5 Straight Line

Let's Study Let's Learn

• Locus of a points in a co-ordinate plane 5.1 Locus : A set of points in a plane

• Equations of line in different forms which satisfy certain geometrical condition
• Angle between two lines, perpendicular (or conditions) is called a locus.
and parallel lines L = {P | P is a point in the plane and P
• Distance of a point from a line satisfies given geometrical condition}
• Family of lines Here P is the representative of all points in L.
L is called the locus of point P. Locus is a
Let's Recall set of points.

The locus can also be described as the route of

We are familiar with the properties of a point which moves while satisfying required
straight lines, the bisector of an angle, circle conditions. eg. planets in solar system.
and triangles etc.
Illustration :
We will now introduce co-ordinate
geometry in the study of a plane. Every point • The perpendicular bisector of segment AB
has got pair of co-ordinates and every pair of is the set
co-ordinate gives us a point in the plane. M = { P | P is a point such that PA=PB}.
We will use this and study the curves with
• The bisector of angle AOB is the set :
the help of co-ordinates of the points.
D = { P | P is a point such that
What is the perpendicular bisector of a
segment  ? ............... A line. P is equidistant from OA and OB }

What is the bisector of an angle ? .......A ray. = { P | ∠ POA = ∠ POB }

Verify that the sets defined above are the same.
These geometrical figures are sets of points
in plane which satisfy certain conditions. The plural of locus is loci.
• The perpendicular bisector of a segment is
the set of points in the plane which are
equidistant from the end points of the
segment. This set is a line.
• The bisector of an angle is the set of points
in the plane which are equidistant from the
arms of the angle. This set is a ray.
Fig. 5.1
Activity : Draw segment AB of length 6 cm.
Plot a few points which are equidistant from • The circle with center O and radius 4 is
A and B. Verify that they are collinear. the set L = { P | OP = 4}

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5.1.1 Equation of Locus : If the set of points, ∴ PA = PB
whose co-ordinates satisfy a certain equation in ∴ PA2 = PB2
x and y, is the same as the set of points on ∴ (x + 3)2 + (y − 0)2 = (x − 3)2 +
a locus, then the equation is said to be the (y −0)2
equation of the locus. ∴ x2 + 6x + 9 + y2 = x2 − 6x + 9 + y2
∴ 12x = 0
SOLVED EXAMPLES ∴ x = 0. The locus is the Y-axis.

5.1.2 Shift of Origin : Let O′(h, k) be a point

Ex.1 We know that the y co-ordinate of every
in the XY plane and the origin be shifted to
point on the X-axis is zero and this is true
O′. Let O′X′, O′Y′ be the new co-ordinate
for points on the X-axis only. Therefore
axes through O′ and parallel to the axes OX
the equation of the X-axis is y = 0.
and OY respectively.
Ex.2 Let L = {P | OP = 4}. Find the equation
of L.

Fig. 5.2

Solution : L is the locus of points in the Fig. 5.3

plane which are at 4 unit distance from
the origin. Let (x, y) be the co-ordinates of P referred to
Let P(x, y) be any point on the locus L. the co-ordinates axes OX, OY and (x', y') be
the co-ordinates of P referred to the co-ordinate
As OP = 4, OP2 = 16
axes O′X′, O′Y′. To find relations between
∴ (x − 0)2 + (y − 0)2 = 16 (x, y) and (x', y').
∴ x2 + y2 = 16 Draw PL ⊥ OX and suppose it intersects O′X′
This is the equation of locus L. in L′.
The locus is seen to be a circle Draw PM ⊥ OY and suppose it intersects O′Y′
in M′.
Ex.3 Find the eqation of the locus of points Let O′Y′ meet line OX in N and O′X′ meet
which are equidistant from A(−3, 0) and OY in T.
B(3, 0). Identify the locus. ∴ ON = h, OT = k, OL = x, OM = y,
Solution : Let P(x, y) be any point on the O′L′ = x', O′M′ = y'
required locus.
Now x = OL = ON + NL = ON + O′ L′
P is equidistant from A and B.

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= h + x' Ex. 3) Obtain the new equation of the locus
x2 − xy − 2y2 − x + 4y + 2 = 0 when the
and y  =  OM = OT + TM = OT + O′ M′ =
origin is shified to (2, 3), the directions of the
k + y'
axes remaining the same.
∴ x = x' + h, y = y' + k
Solution : Here (h, k) = (2, 3) and if new
These equations are known as the formulae for
co-ordinates are (X,Y).
shift of origin.
∴ x = X + h, y = Y + k gives
Note that the new co-ordinates can also be
given by (X, Y) or (u,v) in place of (x',y'). ∴ x = X + 2, y = Y + 3
The given equation
SOLVED EXAMPLES x2 − xy − 2y2 − x + 4y + 2 = 0 becomes
(X+2)2 − (X + 2)(Y + 3) − 2(Y + 3)2 −
Ex. 1) If the origin is shifted to the point (X + 2) + 4(Y + 3) + 2 = 0
O'(3, 2) the directions of the axes remaining ∴ X2 − XY − 2Y2 − 10Y − 8 = 0
the same, find the new co-ordinates of the This is the new equation of the given locus.
points
(a)A(4, 6) (b) B(2,−5).
EXERCISE 5.1
Solution : We have (h, k) = (3,2)
x = x' + h, y = y' + k 1. If A(1,3) and B(2,1) are points, find the
∴ x = x' + 3. and y = y' + 2 .......... (1) equation of the locus of point P such that
(a) (x, y) = (4, 6) PA = PB.
∴ From (1), we get 4 = x1 + 3, 6 = 2. A(−5, 2) and B(4, 1). Find the equation of
y + 2
1
the locus of point P, which is equidistant
∴ x' = 1 and y' = 4. from A and B.
New co-ordinates of A are (1, 4) 3. If A(2, 0) and B(0, 3) are two points, find
the equation of the locus of point P such
(ii) (x, y) = ( 2,-5)
that AP = 2BP.
from (1), we get 2 = x' + 3, −5 = y' + 2
4. If A(4, 1) and B(5, 4), find the equation
∴ x' = −1 and y' = −7. New co-ordinates of of the locus of point P if PA2 = 3PB2.
B are (−1,−7)
5. A(2, 4) and B(5, 8), find the equation of
Ex. 2) The origin is shifted to the point the locus of point P such that
(−2, 1), the axes being parallel to the original
PA2 − PB2 = 13.
axes. If the new co-ordinates of point A are
(7, −4), find the old co-ordinates of point A. 6. A(1, 6) and B(3, 5), find the equation of
the locus of point P such that segment
Solution : We have (h, k) = (−2, 1) and if
AB subtends right angle at P. (∠APB
new co-ordinates are (X,Y).
= 90°)
x = X + h, y = Y + k
7. If the origin is shifted to the point
∴ x = X − 2, y = Y +1 O′(2, 3), the axes remaining parallel to the
(X, Y) = (7, −4) original axes, find the new co-ordinates of
the points
we get x = 7 − 2 = 5, y = −4 + 1 = − 3.
∴ Old co-ordinates A are (5, −3) (a) A(1, 3) (b) B(2, 5)

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8. If the origin is shifted to the point Let's Think :
O′(1, 3) the axes remaining parallel to the • Can intercept of a line be zero ?
original axes, find the old co-ordinates of
the points • Can intercept of a line be negative ?

