login as: root

[email protected]'s password:
Last login: Tue Aug 12 18:14:56 2025
[root@localhost ~]# su - postgres
Last login: Mon Aug 11 18:50:18 PDT 2025 on pts/1
[postgres@localhost ~]$ /usr/pgsql-11/bin/pg_ctl -D /home/postgres/app03 restart
pg_ctl: old server process (PID: 8913) seems to be gone
starting server anyway
waiting for server to start....2025-08-12 18:16:36.164 PDT [8971] LOG: listening
on IPv4 address "0.0.0.0", port 9999
2025-08-12 18:16:36.164 PDT [8971] LOG: listening on IPv6 address "::", port 9999
2025-08-12 18:16:36.165 PDT [8971] LOG: listening on Unix socket
"/var/run/postgresql/.s.PGSQL.9999"
2025-08-12 18:16:36.168 PDT [8971] LOG: listening on Unix socket
"/tmp/.s.PGSQL.9999"
2025-08-12 18:16:36.225 PDT [8971] LOG: redirecting log output to logging
collector process
2025-08-12 18:16:36.225 PDT [8971] HINT: Future log output will appear in
directory "log".
done
server started
[postgres@localhost ~]$ ps -ef | grep postgres
root 8928 8893 0 18:16 pts/1 00:00:00 su - postgres
postgres 8929 8928 0 18:16 pts/1 00:00:00 -bash
postgres 8971 1 0 18:16 pts/1 00:00:00 /usr/pgsql-11/bin/postgres -D
/home/postgres/app03
postgres 8972 8971 0 18:16 ? 00:00:00 postgres: logger
postgres 8974 8971 0 18:16 ? 00:00:00 postgres: checkpointer
postgres 8975 8971 0 18:16 ? 00:00:00 postgres: background writer
postgres 8976 8971 0 18:16 ? 00:00:00 postgres: walwriter
postgres 8977 8971 0 18:16 ? 00:00:00 postgres: autovacuum launcher
postgres 8978 8971 0 18:16 ? 00:00:00 postgres: stats collector
postgres 8979 8971 0 18:16 ? 00:00:00 postgres: logical replication
launcher
postgres 9133 8929 0 18:20 pts/1 00:00:00 ps -ef
postgres 9134 8929 0 18:20 pts/1 00:00:00 grep --color=auto postgres
[postgres@localhost ~]$ kill -9 8976
[postgres@localhost ~]$ ps -ef | grep postgres
root 8928 8893 0 18:16 pts/1 00:00:00 su - postgres
postgres 8929 8928 0 18:16 pts/1 00:00:00 -bash
postgres 8971 1 0 18:16 pts/1 00:00:00 /usr/pgsql-11/bin/postgres -D
/home/postgres/app03
postgres 8972 8971 0 18:16 ? 00:00:00 postgres: logger
postgres 9137 8971 0 18:21 ? 00:00:00 postgres: checkpointer
postgres 9138 8971 0 18:21 ? 00:00:00 postgres: background writer
postgres 9139 8971 0 18:21 ? 00:00:00 postgres: walwriter
postgres 9140 8971 0 18:21 ? 00:00:00 postgres: autovacuum launcher
postgres 9141 8971 0 18:21 ? 00:00:00 postgres: stats collector
postgres 9142 8971 0 18:21 ? 00:00:00 postgres: logical replication
launcher
postgres 9143 8929 0 18:21 pts/1 00:00:00 ps -ef
postgres 9144 8929 0 18:21 pts/1 00:00:00 grep --color=auto postgres
[postgres@localhost ~]$ cd /home/postgres/app03
[postgres@localhost app03]$ cd log
[postgres@localhost log]$ ls -lr
total 44
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 15823 Aug 6 09:34 postgresql-Wed.log
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 2770 Aug 12 18:21 postgresql-Tue.log
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 6313 Aug 7 07:24 postgresql-Thu.log
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 2861 Jul 20 21:05 postgresql-Sun.log
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 722 Jul 1 09:23 postgresql-Sat.log
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 952 Aug 11 18:50 postgresql-Mon.log
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 1728 Jul 13 09:19 postgresql-Fri.log
[postgres@localhost log]$ ls -ltr
total 44
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 722 Jul 1 09:23 postgresql-Sat.log
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 1728 Jul 13 09:19 postgresql-Fri.log
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 2861 Jul 20 21:05 postgresql-Sun.log
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 15823 Aug 6 09:34 postgresql-Wed.log
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 6313 Aug 7 07:24 postgresql-Thu.log
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 952 Aug 11 18:50 postgresql-Mon.log
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 2770 Aug 12 18:21 postgresql-Tue.log
[postgres@localhost log]$ tail -1000 postgresql-Tue.log
