buy ; 7 > MMOfEA Eknge vesce me 1. PESCE, Mandy thnias ° © scanned with OKEN Scannernver system simulation lab Za = bus impeatance impatanee. Ysa = Bus admittance matrix whose elements are short circuit driving point & transfer aximittances. Here Ybus is given by Yau = AUIS where [3] is primitive therefore A'[y] A isa sit 2a Yoo = (A'( AY open circuit driving point & transfer mittance matrix, The bus incidence matrix A is si ular transformation of [y]. Therefore it fallows that PROCEDURE: The Singular Transformation method * Applicable for systems with or without mutual coupling Requires formation of Bus Incidence Matrix *A* Requires formation of primitive admittance matrix [3] + Yous is obtained in a single step matrix computation a Yow 4H Formation of Matrix A For N bus system with k transmission lines. the oriented connected graph is drawn, withground as reference node. The graph will have “n’ nodes other than the reference node and ‘e” elements where e=k+n, n representing the total Tine charging admittance at each bus. Hence “A” is a matrix of size e x n. Elements of A\iis 1.1. of O depending on the incidence or otherwise ofan element at a node © Formation matrix [y] The impedance data of the system including mutual impedance is expressed in matrix form to obtain the primitive impedance matrix [2] of size exe. Ordering of elements in the matrices A and [Z] should be same. Primitive adminance matris[y] is obtained as [y}Finverse(z}.. -() The Yous isthen given by Y,. =4'DH. @ ALGORITHMS: 1.(a) Formation of Yes. using singular Transformation method without mutual coupling. 1. Read no. of buses (nbus) & no. of lines (nlines). 2. Initialize shunt admittance matrix to zeros. 3.Repeat step no (i). to step no (iv). for all lines, i= to nline. (i) Read line data i.e... frombus no, tobus no, Zseries, half line chargit Shunt admittance [from bus] =shunt admittance (from bus) + half line charg ‘Shunt admittance [to bus] = shunt admittance (to bus) + half line charging. ) Series admittance[i}=1/series impedanee{i). 4. Initialize all the elements of matrix A of size[(nbus + nline) X nbus] to zeros. Form the incidence matrix A. DeptofE & E Engz. PE: Page 14 © scanned with OKEN ScannerPower system simulation lab eee FormA= Ax where Ay is identity matrix of size (nbus X nbus) " a matrix of size (nine * nbus) & elements of Ay = [a,j] bus. ‘i ted away from j® bus, incident to & oriented away from j bus, Form Y-primitive matrix ; Bee : Initialize all elements of matrix Ypr of size (nbus + nine X nbus + nline) to rer. Y YY Form Ypr= |— | — yy} Y! Where Y isa matrix of size (nbus X nbus) with diagonal elements Yu Yo= total shunt admittance at bu: YY isa matrix ofsize (nbus X nline) Y; is matrix of size (aline X nline) with diagonal elements Yiu Yiu = Yseties of line i=1/Zseries of line i. ‘matrix of size(nline X nbus) with all elements being zeros. all other elements being zeros, th elements being zeros. Display A matrix & Ypr mat Form Transpose of matrix A i =Al*Y pr, ATY © A & display ' Ybus}"' & display, Al eae 2 10. From Zbus IL. Stop. PROGRAM ' § PORATION OF Ybus * i.e. Bus Admittance Matrix Line data from Stagg and Abiad book. ‘ ele, clear all Fegaec, Mine Imp. (Line charging Adnittance) ‘ From to = =(r+ix) ler Idata =[1 2 0.0240.06i 0.064. 6 0.0840.243 0.054 0.0640.18i 0. 04s 0.0640.181 0.043 0.0440.124 0.035 0.0140.03i 0.023. 