(a) C(5, 4) (b) D(3, 3) 5.1.2 Inclination of a line : The smallest angle
made by a line with the positive direction of
9. If the co-ordinates A(5, 14) change the X-axis measured in anticlockwise sense is
to B(8, 3) by shift of origin, find the called the inclination of the line. We denote
co-ordinates of the point where the origin inclination by θ. Clearly 0° ≤ θ < 180°.
is shifted. Remark : Two lines are parallel if and only
10. Obtain the new equations of the following if they have the same inclination.
loci if the origin is shifted to the point The inclination of the X-axis and a line
O'(2, 2), the direction of axes remaining parallel to the X-axis is Zero. The inclination
the same : of the Y-axis and a line parallel to the Y-axis
(a) 3x − y + 2 = 0 is 900.
(b) x2 + y2 − 3x = 7 5.2.2 Slope of a line : If the inclination of
(c) xy − 2x − 2y + 4 = 0 a line is θ then tanθ (if it exist) is called
the slope of the line. We denote it by m.
(d) y2 − 4x − 4y + 12 = 0
∴ m = tanθ.
5.2 Straight Line : The simplest locus in a Activity : If A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2) are any two
plane is a line. The characteristic property of points on a non-vertical line whose inclination
this locus is that if we find the slope of a is θ then verify that
segment joining any two points on this locus, y −y
then the slope is constant. tan θ = 2 1 , where x1 ≠ x2.
x2 − x1
If a line meets the X-axis in the point
A (a, 0), then 'a' is called the X-intercept of The slope of the Y-axis is not defined.
the line. If it meets the Y-axis in the point Similarly the slope of a line parallel to the
B(0, b) then 'b' is called the Y-intercept of Y-axis is not defined. The slope of the X-axis
the line. is 0. The slope of a line parallel to the X-axis
is also 0.
Remark : Two lines are parallel if and only
if they have the same slope.

SOLVED EXAMPLES

Ex. 1) Find the slope of the line whose

inclination is 60°.
Fig. 5.4
Solution : The tangent ratio of the inclination
Remarks : of a line is called the slope of the line.
(1) A line parallel to X-axis has no X-intercept. Inclination θ = 60°.
(2) A line parallel to Y-axis has no Y-intercept. ∴ slope = tanθ = tan60° = 3.

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Ex. 2) Find the slope of the line which passes α − β = 900 or α − β = −900
through the points A(2, 4) and B(5, 7).
α − β = ± 900
Solution : The slope of the line passing
∴ cos(α − β ) = 0
through the points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) is given
∴ cosα cosβ + sinα sinβ = 0
by
y2 − y1 ∴ sinα sinβ = −cosα cosβ
x2 − x1 ∴ tanα tanβ = −1
y2 − y1 7−4 ∴ m1m2 = −1
Slope of the line AB = = = 1
x2 − x1 5−2
Note that x1 ≠ x2.

Ex. 3) Find the slope of the line which passes

through the origin and the point A(- 4, 4).
Solution : The slope of the line passing
through the points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) is given
by
y2 − y1
m= .
x2 − x1 Fig. 5.5 Fig. 5.6
Here A(−4, 4) and O(0, 0).
y2 − y1 0−4
Slope of the line OA = = = −1. SOLVED EXAMPLES
x2 − x1 0 +4
Note that x1 ≠ x2.
Ex. 1) Show that line AB is perpendicular to
5.2.3 Perpendicular Lines : We know that line BC, where A(1, 2), B(2, 4) and C(0, 5).
the co-ordinate axes are perpendicular to each Solution : Let slopes of lines AB and BC be
other. Similarly a horizontal line and a vertical m1 and m2 respectively.
line are perpendicular to each other. Slope of 4−2
one of them is zero whereas the slope of the ∴ m1 = = 2 and
2 −1
other one is not defined.
y2 − y1 5 − 4 1
m2 = = =−
Let us obtain a relation between slopes of non- x2 − x1 0 − 2 2
vertical lines.  1
Now m1 × m2 = 2 ×  −  = −1
Theorem : Non-vertical lines having slopes m1  2
and m2 are perpendicular to each other if and ∴ Line AB is perpendicular to line BC.
only if m1×m2= −1.
Ex. 2) A(1,2), B(2,3) and C(−2,5) are vertices
Proof : Let α and β be inclinations of lines of ∆ ABC. Find the slope of the altitude drawn
having slopes m1 and m2. As lines are non from A.
Solution : The slope of line BC is
vertical α ≠ π and β ≠ π
2 2 y2 − y1 5−3 2 1
m1 = = =− =−
x2 − x1 −2 − 2 4 2
tan α = m1 and tanβ = m2
∴ Altitude drawn from A is perpendicular to
From Fig. 5.5 and 5.6 we have, BC.

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If m2 is the slope of the altitude from A
SOLVED EXAMPLES
then m1×m2 = −1.
−1
∴ m2 = = 2. Ex. 1) Find the acute angle between lines
m1
having slopes 3 and −2.
The slope of the altitude drawn from A is 2.
Solution : Let m1 = 3 and m2 = −2.
5.2.4 Angle between intersecting lines :
We have obtained relation between slopes of Let θ be the acute angle between them.
lines which are perpendicualr to each other. m1 − m2 3 − ( −2 ) 5
If given lines are not perpendicular to each ∴ tanθ = = = =1
1 + m1m2 1 + ( 3) ( −2 ) −5
other then how to find angle between them?
Let us derive formula to find the acute angle ∴ θ = 45°
between intersecting lines. The acute angle between lines having slopes
Theorem : If θ is the acute angle between 3 and −2 is 45°.
non-vertical lines having slopes m1 and m2 then
Ex. 2) If the angle between two lines is 45°
m − m2
tanθ = 1 1
1 + m1m2 and the slope of one of the lines is , find
2
Proof : Let α and β be the inclinations of the slope of the other line.
non-vertical lines having slopes m1 and m2. Solution : If θ is the acute angle between lines
α ≠ 90° and β ≠ 90°.
having slopes m1 and m2 then
m1 − m2
tanθ =
1 + m1m2