2025-07-22 22:31:15.869 PDT [8938] LOG: checkpoint complete: wrote 1 buffers
(0.0%); 0 WAL file(s) added, 0 removed, 0 recycled; write=0.166 s, sync=0.000 s,
total=0.188 s; sync files=1, longest=0.000 s, average=0.000 s; distance=6 kB,
estimate=298 kB
2025-08-12 18:16:36.231 PDT [8973] LOG: database system was interrupted; last
known up at 2025-08-11 18:50:31 PDT
2025-08-12 18:16:36.461 PDT [8973] LOG: database system was not properly shut
down; automatic recovery in progress
2025-08-12 18:16:36.463 PDT [8973] LOG: redo starts at 0/1C65AA08
2025-08-12 18:16:36.463 PDT [8973] LOG: invalid record length at 0/1C65AA40:
wanted 24, got 0
2025-08-12 18:16:36.463 PDT [8973] LOG: redo done at 0/1C65AA08
2025-08-12 18:16:36.465 PDT [8973] LOG: checkpoint starting: end-of-recovery
immediate
2025-08-12 18:16:36.467 PDT [8973] LOG: checkpoint complete: wrote 0 buffers
(0.0%); 0 WAL file(s) added, 0 removed, 0 recycled; write=0.000 s, sync=0.000 s,
total=0.002 s; sync files=0, longest=0.000 s, average=0.000 s; distance=0 kB,
estimate=0 kB
2025-08-12 18:16:36.471 PDT [8971] LOG: database system is ready to accept
connections
2025-08-12 18:21:09.500 PDT [8971] LOG: WAL writer process (PID 8976) was
terminated by signal 9: Killed
2025-08-12 18:21:09.500 PDT [8971] LOG: terminating any other active server
processes
2025-08-12 18:21:09.511 PDT [8977] WARNING: terminating connection because of
crash of another server process
2025-08-12 18:21:09.511 PDT [8977] DETAIL: The postmaster has commanded this
server process to roll back the current transaction and exit, because another
server process exited abnormally and possibly corrupted shared memory.
2025-08-12 18:21:09.511 PDT [8977] HINT: In a moment you should be able to
reconnect to the database and repeat your command.
2025-08-12 18:21:09.525 PDT [8971] LOG: all server processes terminated;
reinitializing
2025-08-12 18:21:09.543 PDT [9136] LOG: database system was interrupted; last
known up at 2025-08-12 18:16:36 PDT
2025-08-12 18:21:09.670 PDT [9136] LOG: database system was not properly shut
down; automatic recovery in progress
2025-08-12 18:21:09.671 PDT [9136] LOG: redo starts at 0/1C65AAB0
2025-08-12 18:21:09.671 PDT [9136] LOG: invalid record length at 0/1C65AAE8:
wanted 24, got 0
2025-08-12 18:21:09.671 PDT [9136] LOG: redo done at 0/1C65AAB0
2025-08-12 18:21:09.673 PDT [9136] LOG: checkpoint starting: end-of-recovery
immediate
2025-08-12 18:21:09.677 PDT [9136] LOG: checkpoint complete: wrote 0 buffers
(0.0%); 0 WAL file(s) added, 0 removed, 0 recycled; write=0.000 s, sync=0.000 s,
total=0.004 s; sync files=0, longest=0.000 s, average=0.000 s; distance=0 kB,
estimate=0 kB
2025-08-12 18:21:09.683 PDT [8971] LOG: database system is ready to accept
connections
[postgres@localhost log]$ more postgresql-Tue.log
2025-07-22 22:31:15.869 PDT [8938] LOG: checkpoint complete: wrote 1 buffers
(0.0%); 0 WAL file(s) added, 0 removed, 0 recycled; writ
e=0.166 s, sync=0.000 s, total=0.188 s; sync files=1, longest=0.000 s,
average=0.000 s; distance=6 kB, estimate=298 kB
2025-08-12 18:16:36.231 PDT [8973] LOG: database system was interrupted; last
known up at 2025-08-11 18:50:31 PDT
2025-08-12 18:16:36.461 PDT [8973] LOG: database system was not properly shut
down; automatic recovery in progress
2025-08-12 18:16:36.463 PDT [8973] LOG: redo starts at 0/1C65AA08
2025-08-12 18:16:36.463 PDT [8973] LOG: invalid record length at 0/1C65AA40:
wanted 24, got 0
2025-08-12 18:16:36.463 PDT [8973] LOG: redo done at 0/1C65AA08
2025-08-12 18:16:36.465 PDT [8973] LOG: checkpoint starting: end-of-recovery
immediate
2025-08-12 18:16:36.467 PDT [8973] LOG: checkpoint complete: wrote 0 buffers
(0.0%); 0 WAL file(s) added, 0 removed, 0 recycled; writ
e=0.000 s, sync=0.000 s, total=0.002 s; sync files=0, longest=0.000 s,
average=0.000 s; distance=0 kB, estimate=0 kB
2025-08-12 18:16:36.471 PDT [8971] LOG: database system is ready to accept
connections
2025-08-12 18:21:09.500 PDT [8971] LOG: WAL writer process (PID 8976) was
terminated by signal 9: Killed
2025-08-12 18:21:09.500 PDT [8971] LOG: terminating any other active server