0.08+0.243 0.053}; BURN NE wane ’ 22 {> = Ldata(:,1); & £ = From Bus = tb = To bus Line Impedance Lino Charging Admittance ® convert Line Imp. to adm Total Buses/Max.Bus No. Initialise with zeros a ze 7 ley= Ldata(:/ 4); yel./z: nbus=max (max (fb) ,max(tb)) ; Yous=zeros (nbus) : . Deptot EE Engg. PESCEMandya EE yd Page 15, Sverre ) © scanned with OKEN ScannerPower sys Ss nline=length (fb) ; $ Total no. of Lines nib=nlinetnbus ; & Lines+Buses A=zeros(nlb,nbus) ; 8 A-matrix Initialisation for k=1:nbus A(k,k)=1; @ A-mat. with branches only end for k=1:nline 8 A-mat. With all lines/links A(nbustk, £b(k))= 1; A(nbus+k, tb(k))=-1; end disp(‘A-matrix') ,disp(A) ; sh=zeros (nbus) ; % Add all line 1c-y's as Shunt elements to the diagonal elements for k=l:nline eh (£b (k) )=sh (fb (K) ) Hey (Kk); & from-bus sh (th (k) )=sh (tb(k))+1ey(k); to-bus end ® Initialize Ypr Primitive Admittance Matrix to zeros ypr=zeros(n1b,nlb) ; ® Diagonal elements are as Self Admittances values only ® [No mutual coupling elements ] for k=1:nbus yer (k,k)=sh(k) end for k=1:nline yp (nbus+k ,nbus+k)=y (Kk) ; end At = transpose (A) ; Ybus=Attypr*A % Calculate and display Results Zbus =inv (xbus) ® Program outputs dematrix a a 0 1 9 6 Oo 0 9 1 6 0 6 9 9 1 0 0 09 6 0 4 7 roa 0 6 @ > 6 2 9 06 © 1 4 0 0 6 1 Go «a 0 9 1 0 0 oo 1 2 8 5 1 Page 16 © scanned with OKEN ScannerPower system simulation lab 0.0083 = 1,7398% -0.0082 + 1.7396: [0.0038 - 1.73561 -0.0015 - 1.7285: (0.0045 - 1.7107) -0.0047 = 1.73821 HOLT OB|OHH MOONS = 1.7228i -0.0043 «1.7366 Dawits 1238) 0.0083 1 TOS 0.0037 1.738 Sees 98s 80038 LTS) BOOKS 171074 0000-16973; -0.0083- 1.73394 SISTINE RGSS TNe Ooo tas sooo se Oe sa 1,(b) Formation of Ybus using Algorithm 1. Read no, of buses(nbus) & no. of lines(aline). 2. Read line data ie.. From bus no., Zseries, mutual Tine n 3. Formn bus incidence matrix A (i) initialize all the elements of A of size (nline X nline) to zeros. Gi) Form A= [aij] matrix Where ay on method with mutual coupling, ingular Transformat .. Zmutual at all lines. lent on ju bus. if i® branch is incident to & oriented away from j" bus. 1 if ® branch is incident to & oriented away from j'" bus. 4. Zpr (iii ize all the elements of Zpr of (i) (0) fh off diagonal elements is zeros if the line i has no mutual coupling with ine j. (sD The off diagonal element Zpr (ij) = Zmutual iff the fine 1 has mutual coupling with line j s. 5. Form Y primitive matrix Ype 6. Display A matrix & Ypr matrix, 7. Form transpose of matrix A i.e, AT. 8. Form ATY = AT * Ypr, 9. Form Ybus = ATY * A display. 10. form Zbus Ybus}"' & display 11. Stop, “ Zpry" © scanned with OKEN Scanner Pa a a a ae es ees &eereekteFeseewo @ » DeptofE & E Power system simulation lab i _ Program * ¥-bus formation with Mutual coupling elements included, by using Singular Transformation for Y-bus formation Problem data is from stagg.pp-61. ele, clear all oupling element no.in the Line data : Bus Nos. Line Mutual Coupling . from to Imp.z cool mutual imp Ldats 0.00+0.6i 0 0.0 0.00+0.5i 1 0.14 0.00+0.51 0 0.0 0.0040.43 1 0.28 0.00+0.23 0 0.0 % given data - ref.bus is one. fb =Ldata(:,1); & from bus 12); % to bus 13); % line imp.s coelsLdata(:,4) ; © coupling element zmsLdata(:,5); @ mutual imp yel./z; % line adn. nb=max(max (fb) ,max(tb)); % No. of buses ybus=zeros (nb, nb) ; ne = length (£b) ; & No.of elements Acap=zeros (nb ,nb) ; © Ele.-Nodes Inci.Matrix % Formation of bus incidence matrix 'A' & A-cap for i = line p= fb(i) 7 q = tb(i) ; Acap(i,p) = 1; Aeap (i,q) end disp('Element-Node Incidence Acap(ne,ref+nb) matrix '); disp(Acap) ; 1; delete ref.bus disp(' BUS INCIDENCE A(ne,nb) matrix '); disp(a) ; @ Primitive Impedance matrix for isl:ne zp(i,d) = 204) ; * Diagonal elements. if (coel(i) > 0) * If coupling exists add Zp (i,coel(i)) = zm(i); ¢ Off-diagonal elements Zp(coel (i) ,4) = zm(i) ; end end % calculation parts Xp = inv(zp) ; % Invert zp to get pri.Yp-matrix f£print£(' Primitive Yp(ne,ne) matrix \n\n'); for i=l : ne for j=1 : ne PESCE.Mandya Page 18 © scanned with OKEN Scanner<1) #yp (43) Be ON Genes) tdmag (YP (L399) 5 ue cond gprinte('\n'): ond & convert A to A-transpose Jove = ALITpEA tion of ¥-bus us = AttYptA ; —§ Formatios b prince \n | EOBUS UARREX \n) disp (bus) Progran Outputs Ha Flement-Node Incidence Acap(ne,reftnb) matrix 1-100 BUS INCIDENCE A(ne,nb) matrix 1000 0-41 0 One 100 Pos Primitive Yp(ne,ne) matrix i )) (0, 0.000%) : Wi) (0.0.000i) (0, 5,000) ‘ Y-BUS MATRIX t 0+ 8.0208) 0- 0.20831 9- 5.00005 i 002083 044.0833; 9-5 0000; " 9-5.00001 0-200) 947 00003 ; Deptt a a