Given θ = 45°.
1
Let m1 = . Let m2 be the slope of the other
line. 2

1
− m2
tan 45° = 2 1 − 2m2
Fig. 5.7 Fig. 5.8 ∴ 1=
1 2 + m2
1 +   m2
∴ tanα = m1 and tanβ = m2 2

From Fig. 5.7 and 5.8, we observe that 1 − 2m2 1 − 2m2

∴ = 1 or = −1
θ = β − α or θ = π − (β − α) 2 + m2 2 + m2
∴ tanθ = tan(β − α) or tanθ = tan{π−(β − α)} 1
∴ m2 = 3 or −
   = −tan(β − α) 3
∴ tanθ = |tan(β − α)| = |tan(α − β)| There are two lines which satisfy the given
tan α − tan β m − m2 conditions.
tan θ==
∴ tanθ = 1
1 + tan α tan β 1 + m1m2

Note that as θ is the acute angle, lines are not

perpendicular to each other. Hence m1 m2 ≠ −1.
∴ 1 + m 1 m2 ≠ 0

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 EXERCISE 5.2 The y co-ordinate of every point on the X-axis
is 0 and this is true only for points on the
X-axis. Therefore, the equation of the X-axis
1. Find the slope of each of the following
is y = 0
lines which passes through the points :
(a) A(2,−1), B(4,3) (b) C(−2,3), D(5,7) The x co-ordiante of every point on the
(c) E(2,3), F(2,−1) (d) G(7,1), H(−3,1) Y-axis is 0 and this is true only for points
on the Y-axis. Therefore, the equation of the
2. If the X and Y-intercepts of line L are 2 Y-axis is x = 0 .
and 3 respectively then find the slope of
The equation of any line parallel to the
line L.
Y-axis is of the type x = k (where k is a
3. Find the slope of the line whose inclination constant) and the equation of any line parallel
is 30°. to the X-axis is of the type y = k. This is all
4. Find the slope of the line whose inclination about vertical and horizontal lines.

is π . Let us obtain equations of non-vertical

4 and non -horizontal lines in different forms:
5. A line makes intercepts 3 and 3 on the 5.3.1 Point-slope Form : To find the equation
co-ordiante axes. Find the inclination of of the line having slope m and which passes
the line. through the point A(x1, y1).
6. Without using Pythagoras theorem show
that points A(4,4), B(3, 5) and C(−1, −1)
are the vertices of a right angled triangle.
7. Find the slope of the line which makes
angle of 45° with the positive direction
of the Y-axis measured anticlockwise.
8. Find the value of k for which points
P(k,−1),Q(2,1) and R(4,5) are collinear.
9. Find the acute angle between the X-axis
and the line joining points A(3,−1) and Fig. 5.9
B(4,−2).
Proof : Let L be the line passing through the
10. A line passes through points A(x1, y1) and point A(x1, y1) and which has slope m.
B(h, k). If the slope of the line is m then
show that k − y1 = m(h − x1). Let P(x, y) be any point on the line L other
than A.
11. If points A(h, 0), B(0, k) and C(a, b) lie y − y1
Then the slope of line L = .
a b x − x1
on a line then show that + = 1.
h k But the slope of line L is m. (given)
5.3 Equation of line in standard forms : An y − y1
∴ = m
equation in x and y which is satisfied by the x − x1
co-ordinates of all points on a line and no ∴ The equation of the line L is
other points is called the equation of the line. (y − y1) = m (x − x1)

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The equation of the line having slope m This is the equation of line L.
and passing through A(x1, y1) is The equation of line having slope m and which
(y − y1) = m (x − x1). makes intercept c on the Y-axis is y = mx + c.
Remark : In particular if the line passes Ex. Obtain the equation of line having slope
through the origin O(0,0) and has slope m, 3 and which makes intercept 4 on the Y-axis.
then its equation is y − 0 = m (x − 0)
∴ y = mx Solution : The equation of line having slope
m and which makes intercept c on the Y-axis
Ex. Find the equation of the line passing is
through the point A(2, 1) and having slope −3. y = mx + c.
Soln. : Given line passes through the point ∴ the equation of the line giving slope 3
A(2, 1) and slope of the line is −3. and making Y-intercept 4 is y = 3x + 4.
The equation of the line having slope m
and passing through A(x1, y1) is 5.3.3 Two-points Form : To find the equation
(y − y1) = m (x − x1). of line which passes through points A(x1, y1) and
B(x2, y2).
The equation of the required line is
y − 1 = −3(x − 2)
∴ y − 1 = −3x + 6
∴ 3x + y − 7 = 0
5.3.2 Slope-Intercept form : To find the
equation of line having slope m and which
makes intercept c on the Y-axis.

Fig. 5.11

Proof : A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2) are the two

given points on the line L. Let P(x, y) be
any point on the line L, other than A and B.
Now points A and P lie on the line L.
y − y1
The slope of line L = .......... (1)
x − x1
Fig. 5.10
Also points A and B lie on the line L.
Proof : Let L be the line with slope m and
y2 − y1
which makes Y-intercept c. Line L meets the ∴ Slope of line L = .......... (2)
x2 − x1
Y-axis in the point C(0, c).
y − y1 y2 − y1
Let P(x, y) be any point on the line other than From (1) and (2) we get =
x − x1 x2 − x1
C. Then the slope of the line L is
x − x1 y − y1
y−c ∴ =
= m (given) x2 − x1 y2 − y1
x−0
This is the equation of line L.
y−c
∴ = m As line is non-vertical and non-horizontal,
x
x1 ≠ x2 and y1 ≠ y2.
∴ y = mx + c

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The equation of the line which passes through ∴ The slope of the line L = Slope of AB
x − x1 y − y1 b−0 −b
points A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2) is =
x2 − x1 y2 − y1 = =
0−a a
Ex. Obtain the equation of the line passing y −b x y
∴ = ∴ + =1
through points A(2, 1) and B(1, 2). x −a a a b
Solution : The equation of the line which passes This is the equation of line L.
through points A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2) is
The equation of the line which makes
x − x1 y − y1
= . intercepts a and b on the co-ordiante axes
x2 − x1 y2 − y1
is x y
∴ The equation of the line passing through + = 1 (a, b ≠ 0)
a b
x − 2 y −1
points A(2, 1) and B(1, 2) is = Ex. Obtain the equation of the line which
1− 2 2 −1
x − 2 y −1 makes intercepts 3 and 4 on the co-ordiante
∴ =
−1 1 axes.
∴ x − 2 = −y + 1 Solution : The equation of the line which
∴ x + y − 3 − 0 makes intercepts a and b on the co-ordiante
x y
axes + =1
5.3.4 Double-Intercept form : To find the a b
equation of the line which makes non-zero
intercepts a and b on the co-ordinate axes. The equation of the line which makes intercepts
x y
3 and 4 on the co-ordiante axes is + = 1
3 4
∴ 4 x + 3 y − 12 = 0 .