processes
2025-08-12 18:21:09.511 PDT [8977] WARNING: terminating connection because of
crash of another server process
2025-08-12 18:21:09.511 PDT [8977] DETAIL: The postmaster has commanded this
server process to roll back the current transaction and
exit, because another server process exited abnormally and possibly corrupted
shared memory.
2025-08-12 18:21:09.511 PDT [8977] HINT: In a moment you should be able to
reconnect to the database and repeat your command.
2025-08-12 18:21:09.525 PDT [8971] LOG: all server processes terminated;
reinitializing
2025-08-12 18:21:09.543 PDT [9136] LOG: database system was interrupted; last
known up at 2025-08-12 18:16:36 PDT
2025-08-12 18:21:09.670 PDT [9136] LOG: database system was not properly shut
down; automatic recovery in progress
2025-08-12 18:21:09.671 PDT [9136] LOG: redo starts at 0/1C65AAB0
2025-08-12 18:21:09.671 PDT [9136] LOG: invalid record length at 0/1C65AAE8:
wanted 24, got 0
2025-08-12 18:21:09.671 PDT [9136] LOG: redo done at 0/1C65AAB0
2025-08-12 18:21:09.673 PDT [9136] LOG: checkpoint starting: end-of-recovery
immediate
2025-08-12 18:21:09.677 PDT [9136] LOG: checkpoint complete: wrote 0 buffers
(0.0%); 0 WAL file(s) added, 0 removed, 0 recycled; writ
e=0.000 s, sync=0.000 s, total=0.004 s; sync files=0, longest=0.000 s,
average=0.000 s; distance=0 kB, estimate=0 kB
2025-08-12 18:21:09.683 PDT [8971] LOG: database system is ready to accept
connections
[postgres@localhost log]$
[postgres@localhost log]$ more postgresql-Tue.log
2025-07-22 22:31:15.869 PDT [8938] LOG: checkpoint complete: wrote 1 buffers
(0.0%); 0 WAL file(s) added, 0 removed, 0 recycled; writ
e=0.166 s, sync=0.000 s, total=0.188 s; sync files=1, longest=0.000 s,
average=0.000 s; distance=6 kB, estimate=298 kB
2025-08-12 18:16:36.231 PDT [8973] LOG: database system was interrupted; last
known up at 2025-08-11 18:50:31 PDT
2025-08-12 18:16:36.461 PDT [8973] LOG: database system was not properly shut
down; automatic recovery in progress
2025-08-12 18:16:36.463 PDT [8973] LOG: redo starts at 0/1C65AA08
2025-08-12 18:16:36.463 PDT [8973] LOG: invalid record length at 0/1C65AA40:
wanted 24, got 0
2025-08-12 18:16:36.463 PDT [8973] LOG: redo done at 0/1C65AA08
2025-08-12 18:16:36.465 PDT [8973] LOG: checkpoint starting: end-of-recovery
immediate
2025-08-12 18:16:36.467 PDT [8973] LOG: checkpoint complete: wrote 0 buffers
(0.0%); 0 WAL file(s) added, 0 removed, 0 recycled; writ
e=0.000 s, sync=0.000 s, total=0.002 s; sync files=0, longest=0.000 s,
average=0.000 s; distance=0 kB, estimate=0 kB
2025-08-12 18:16:36.471 PDT [8971] LOG: database system is ready to accept
connections
2025-08-12 18:21:09.500 PDT [8971] LOG: WAL writer process (PID 8976) was
terminated by signal 9: Killed
2025-08-12 18:21:09.500 PDT [8971] LOG: terminating any other active server
processes
2025-08-12 18:21:09.511 PDT [8977] WARNING: terminating connection because of
crash of another server process
2025-08-12 18:21:09.511 PDT [8977] DETAIL: The postmaster has commanded this
server process to roll back the current transaction and
exit, because another server process exited abnormally and possibly corrupted
shared memory.
2025-08-12 18:21:09.511 PDT [8977] HINT: In a moment you should be able to
reconnect to the database and repeat your command.
2025-08-12 18:21:09.525 PDT [8971] LOG: all server processes terminated;
reinitializing
2025-08-12 18:21:09.543 PDT [9136] LOG: database system was interrupted; last
known up at 2025-08-12 18:16:36 PDT
2025-08-12 18:21:09.670 PDT [9136] LOG: database system was not properly shut
down; automatic recovery in progress
2025-08-12 18:21:09.671 PDT [9136] LOG: redo starts at 0/1C65AAB0
2025-08-12 18:21:09.671 PDT [9136] LOG: invalid record length at 0/1C65AAE8:
wanted 24, got 0
2025-08-12 18:21:09.671 PDT [9136] LOG: redo done at 0/1C65AAB0
2025-08-12 18:21:09.673 PDT [9136] LOG: checkpoint starting: end-of-recovery
immediate
2025-08-12 18:21:09.677 PDT [9136] LOG: checkpoint complete: wrote 0 buffers
(0.0%); 0 WAL file(s) added, 0 removed, 0 recycled; writ