Page 19 © scanned with OKEN Scannereve bbb be eee bbb bebe ewe HHHHEHEELS Example. (2).Find the Bus aximittance matrix for the power system g Number of Buses = 4, Number of Hransmissio Transmission Line] Self | Mutual ¢ ing | —_ Ampedianee | Number | From} To |"? | Conpted Mutual Bus | Bus, ransmission | Impedance | (MEME aT a yous {0.072 Deptof E & E Engg. PESCE, Mandya © scanned with OKEN Scannerson of Bus ~ Admittance matrix Yoes Inspection Method Formation of Bus~4 (Conse a small poser sgstem wed & three transmission fine ced conditions. system network a shown in Figure, consis We assume that the network is sy ME OF 180 gengato, metal & open? B ender bel "pecunce at transmission line connected between bus 1 & 2. Soedence at transmission line connected between bus 1 & ‘Spedance at transmission line connected between bus 2 & 3, w= the network we can write the node voltage equations as Wi-gnv: form we can usite yey © scanned with OKEN ScannerPERV VUES HOH HHH HH HHHH HK HY EHH HOHE KE Power system simulation lab The above equation ean be written as (hy Vu Ye Yu vi Ib Yo Vs Yn V2 1 Yu YR Yas Vy In Compact form we can write ows] = [Yall Vis} Where Yir=yiot yis The clements YI1, Y22. Y33 forming the diagonal elements are called self admittance.In gencral the diagonal elements Ypp ofthe bus admittance matrix is equal to sum of admittance of all the elements connected to bus p. That is Ypp = yp1 *yp2——+Ypa Where ysqis the admittance of elements connected between the buses p & q. If the power system elements have mutual coupling, then bus admittance matrix cannot be found directly by inspection of the single line diagram. In such case Yo can be formed from graph theoretic approach. However, mutual coupling between power system elements exists only on case of transmission lines running in parallel for long distance, But this is also weak so forall practical purpose this can be ignored. 1. Data preparation is simple. 2. Its formation & modification is easy Since the bus admittance matrix is sparse matrix (ie. most of elements are zero), the ‘computer memory requirements are less. For large power system more than 90% of its ‘ofl: diagonal elements are zero. This is due to the fact that in power system network each node (node) is connected to not more then three nodes in general & an element Ypy exists only ifa transmission line links nodes p & q. Bus- impedance matrix Zins Bus impedance matrix. Zu can be obtained by inverting the above-obtained Yous matrix. But usual method of forming us matrix is by singular transformation or by step metho. form the relation between Iss Zt. Viwscan be written as Vis =[Zrus] [lod For a three bus system it ean be written as ——— Deptof E &E Engg, PESCE Mandya Page 2 © scanned with OKEN ScannerThe elements Zi1. Z22 Z3s forming the diagonal terms are called self impedance. The elements Z12, Z13. 221 ........ Forming the off diagonal elements are called mutual admittances. Where the elements of Zp. matrix are obtained by inverting the Yous matri The order of Zs matrix is same as that of Yj; matrix, which is of the order => (No of buses)* (No of buses). s) 1. Bus impedance matrix is mainly used in short circuit studies, 2. The use of bus impedance matrix provides a convenient means of calculating short Circuit current & voltage. When the ground is selected as reference. one of the distinct advantage is that once the bus impedance matrix is formed, the clements of this matrix can be used directly to calculate the current & voltage associated with various types of faults & fault locations. o: ‘The result obtained from bus impedance matrix can be used to form loop admittance matrix, Example(1): Formation of Ys without mutual coupling by Inspection method. Single Line Diagram of Transmis ‘ion Network: Half Line Ch: ing Admittance Data: Shunt Admittance Element Di Bus Code ILC Admitance Bus | Shunt Admittance 1-2 0.03 4 0.02 4 jos 23 0.02 Do 0.015 Ba j0.01 © scanned with OKEN Scanner