5.3.5 Normal Form : Let L be a line and

segment ON be the perpendicular (normal)
drawn from the origin to line L.
If ON = p and ray ON makes angle α with
the positive X −axis then to find the equation
Fig. 5.12
of line L.
Let a be the X-intercept and b be the
Y-intercept of line L.
∴ Line L meets the X-axis in A(a, 0) and the
Y-axis in B(0, b).
Let P(x, y) be any point on line L other than
A and B.
∴ The slope of line L = slope of line AP

y−0 y
= =
x−a x−a
Fig. 5.13

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From Fig. 5.13 we observe that N is 3 1
∴ x+ y =5
(p cosa, p sina) 2 2

Therefore slope of ON is p sin α − 0 = tan α ∴ 3x + y − 10 = 0

pco s α − 0
Ex. 2) Reduce the equation 3x − y − 2 = 0
As ON ierpendicular to line L, into normal form. Find the values of p and α .
Slope of line L = tanq = - cot a
Solution : Comparing 3x − y − 2 = 0 with
And it passes through (p cosa, p sina)
ax + by + c = 0 we get a = 3 , b = −1 and
∴ By the point − slope form, the equation
of line L is, c = −2 .
− cos α
y − p sina =
sin α
( x - p cosα ) a 2 + b2 = 3 + 1 = 2

y sin a - p sin2 a = x cos a + p cos2 a Divide the given equation by 2.

x cos a + y sin a = (sin2 a cos2 a)

3 1
x − y =1
x cos a + y sin a = p (p > o) 2 2

The equation of the line, the normal to which ∴ cos330° x=sin330° y = 1 is the required
from the origin has length p and the normal normal form of the given equation.
makes angle α with the positive directions of
p = 1 and θ = 330ο .
the X-axis, is x cosα + y sinα = p.

Ex. 3) Find the equation of the line :

SOLVED EXAMPLES
(i) parallel to the X -axis and 3 unit below it,

Ex. 1) The perpendicular drawn from the origin (ii) passing through the origin and having
to a line has length 5 and the perpendicular inclination 30°
makes angle with the positive direction of the
(iii) passing through the point A(5,2) and having
X-axis. Find the equation of the line.
slope 6
Solution : The perpendicular (normal) drawn
(iv) passing through the points A(2-1) and
from the origin to a line has length 5.
B(5,1)
∴ p=5 3
(v) having slope − and y −intercept 5,
The perpendicular (normal) makes angle 30° 4
(vi) making intercepts 3 and 6 on the co-ordinate
with the positive direction of the X-axis.
axes.
∴ θ = 30°
(vii) passing through the point N ( −2,3) and
The equation of the required line is x cosa +
the segment of the line intercepted between
y sina = p
the co−ordinate axes is bisected at N.
∴ x cos30° + y sin30° = p

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Solution : (i) Equation of line parallel to the (vi) By using the double intercept form
X-axis is of the form : y = k , x y
+ =1
a b
∴ the equation of the required line is
y = 3 x −intercept = a = 3 ; y −intercept = b = 6 .
x y
(ii) Equation of line through the origin and the equation of the required line is + =1
3 6
having slope m is of the form : y = mx . 2x + y − 6 = 0

slope = m = tan = tan 300 = 3 (vii) Let the given line meet the X −axis
in A(a,0) and the Y −axis in B(0,b).
∴ the equation of the required line is

y = 3x The mid−point of AB is
∴ 3x − y = 0

(iii) By using the point−slope form d  a +0 0+b

 2 , 2  = (−2, 3)
 
y-y1 = m (x-x1)
a b
slope = m = -6 ∴ = - 2 and = 3
2 2
Equation of the required line is
∴ a = - 4 b = 6
(y-2) = -6 (x+5) ∴ By using the double intercept form :
6 x + y + 28 = 0 x y x y
 + =1 + = 1 ∴ 3x − 2 y +12
 = 0
(iv) By using the two points form a b −4 6
x − x1 y − y1 An interesting property of a straight line.
=
x2 − x1 y2 − y1 Consider any straight line in a plane.
It makes two parts of the points which are
Here (x1, y1) = (2-1); (x2, y2) = (5,1)
not on the line.
∴ the equation of the required line is

x − 2 y +1
=
5 − 2 1+1
∴ 2 ( x − 2 ) = 3 ( y + 1)

∴ 2 x −3 y − 7 = 0
(v) By using the slope intercept form y = m x + c
3 Fig. 5.14
Given m = − , c = 5
4
Thus the plane is divided into 3 parts, the
∴ the equation of the required line is points on the line, points on one side of the
3 line and points on the other side of the line.
y = − x+5 ∴ 3x + 4 y − 20 = 0
4

113
 If the line is given by ax+by+c = 0, then 4. Find the equation of the line
for all points (x1,y1) on one side of the line a) passing through the points A ( 2, 0 ) and
ax1+by1+c > 0 and for all points (x2,y2) on the B(3,4).
other side of the line, ax2+by2+c < 0.
b) passing through the points P(2,1) and
For example, consider the line given by
Q(2,-1)
y − 2x − 3 = 0. Points P(−2,0), Q(−2,4),
1 5. Find the equation of the line
R( ,5) lie on one side and at each of those
2 a) containing the origin and having
points, y − 2x − 3 > 0. The points A(0,0), inclination 60°.
1
B( ,3), C(8,4) lie on the other side of the line b) passing through the origin and parallel
2
and at each of those points y − 2x − 3 < 0. to AB, where A is (2,4) and B is (1,7).
1
c) having slope and containing the
Activity : 2
point (3,−2).
Draw the straight lines given by 2y + x
d) containing the point A(3,5) and having
= 5, x = 1, 6y − x + 1 = 0 give 4 points on
each side of the lines and check the property slope 2 .
3
stated above.
e) containing the point A(4,3) and having
inclination 120°.
EXERCISE 5.3 f) passing through the origin and which
bisects the portion of the line 3x + y = 6
1. Write the equation of the line : intercepted between the co−ordinate
a) parallel to the X−axis and at a distance axes.
of 5 unit form it and above it.
6. Line y = mx + c passes through points
b) parallel to the Y− axis and at a distance A(2,1) and B(3,2). Determine m and c.
of 5 unit form it and to the left of it.
7. Find the equation of the line having
c) parallel to the X− axis and at a distance inclination 135° and making X-intercept 7.
of 4 unit form the point (−2, 3).
8. The vertices of a triangle are A(3,4), B(2,0)
2. Obtain the equation of the line : and C(−1,6). Find the equations of the lines
a) parallel to the X−axis and making an containing
intercept of 3 unit on the Y−axis. (a) side BC (b) the median AD
b) parallel to the Y−axis and making an (c) the mid points of sides AB and BC.
intercept of 4 unit on the X−axis.
9. Find the x and y intercepts of the
3. Obtain the equation of the line containing
following lines :
the point :
x y 3x 2 y
a) A ( 2, −3) and parallel to the Y−axis. (a) + =1 (b) + =1
3 2 2 3
b) B(4,-3) and parallel to the X−axis. (c) 2 x − 3 y + 12 = 0

114
10. Find equations of lines which contains Remark : If a=0 then the line is parallel to
the point A(1,3) and the sum of whose the X-axis. It does not make intercept on the
intercepts on the co−ordinate axes is zero. X-axis.