e=0.000 s, sync=0.000 s, total=0.004 s; sync files=0, longest=0.000 s,
average=0.000 s; distance=0 kB, estimate=0 kB
2025-08-12 18:21:09.683 PDT [8971] LOG: database system is ready to accept
connections
[postgres@localhost log]$ date
Tue Aug 12 18:22:40 PDT 2025
[postgres@localhost log]$ cd ,,
-bash: cd: ,,: No such file or directory
[postgres@localhost log]$ cd ..
[postgres@localhost app03]$ ls -ltr
total 64
drwx------. 2 postgres postgres 6 Jun 17 10:07 pg_twophase
drwx------. 2 postgres postgres 6 Jun 17 10:07 pg_tblspc
drwx------. 2 postgres postgres 6 Jun 17 10:07 pg_snapshots
drwx------. 2 postgres postgres 6 Jun 17 10:07 pg_serial
drwx------. 2 postgres postgres 6 Jun 17 10:07 pg_replslot
drwx------. 4 postgres postgres 36 Jun 17 10:07 pg_multixact
drwx------. 2 postgres postgres 6 Jun 17 10:07 pg_dynshmem
drwx------. 2 postgres postgres 6 Jun 17 10:07 pg_commit_ts
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 3 Jun 17 10:07 PG_VERSION
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 1636 Jun 17 10:07 pg_ident.conf
drwx------. 2 postgres postgres 18 Jun 17 10:07 pg_xact
drwx------. 2 postgres postgres 18 Jun 17 10:07 pg_subtrans
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 1018 Jun 17 10:10 logfile
drwx------. 3 postgres postgres 92 Jul 2 08:13 pg_wal_bkp
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 postgres postgres 30 Jul 2 09:14 pg_wal ->
/home/postgres/app04/wal_files
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 134 Jul 13 09:16 postgresql.auto.conf
drwx------. 2 postgres postgres 188 Jul 14 06:10 log
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 24009 Jul 14 06:15 postgresql.conf
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 4581 Jul 14 06:37 pg_hba.conf
drwx------. 12 postgres postgres 136 Aug 6 09:34 base
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 55 Aug 12 18:16 postmaster.opts
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 30 Aug 12 18:16 current_logfiles
drwx------. 2 postgres postgres 4096 Aug 12 18:16 global
drwx------. 2 postgres postgres 18 Aug 12 18:21 pg_notify
drwx------. 2 postgres postgres 6 Aug 12 18:21 pg_stat
drwx------. 4 postgres postgres 68 Aug 12 18:21 pg_logical
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 93 Aug 12 18:21 postmaster.pid
drwx------. 2 postgres postgres 25 Aug 12 18:24 pg_stat_tmp
[postgres@localhost app03]$ ls -ltr *.conf
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 1636 Jun 17 10:07 pg_ident.conf
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 134 Jul 13 09:16 postgresql.auto.conf
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 24009 Jul 14 06:15 postgresql.conf
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 4581 Jul 14 06:37 pg_hba.conf
[postgres@localhost app03]$ more postgresql.conf
# -----------------------------
# PostgreSQL configuration file
# -----------------------------
#
# This file consists of lines of the form:
#
# name = value
#
# (The "=" is optional.) Whitespace may be used. Comments are introduced with
# "#" anywhere on a line. The complete list of parameter names and allowed
# values can be found in the PostgreSQL documentation.
#
# The commented-out settings shown in this file represent the default values.
# Re-commenting a setting is NOT sufficient to revert it to the default value;
# you need to reload the server.
#
# This file is read on server startup and when the server receives a SIGHUP
# signal. If you edit the file on a running system, you have to SIGHUP the
# server for the changes to take effect, run "pg_ctl reload", or execute
# "SELECT pg_reload_conf()". Some parameters, which are marked below,
# require a server shutdown and restart to take effect.
#
# Any parameter can also be given as a command-line option to the server, e.g.,
# "postgres -c log_connections=on". Some parameters can be changed at run time
# with the "SET" SQL command.
#
# Memory units: kB = kilobytes Time units: ms = milliseconds
# MB = megabytes s = seconds
# GB = gigabytes min = minutes
# TB = terabytes h = hours
# d = days