11. Find equations of lines containing the If b=0 then the line is parallel to the Y-axis.
point A(3,4) and making equal intercepts on It does not make intercept on the Y-axis.
the co−ordinates axes.

12. Find equations of altitudes of the SOLVED EXAMPLES

triangle whose vertices are A(2,5), B(6,-1)
Ex. 1) Find the slope and intercepts made by
and C(-4,-3).
the following lines :
13. Find the equations of perpendicular
(a) x + y +10 = 0 (b) 2 x + y + 30 = 0
bisectors of sides of the triangle whose
(c) x + 3 y − 15 = 0
vertices are P(−1,8), Q(4,−2) and R(−5,−3).
Solution : (a) Comparing equation x+y+10=0
14. Find the co-ordinates of the orthocenter of
with ax + by + c = 0 ,
the triangle whose vertices are A(2,−2),
we get = =b  1,c = 10
a  1 ,
B(1,1) and C(−1,0).
∴ Slope of this line = − a = −1
15. N(3,−4) is the foot of the perpendicular
b
drawn from the origin to line L. Find the c 10
equation of line L. The X–intercept is − = − = −10
a 1
c
5.4 General form of equation of a line: We The Y-intercept is = − = − 10 = −10
b 1
can write equation of every line in the form
ax+by+c=0 (b) Comparing equation 2 x + y + 30 = 0 

This form of equation of a line is called the with ax + by + c = 0 .

general form. we get = a  2=
,b  1 ,c = 30
The general form of y = 3 x + 2 is 3 x − y + 2 = 0 a
∴ Slope of this line = − = −2
x y b
The general form of + = 1 is 3 x + 2 y − 6 = 0 30
2 3 c
The X–intercept is − = − = −15
The slope of the line ax + by + c = 0 is a 2
a c 30
− if b ≠ 0 The Y-intercept is − = − = −30
b . b 1
c (c) Comparing equation x + 3 y − 15 = 0
The X–intercept is − if a ≠ 0 .
a
with ax + by + c = 0 .
c
The Y-intercept is − if b ≠ 0 . we get a =1  ,b = 3,c = −15
b
a 1
∴ Slope of this line = − = −
b 3

115
 c −15 Solution : Slopes of the given lines are
The x – intercept is − = − = 15
a 1 m1 = 3 and m2 = 1 .
c −15 3
The y – intercept is − = − = 5
b 3 The acute angle θ between lines having
Ex. 2) Find the acute angle between the slopes m1 and m2 is given by
following pairs of lines :
m1 − m2
a) 12 x −4 y = 5 and 4 x + 2 y = 7 tan θ =
1 + m1m2
b) y = 2 x + 3 and y = 3x + 7
1 1 1 1
Solution : (a) Slopes of lines 12 x −4 y = 5 and tanθ = 3− 3− 3−
= 3 = 3 = 3
3 1 1+ 1 2
4 x + 2 y = 7 are m1 = 3 and m2 = 2 . 1+ 3 ×
3
If θ is the acute angle between lines having 1− 3 −1 1
= = =
slope m1 and m 2 then 2 3 3 3

m1 − m 2
tan θ = ∴ tanθ = 1 ∴ θ = 300
1 + m1m 2 3

3 − ( −2 ) 5 Ex. 4) Show that following pairs of lines are

∴ tan θ = = = 1
1 + ( 3) ( −2 ) −5 perpendicular to each other.
a) 2 x −4 y = 5 and 2 x + y = 17 .
∴ tan θ =1 ∴ θ =45°
b) y = 2 x + 23 and 2 x + 4 y = 27
(b) Slopes of lines y = 2 x + 3 and y = 3x + 7
are m1 = 2 and m2 = 3 Solution : (i) Slopes of lines 2 x −4 y = 5 and

The acute angle θ between lines having

2 x + y =17 are m = 1 and m2 = −2
1
slopes m1 and m 2 is given by 2
1
m1 − m2 Since m1.m 2 = × ( −2 ) = −1, given lines
tan θ = 2
1 + m1m2 are perpendicular to each other.

2−3 −1 1 (ii) Slopes of lines y = 2x + 23 and

∴ tan θ = = =
1 + ( 2 )( 3) 7 7 1
2x+4y = 27 are m1 = − m
2 and 2 = 2.
1
∴ θ = tan −1   . 1
7 Since m1.m2 = − × ( 2 ) = −1, given lines
2
Ex. 3) Find the acute angle between the lines are perpendicular to each other.

y − 3x + 1 = 0 and 3y − x + 7 = 0 .

116
Ex. 5) Find equations of lines which pass ∴ It’s equation is given by the formula
through the origin and make an angle of 45° ( y − y1 )= m( x − x1 )
with the line 3x - y = 6. ∴ 1
( y − 7 )= − ( x −2 )
Solution : Slope of the line 3x - y = 6. is 3. 3
∴ 3 y − 21= x + 2
Let m be the slope of one of the required
∴ x + 3 y = 23 .
lines. The angle between these lines is 45° .

0 m−3 Ex. 8) A line is perpendicular to the line

∴ tan45 = 3x + 2 y − 1 = 0 and passes through the point
1 + ( m )( 3)
A (1,1) . Find its equation.
m−3 3
∴ 1 = ∴ 1 + 3m= m–3  Solution : Slope of the line 3x + 2 y − 1 is − .
1 + 3m 2
∴ 1 + 3m = m − 3 or 1 + 3m = − ( m − 3) Required line is perpendicular it.
1 2
∴ m = −2 or The slope of the required line is .
2 3
Slopes of required lines are m1 = -2 and Required line passes through the point
1 A (1,1) .
m2 = 2
∴ It’s equation is given by the formula
Required lines pass through the origin. ( y − y1 )= m( x − x1 )
∴ Their equations are y = −2 x and 2
∴ ( y − 1)=  ( x −1)
3
1 ∴ 3 y −3= 2 x − 2
y = x
2
∴ 2x − 3y +1 = 0 .
∴ 2 x + y = 0 and x − 2 y = 0
Note:
Ex. 6) A line is parallel to the line 2 x + y = 7 Point of intersection of lines :
and passes through the origin. Find its equation. The co-ordinates of the point of intersection
Solution : Slope of the line 2 x + y = 7 is −2. of two intersecting lines can be obtained by
Required line passes through the origin. solving their equations simultaneously.
∴ It’s equation is y = −2 x
Ex. 9) Find the co-ordinates of the point of
∴ 2 x + y = 0. intersection of lines x + 2 y = 3 and 2 x − y =1 .
Ex. 7) A line is parallel to the line x + 3 y = 9 Solution : Solving equations x + 2 y = 3 and
and passes through the point A(2,7). Find its 2 x − y = 1 simultaneously, we get x = 1 and
equation.
y = 1.
1
Solution : Slope of the line x + 3 y = 9 is − ∴ Given lines intersect in point (1,1) .
3
Required line passes through the point
A(2,7).
117
Ex. 10) Find the equation of line which is
 c   c  = c2  a + b 
2 2 2 2