#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# FILE LOCATIONS
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------

# The default values of these variables are driven from the -D command-line
# option or PGDATA environment variable, represented here as ConfigDir.

#data_directory = 'ConfigDir' # use data in another directory

# (change requires restart)
#hba_file = 'ConfigDir/pg_hba.conf' # host-based authentication file
# (change requires restart)
#ident_file = 'ConfigDir/pg_ident.conf' # ident configuration file
# (change requires restart)

# If external_pid_file is not explicitly set, no extra PID file is written.

#external_pid_file = '' # write an extra PID file
# (change requires restart)

#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# CONNECTIONS AND AUTHENTICATION
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------

# - Connection Settings -

listen_addresses = '*' # what IP address(es) to listen on;

# comma-separated list of addresses;
# defaults to 'localhost'; use '*' for all
# (change requires restart)
port = 9999 # (change requires restart)
max_connections = 100 # (change requires restart)
#superuser_reserved_connections = 3 # (change requires restart)
#unix_socket_directories = '/var/run/postgresql, /tmp' # comma-separated list of
directories
# (change requires restart)
#unix_socket_group = '' # (change requires restart)
#unix_socket_permissions = 0777 # begin with 0 to use octal notation
# (change requires restart)
#bonjour = off # advertise server via Bonjour
# (change requires restart)
#bonjour_name = '' # defaults to the computer name
# (change requires restart)

# - TCP Keepalives -
# see "man 7 tcp" for details

#tcp_keepalives_idle = 0 # TCP_KEEPIDLE, in seconds;

# 0 selects the system default
#tcp_keepalives_interval = 0 # TCP_KEEPINTVL, in seconds;
# 0 selects the system default
#tcp_keepalives_count = 0 # TCP_KEEPCNT;
# 0 selects the system default

# - Authentication -
#authentication_timeout = 1min # 1s-600s
#password_encryption = md5 # md5 or scram-sha-256
#db_user_namespace = off

# GSSAPI using Kerberos

#krb_server_keyfile = ''
#krb_caseins_users = off

# - SSL -

#ssl = off
#ssl_ca_file = ''
#ssl_cert_file = 'server.crt'
#ssl_crl_file = ''
#ssl_key_file = 'server.key'
#ssl_ciphers = 'HIGH:MEDIUM:+3DES:!aNULL' # allowed SSL ciphers
#ssl_prefer_server_ciphers = on
#ssl_ecdh_curve = 'prime256v1'
#ssl_dh_params_file = ''
#ssl_passphrase_command = ''
#ssl_passphrase_command_supports_reload = off

#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# RESOURCE USAGE (except WAL)
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------

# - Memory -

shared_buffers = 128MB # min 128kB

# (change requires restart)
#huge_pages = try # on, off, or try
# (change requires restart)
#temp_buffers = 8MB # min 800kB
#max_prepared_transactions = 0 # zero disables the feature
# (change requires restart)
# Caution: it is not advisable to set max_prepared_transactions nonzero unless
# you actively intend to use prepared transactions.
#work_mem = 4MB # min 64kB
#maintenance_work_mem = 64MB # min 1MB
#autovacuum_work_mem = -1 # min 1MB, or -1 to use
maintenance_work_mem
#max_stack_depth = 2MB # min 100kB
dynamic_shared_memory_type = posix # the default is the first option
# supported by the operating system:
# posix
# sysv
# windows
# mmap
# use none to disable dynamic shared memory
# (change requires restart)

# - Disk -

#temp_file_limit = -1 # limits per-process temp file space

# in kB, or -1 for no limit

# - Kernel Resources -
#max_files_per_process = 1000 # min 25
# (change requires restart)

# - Cost-Based Vacuum Delay -

#vacuum_cost_delay = 0 # 0-100 milliseconds

#vacuum_cost_page_hit = 1 # 0-10000 credits
#vacuum_cost_page_miss = 10 # 0-10000 credits
#vacuum_cost_page_dirty = 20 # 0-10000 credits
#vacuum_cost_limit = 200 # 1-10000 credits

# - Background Writer -

#bgwriter_delay = 200ms # 10-10000ms between rounds

#bgwriter_lru_maxpages = 100 # max buffers written/round, 0 disables
#bgwriter_lru_multiplier = 2.0 # 0-10.0 multiplier on buffers
scanned/round
#bgwriter_flush_after = 512kB # measured in pages, 0 disables

# - Asynchronous Behavior -

#effective_io_concurrency = 1 # 1-1000; 0 disables prefetching

#max_worker_processes = 8 # (change requires restart)
#max_parallel_maintenance_workers = 2 # taken from max_parallel_workers
#max_parallel_workers_per_gather = 2 # taken from max_parallel_workers
#parallel_leader_participation = on
#max_parallel_workers = 8 # maximum number of max_worker_processes
that
# can be used in parallel operations
#old_snapshot_threshold = -1 # 1min-60d; -1 disables; 0 is immediate
# (change requires restart)
#backend_flush_after = 0 # measured in pages, 0 disables

#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# WRITE-AHEAD LOG
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------

# - Settings -

#wal_level = replica # minimal, replica, or logical

# (change requires restart)
#fsync = on # flush data to disk for crash safety
# (turning this off can cause
# unrecoverable data corruption)
#synchronous_commit = on # synchronization level;
# off, local, remote_write, remote_apply,
or on
#wal_sync_method = fsync # the default is the first option
# supported by the operating system:
# open_datasync
# fdatasync (default on Linux)
# fsync
# fsync_writethrough
# open_sync
#full_page_writes = on # recover from partial page writes
#wal_compression = off # enable compression of full-page writes
#wal_log_hints = off # also do full page writes of non-critical
updates
# (change requires restart)
#wal_buffers = -1 # min 32kB, -1 sets based on shared_buffers
# (change requires restart)
#wal_writer_delay = 200ms # 1-10000 milliseconds
#wal_writer_flush_after = 1MB # measured in pages, 0 disables