parallel to the X-axis and which passes through AB =   +  

2
 2 2 
a   b  a b 
the point of intersection of lines x + 2 y = 6
and 2 x − y = 2 c
∴ AB = a 2 + b2
ab
Solution : Solving equations x + 2 y = 6 and
Now,
2 x − y = 2 simultaneously, we get x = 2
1 AB × ON
and y =2 . Area of ∆OAB =
2
∴ The required line passes through the 1 c
= a 2 + b2 × p ... (I)
point ( 2, 2 ) . 2 ab

As it is parallel to the X-axis, its equation 1

But, Area of ∆OAB = OA × OB
is y = 2. 2

5.4.1 The distance of the Origin from a 1 c c c2

=  = ... (II)
Line : 2 a b 2ab
The distance of the origin from the line From (I) and (II), we get
c
ax + by + c = 0 is given by p = p=
c
a 2 + b2
a + b2
2

5.4.2 The distance of the point (x1,y1) from a

line: The distance of the point P (x1,y1) from
line ax + by + c = 0 is given by

ax1 + by1 + c
p=
a 2 + b2

Fig. 5.15

Proof : Let A and B be the points where line

ax + by + c = 0 cuts the co-ordinate axes.
 c   c
∴ A  − , 0  and B  0, − 
 a   b

c c
OA = and OB =
a b
Fig. 5.16
By Pythagoras theorem AB = OA +OB 2 2 2

118
Proof : If line ax + by + c = 0 cuts co-ordiante
 c 
axes in B and C respectively then B is  − , 0 
 a 
and C is  0, − c  .
 b

Let PM be perpendicular to ax + by + c = 0 .

Let PM = p

1 1 c2 c2 pc a 2 + b2 Fig. 5.17
A ( ∆PBC ) = BC × PM = p  2 + 2 =
2 2 a b 2ab
.(I) Proof : To find the distance between parallel
lines, we take any one point on any one of
c
Now P ( x1 , y1 ) , B  − , 0  and C  0, − 
c
these two lines and find its distance from the
 a   b
other line.
are vertices of PBC.  c 
A  − 1 , 0  is a point on the first line.
∴ . .(II)  a 
1 1 1
1 c 1 c c c2  Its distance from the line ax + by + c2 = 0
A ( ∆PBC ) = x1 − 0 = x1 + y1 +
2 a 2 b a ab
c is given by
y1 0 −
b
 c 
a  − 1  + b ( 0 ) + c2
a −c1 + c2 c1 − c2
From (I) and (II) we get p=  = =
a +b
2 2
a 2 + b2 a 2 + b2
pc a 2 + b2 1 c c c2 
= x1 + y1 +
2ab 2 b a ab
SOLVED EXAMPLES
2 2 2
∴ pc a + b =| acx1 + bcy1 + c |
∴ p a 2 + b 2 =| ax1 + by1 + c | Ex. 1) Find the distance of the origin from
the line 3x + 4 y + 15 = 0
ax1 + by1 + c
∴ p= Solution : The distance of the origin from the
a 2 + b2
line ax + by + c = 0 is given by

5.4.3 The distance between two parallel c

p=
lines : a + b2
2

Theorem : The distance between the parallel

lines ax + by + c1 = 0 and ax + by + c2 = 0 is give ∴ The distance of the origin from the line
3x + 4 y + 15 = 0 is given by
c1 − c2
by p =
a 2 + b2 15 15
p= = = 3
32 + 4 2 5

119
 lines is of the form ( y + 3)= m( x −2 ) . This set
Ex. 2) Find the distance of the point P ( 2, 5) is also form a family of lines.
from the line 3x + 4 y + 14 = 0
Consider the set of all lines which are
Solution : The distance of the point P ( x1 ,y1 ) parallel to the line y = x . They all have the
from the line ax + by + c = 0 is given by same slope.

ax1 + by1 + c The set of all lines which pass through

p=
a 2 + b2 a fixed point or which are parallel to each
other is a family of lines.
∴ The distance of the point P ( 2, 5) from
Interpretation of u + kv = 0 : Let
the line 3x + 4 y + 14 = 0 is given by
u ≡ a1 x + b1 y + c1 and v ≡ a2 x + b2 y + c2
3 ( 2 ) + 4 ( 5 ) + 14 40
p= = =8 Equations u=0 and v=0 represent two lines.
2
3 +4 2 5
Equation u + kv = 0, k ∈ R represents a family
of lines.
Ex. 3) Find the distance between the parallel
lines 6 x + 8 y + 21= 0 and 3x + 4 y +7 = 0 .
Solution : We write equation 3x + 4 y + 7 = 0 as
6 x + 8 y +14 = 0 in order to make the
coefficients of x and coefficients of y in
both equations to be same.

c1 − c2
Now by using formula p=
a 2 + b2
We get the distance between the given
parallel lines as Fig. 5.18

21 − 14 7 In equation u + kv = 0 let
p= =
6 +8 2 2 10 u ≡ a1 x + b1 y + c1 , v ≡ a2 x + b2 y + c2
5.4.4 Family of Lines : A set of lines which We get (a1 x + b1 y + c1 ) + k (a 2 x + b2 y + c2 ) = 0
have a common property is called a family
of lines. Consider the set of all lines passing (a1 + ka 2 ) x + (b1 + k b2 ) y + (c1 + k c2 ) = 0
through the origin. Equation of each of these
Which is a first degree equation in x and y.
lines is of the form y = mx . This set of lines
is a family of lines. Different values of m give Hence it represents a straight line.
different lines. i) If lines u= 0 and v= 0 intersect each
Consider the set of all lines which pass through other in P ( x1 ,y1 ) then a1 x1 + b1 y1 + c1 = 0 and
the point A ( 2, −3) . Equation of each of these
a 2 x1 + b2 y1 + c2 = 0