#commit_delay = 0 # range 0-100000, in microseconds

#commit_siblings = 5 # range 1-1000

# - Checkpoints -

#checkpoint_timeout = 5min # range 30s-1d

max_wal_size = 1GB
min_wal_size = 80MB
#checkpoint_completion_target = 0.5 # checkpoint target duration, 0.0 - 1.0
#checkpoint_flush_after = 256kB # measured in pages, 0 disables
#checkpoint_warning = 30s # 0 disables

# - Archiving -

#archive_mode = off # enables archiving; off, on, or always

# (change requires restart)
#archive_command = '' # command to use to archive a logfile segment
# placeholders: %p = path of file to archive
# %f = file name only
# e.g. 'test ! -f /mnt/server/archivedir/%f && cp
%p /mnt/server/archivedir/%f'
#archive_timeout = 0 # force a logfile segment switch after this
# number of seconds; 0 disables

#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# REPLICATION
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------

# - Sending Servers -

# Set these on the master and on any standby that will send replication data.

#max_wal_senders = 10 # max number of walsender processes

# (change requires restart)
#wal_keep_segments = 0 # in logfile segments; 0 disables
#wal_sender_timeout = 60s # in milliseconds; 0 disables

#max_replication_slots = 10 # max number of replication slots

# (change requires restart)
#track_commit_timestamp = off # collect timestamp of transaction commit
# (change requires restart)

# - Master Server -

# These settings are ignored on a standby server.

#synchronous_standby_names = '' # standby servers that provide sync rep

# method to choose sync standbys, number of sync
standbys,
# and comma-separated list of application_name
# from standby(s); '*' = all
#vacuum_defer_cleanup_age = 0 # number of xacts by which cleanup is delayed

# - Standby Servers -

# These settings are ignored on a master server.

#hot_standby = on # "off" disallows queries during recovery

# (change requires restart)
#max_standby_archive_delay = 30s # max delay before canceling queries
# when reading WAL from archive;
# -1 allows indefinite delay
#max_standby_streaming_delay = 30s # max delay before canceling queries
# when reading streaming WAL;
# -1 allows indefinite delay
#wal_receiver_status_interval = 10s # send replies at least this often
# 0 disables
#hot_standby_feedback = off # send info from standby to prevent
# query conflicts
#wal_receiver_timeout = 60s # time that receiver waits for
# communication from master
# in milliseconds; 0 disables
#wal_retrieve_retry_interval = 5s # time to wait before retrying to
# retrieve WAL after a failed attempt

# - Subscribers -

# These settings are ignored on a publisher.

#max_logical_replication_workers = 4 # taken from max_worker_processes

# (change requires restart)
#max_sync_workers_per_subscription = 2 # taken from
max_logical_replication_workers

#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# QUERY TUNING
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------

# - Planner Method Configuration -

#enable_bitmapscan = on
#enable_hashagg = on
#enable_hashjoin = on
#enable_indexscan = on
#enable_indexonlyscan = on
#enable_material = on
#enable_mergejoin = on
#enable_nestloop = on
#enable_parallel_append = on
#enable_seqscan = on
#enable_sort = on
#enable_tidscan = on
#enable_partitionwise_join = off
#enable_partitionwise_aggregate = off
#enable_parallel_hash = on
#enable_partition_pruning = on

# - Planner Cost Constants -

#seq_page_cost = 1.0 # measured on an arbitrary scale
#random_page_cost = 4.0 # same scale as above
#cpu_tuple_cost = 0.01 # same scale as above
#cpu_index_tuple_cost = 0.005 # same scale as above
#cpu_operator_cost = 0.0025 # same scale as above
#parallel_tuple_cost = 0.1 # same scale as above
#parallel_setup_cost = 1000.0 # same scale as above

#jit_above_cost = 100000 # perform JIT compilation if available

# and query more expensive than this;
# -1 disables
#jit_inline_above_cost = 500000 # inline small functions if query is
# more expensive than this; -1 disables
#jit_optimize_above_cost = 500000 # use expensive JIT optimizations if
# query is more expensive than this;
# -1 disables

#min_parallel_table_scan_size = 8MB
#min_parallel_index_scan_size = 512kB
#effective_cache_size = 4GB