120
Therefore 16
∴ 7 k = 16 ∴ k =
7
(a1 x1 + b1 y1 + c1 ) + k (a 2 x1 + b2 y1 + c2 ) = 0 + k 0 = 0
∴ the equation of the required line is
Thus line u + kv = 0  passes through the point
16
of intersection of lines u = 0 and v = 0 for ∴ ( x + 2 y + 6) + ( 2 x − y − 2 ) = 0
7
every real value of k.
∴ ( 7 x + 14 y + 42 ) + ( 32 x − 16 y − 32 ) = 0
ii) If lines u = 0 and v= 0  are parallel to
each other then their slope is same. ∴ 39 x − 2 y + 10 = 0

a1 a 
∴ − =− 2
b1 b2 Ex. 2) Find the equation of line which passes
a1 + ka 2 through the point of intersection of lines
∴ each ratio = −
b1 + kb2
3x + 2 y − 6 = 0 , x + y + 1 = 0 and the point
= slope of the line u+kv=0 A ( 2,1) .
∴ Slopes of lines = u 0=
,v  0  and Solution : Since the required line passes
u + kv = 0 are the same. through the point of intersection of lines
∴ Line u + kv = 0  is parallel to lines
3x + 2 y − 6 = 0 and x + y + 1 = 0 , its
=
u  0=
,v  0 . equation is of the form u + k v = 0 .

∴ (3 x + 2 y − 6) + k ( x + y + 1) = 0
SOLVED EXAMPLES
∴ (3 + k ) x + ( 2 + k ) y + ( −6 + k ) = 0
Ex. 1) Find the equation of the line which
passes through the point of intersection of This line passes through the point A(2,1) .
lines x + 2 y + 6 = 0 , 2 x − y = 2 and which ∴ ( 2, 1) satisfy this equation.
makes intercept 5 on the Y-axis.
∴ (3 + k ) ( 2 ) + ( 2 + k )(1) + ( −6 + k ) = 0
Solution : As the required line passes through
the point of intersection of lines x + 2 y + 6 = 0 1
∴ 4k + 2 = 0 ∴ k=−
and 2 x − y = 2 , its equation is of the form 2
∴ The equation of the required line is
u + k v = 0 .
 1
∴ ( x + 2 y + 6 ) + k (2x − y − 2) = 0 (3 x + 2 y − 6) +  −  ( x + y + 1) = 0
 2
∴ (1 + 2k ) x + ( 2 − 1k ) y + ( 6 − 2k ) = 0 5 x + 3 y − 13 = 0
The Y-intercept of this line is given 5.

6 − 2k
∴ − =5 ∴ −6 + 2k = 10
 − 5k
2−k

121
 10) Find the equation of the line whose
EXERCISE 5.4
X-intercept is 3 and which is perpendicular
1) Find the slope, X-intercept, Y-intercept to the line 3x − y + 23 =0.
of each of the following lines.
11) Find the distance of the origin from the line
a) 2 x + 3 y − 6 =0 b) 3x−y−9=0 7x +24y-50 = 0 .
c) x + 2 y =
0
12) Find the distance of the point A ( −2,3) from
2) Write each of the following equations in the line 12 x − 5 y − 13 =
0.
ax + by + c =0 form.
13) Find the distance between parallel lines
a) y = 2x-4 b) y = 4
4x − 3y + 5 = 0 and 4x − 3y + 7 = 0
x y x y
c) + =1 d) - =0 14) Find the distance between parallel lines
2 4 3 2
9x + 6 y − 7 =0. and 3x + 2y + 6 = 0
3) Show that lines x − 2 y − 7 = 0 and
2x − 4y + 15 = 0 are parallel to each other. 15) Find points on the line x + y − 4 = 0 which
are at one unit distance from the line
4) Show that lines x − 2 y − 7 = 0 and x+ y−2=0
2x + y + 1 = 0 are perpendicular to each
other. Find their point of intersection. 16) Find the equation of the line parallel to the
X-axis and passing through the point of
5) If the line 3x + 4 y =p makes a triangle intersection of lines x + y − 2 =0 and
of area 24 square unit with the co-ordinate 4x + 3y = 10.
axes then find the value of p .
17) Find the equation of the line passing
6) Find the co-ordinates of the foot of the through the point of intersection of lines
perpendicular drawn from the point A(-2,3) x+ y−2= 0 and 2 x − 3 y + 4 = 0 and
to the line 3x − y − 1 =0 . making intercept 3 on the X-axis.
7) Find the co-ordinates of the circumcenter 18) If A(4,3), B(0,0), and C(2,3) are the
of the triangle whose vertices are vertices of ∆ ABC then find the equation of
A( −2,3), B(6, −1),C(4,3). bisector of angle BAC.
8) Find the co-ordinates of the orthocenter of 19) D(-1,8), E(4,-2), F(−5,-3) are midpoints of
the triangle whose vertices are A(3,-2), sides BC, CA and AB of ∆ ABC . Find
B(7,6), C (-1,2) (i) equations of sides of ∆ ABC .
9) Show that lines (ii) co-ordinates of the circumcenter of
3x − 4 y +=
5 0,7 x − 8 y +=
5 0,and 4 x + 5 y − 45
= 0 ∆ ABC .
are concurrent. Find their point of
20) O(0, 0), A(6,0) and B(0,8) are vertices of a
concurrence.
triangle. Find the co-ordinates of the incenter
of ∆ OAB.

122
 • Angle between intersecting lines : If θ is
Let's Remember the acute angle between lines having slopes
m1 − m2
• Locus : A set of points in a plane which m1 and m2 then tan θ =
1 + m1m2
satisfy certain geometrical condition (or
conditions) is called a locus. • Equations of line in different forms :
• Equation of Locus : Every point in • Slope point form : ( y − y1 )= m( x − x1 )
XY plane has Cartesian co-ordinates. An • Slope intercept form : y = mx + c
equation which is satisfied by co-ordinates
of all points on the locus and which is not x − x1 y − y1
• Two points form : =
satisfied by the co-ordinates of any point x2 − x1 y2 − y1
which does not lie on the locus is called x y
the equation of the locus. • Double intercept form : + =1
a b
• Inclination of a line : The smallest angle • Normal form : x cos α + y sin α = p
θ made by a line with the positive direction • General form : ax + by + c = 0
of the X-axis, measured in anticlockwise
sense, is called the inclination of the line. • Distance of a point from a line :
Clearly 0° ≤ θ ≤ 180°. • The distance of the origin from the line
• Slope of a line : If θ is the inclination of c
a line then tanθ (if it exist) is called the ax + by + c = 0 is given by p =
a 2 + b2
slope of the line.

If A ( x1 , y1 ) , B ( x2 , y2 ) be any two points • The distance of the point P ( x1 ,y1 ) from line
on the line whose inclination is θ then ax + by + c = 0 is given by
y2 − y1 ax1 + by1 + c
tanθ = (if x1 ≠ x2) p=
x2 − x1 a 2 + b2

• Perpendicular and parallel lines : Lines • The distance between the Parallel lines
having slopes m1 and m2 are perpendicular : The distance between the parallel lines
to each other if and only if m1m2 = −1 . ax + by + c1 = 0 and ax + by + c2 = 0 is
Two lines are parallel if and only if they c1 − c2
give by p=
have the same slope. a 2 + b2

123
 MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE - 5 (A) 3x ±y+6=0 (B) 3x +y±6=0
(C) x+y=6 (D) x+y=−6
(I) Select the correct option from the given
alternatives. 7) A line passes through (2,2) and is
1) If A is (5,−3) and B is a point on the perpendicular to the line 3x+y=3. Its
x−axis such that the slope of line AB is y−interecpt is
−2 then B ≡ 1 2 4
(A) (B) (C) 1 (D)
7 3 3 3
(A) (7,2) (B) ( ,0)
2
7 2 8) The angle between the line 3x −y−2=0
(C) (0, ) (D) ( ,0) and x− 3y +1=0 is
2 7
(A) 15° (B) 30° (C) 45° (D) 60°
2) If the point (1,1) lies on the line passing
through the points (a,0) and (0,b), then 9) If kx+2y−1=0 and 6x−4y+2=0 are identical
1 1 lines, then determine k.
+ =
a b 1 1
1 (A) −3 (B) − (C) (D) 3
(A) −1 (B) 0 (C) 1 (D) 3 3
ab
10) Distance between the two parallel lines
3) If A(1,−2), B(−2,3) and C(2,−5) are the
y=2x+7 and y=2x+5 is
vertices of ∆ABC, then the equation of
the median BE is 2 1 5 2
(A) (B) (C) (D)
5 5 2 5
(A) 7x+13y+47=0 (B) 13x+7y+5=0
(C) 7x−13y+5 =0 (D) 13x−7y−5=0 (II) Answer the following questions.
1) Find the value of k
4) The equation of the line through (1,2),
which makes equal intercepts on the axes, a) if the slope of the line passing through
is the points P ( 3,4 ) , Q ( 5,k ) is 9.
(A) x+y=1 (B) x+y=2 b) the points A (1,3) ,B ( 4,1) ,C ( 3,k ) are
(C) x+y=4 (D) x+y=3 collinear
c) the point P(1,k) lies on the line passing
5) If the line kx+4y=6 passes through the
through the points A(2, 2) and B(3, 3).
point of intersection of the two lines
2x+3y=4 and 3x+4y=5, then k = 2) Reduce the equation 6 x + 3 y + 8 = 0 into
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4 slope-intercept form. Hence find its slope.
3) Find the distance of the origin from the
6) The equation of a line, having inclination
line x=−2.
120° with positive direction of X−axis,
which is at a distance of 3 units from 4) Does point A ( 2, 3) lie on the line
the origin is 3x + 2 y − 6 = 0 ? Give reason.

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5) Which of the following lines passes 12) Find the equation of the line which
through the origin ? contains the point A(3,5) and makes equal
(a) x = 2 (b) y = 3 intercepts on the co−ordinates axes.
(c) y = x + 2 (d) 2 x − y = 0 13) The vertices of a triangle are A(1,4),
B(2,3) and C(1,6). Find equations of
6) Obtain the equation of the line which is :
(a) the sides (b) the medians
a) parallel to the X−axis and 3 unit below
(c) Perpendicular bisectors of sides
it.
(d) altitudes of ∆ ABC.
b) parallel to the Y−axis and 2 unit to the
left of it. 14) Find the equation of the line which passes
c) parallel to the X−axis and making an through the point of intersection of lines
intercept of 5 on the Y−axis. x + y − 3 = 0 , 2 x − y + 1 = 0 and which is
d) parallel to the Y−axis and making an parallel X- axis.
intercept of 3 on the X−axis. 15) Find the equation of the line which passes
through the point of intersection of lines
7) Obtain the equation of the line containing
x + y + 9 = 0 , 2 x + 3 y + 1 = 0 and which
the point
makes X-intercept 1.
(i) (2,3) and parallel to the X−axis.
16) Find the equation of the line through A
(ii) (2,4) and perpendicular to the Y−axis.
( −2, 3) and perpendicular to the line
8) Find the equation of the line : through S (1, 2 ) and T ( 2, 5 ) .

a) having slope 5 and containing point 17) Find the X-intercept of the line whose
A ( −1, 2 ) . slope is 3 and which makes intercept 4
b) containing the point T(7,3) and having on the Y−axis.
inclination 900 . 18) Find the distance of P ( −1,1) from the line
c) through the origin which bisects 12 ( x + 6 ) = 5 ( y − 2 ) .
the portion of the line 3x + 2 y = 2
19) Line through A ( h,3) and B ( 4,1) intersect
intercepted between the co−ordinate
the line 7 x − 9 y − 19 = 0 at right angle.
axes.
Find the value of h.
9) Find the equation of the line passing
20) Two lines passing through M ( 2, 3) intersect
through the points S(2,1)and T(2,3)
each other at an angle of 45°. If slope
10) Find the distance of the origin from the of one line is 2, find the equation of the
 x + 5 y + 78= 0
line 12 other line.
11) Find the distance between the parallel 21) Find the Y-intercept of the line whose
lines 3x +4 y + 3 = 0 and 3x +4 y + 15 = 0 slope is 4 and which has X intercept 5.

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22) Find the equations of the diagonals of the 27) Find points on the X-axis whose distance
rectangle whose sides are contained in the x y
from the line + = 1 is 4 unit.
lines=x 8= , x 10, y = 11 and y = 12 . 3 4

23) A(1, 4), B(2,3) and C (1, 6) are vertices 28) The perpendicular from the origin to a line
of ∆ABC. Find the equation of the altitude meets it at ( −2, 9 ) . Find the equation of
through B and hence find the co-ordinates the line.
of the point where this altitude cuts the
29) P (a ,b ) is the mid point of a line segment
side AC of ∆ABC.
between axes. Show that the equation of
24) The vertices of ∆ PQR are P(2,1), x y
the line is + =2.
Q(-2,3) and R(4,5). Find the equation of a b
the median through R. 30) Find the distance of the line 4 x − y = 0
25) A line perpendicular to segment joining A from the point P ( 4,1) measured along
B ( 2, 3) divides it internally in
(1, 0 ) and the line making an angle of 1350 with the
the ration 1:2. Find the equation of the positive X-axis.
line. 31) Show that there are two lines which pass
26) Find the co-ordinates of the foot of the through A(3,4) and the sum of whose
perpendicular drawn from the point P intercepts is zero.
( −1, 3) the line 3x-4y-16 = 0 . 32) Show that there is only one line which
passes through B(5,5) and the sum of
whose intercept is zero.

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