# - Genetic Query Optimizer -

#geqo = on
#geqo_threshold = 12
#geqo_effort = 5 # range 1-10
#geqo_pool_size = 0 # selects default based on effort
#geqo_generations = 0 # selects default based on effort
#geqo_selection_bias = 2.0 # range 1.5-2.0
#geqo_seed = 0.0 # range 0.0-1.0

# - Other Planner Options -

#default_statistics_target = 100 # range 1-10000

#constraint_exclusion = partition # on, off, or partition
#cursor_tuple_fraction = 0.1 # range 0.0-1.0
#from_collapse_limit = 8
#join_collapse_limit = 8 # 1 disables collapsing of explicit
# JOIN clauses
#force_parallel_mode = off
#jit = off # allow JIT compilation

#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# REPORTING AND LOGGING
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------

# - Where to Log -

log_destination = 'stderr' # Valid values are combinations of

# stderr, csvlog, syslog, and eventlog,
# depending on platform. csvlog
# requires logging_collector to be on.

# This is used when logging to stderr:

logging_collector = on # Enable capturing of stderr and csvlog
# into log files. Required to be on for
# csvlogs.
# (change requires restart)
# These are only used if logging_collector is on:
log_directory = 'log' # directory where log files are written,
# can be absolute or relative to PGDATA
log_filename = 'postgresql-%a.log' # log file name pattern,
# can include strftime() escapes
#log_file_mode = 0600 # creation mode for log files,
# begin with 0 to use octal notation
log_truncate_on_rotation = on # If on, an existing log file with the
# same name as the new log file will be
# truncated rather than appended to.
# But such truncation only occurs on
# time-driven rotation, not on restarts
# or size-driven rotation. Default is
# off, meaning append to existing files
# in all cases.
log_rotation_age = 1d # Automatic rotation of logfiles will
# happen after that time. 0 disables.
log_rotation_size = 0 # Automatic rotation of logfiles will
# happen after that much log output.
# 0 disables.

# These are relevant when logging to syslog:

#syslog_facility = 'LOCAL0'
#syslog_ident = 'postgres'
#syslog_sequence_numbers = on
#syslog_split_messages = on

# This is only relevant when logging to eventlog (win32):

# (change requires restart)
#event_source = 'PostgreSQL'

# - When to Log -

#log_min_messages = warning # values in order of decreasing detail:

# debug5
# debug4
# debug3
# debug2
# debug1
# info
# notice
# warning
# error
# log
# fatal
# panic

#log_min_error_statement = error # values in order of decreasing detail:

# debug5
# debug4
# debug3
# debug2
# debug1
# info
# notice
# warning
# error
# log
 # fatal
# panic (effectively off)

#log_min_duration_statement = -1 # -1 is disabled, 0 logs all statements

# and their durations, > 0 logs only
# statements running at least this number
# of milliseconds

# - What to Log -

#debug_print_parse = off
#debug_print_rewritten = off
#debug_print_plan = off
#debug_pretty_print = on
#log_checkpoints = off
#log_connections = off
#log_disconnections = off
#log_duration = off
#log_error_verbosity = default # terse, default, or verbose messages
#log_hostname = off
log_line_prefix = '%m [%p] ' # special values:
# %a = application name
# %u = user name
# %d = database name
# %r = remote host and port
# %h = remote host
# %p = process ID
# %t = timestamp without milliseconds
# %m = timestamp with milliseconds
# %n = timestamp with milliseconds (as a
Unix epoch)
# %i = command tag
# %e = SQL state
# %c = session ID
# %l = session line number
# %s = session start timestamp
# %v = virtual transaction ID
# %x = transaction ID (0 if none)
# %q = stop here in non-session
# processes
# %% = '%'
# e.g. '<%u%%%d> '
#log_lock_waits = off # log lock waits >= deadlock_timeout
#log_statement = 'none' # none, ddl, mod, all
#log_replication_commands = off
#log_temp_files = -1 # log temporary files equal or larger
# than the specified size in kilobytes;
# -1 disables, 0 logs all temp files
log_timezone = 'America/Los_Angeles'

#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# PROCESS TITLE
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------

#cluster_name = '' # added to process titles if nonempty

# (change requires restart)
#update_process_title = on
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# STATISTICS
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------

# - Query and Index Statistics Collector -

#track_activities = on
#track_counts = on
#track_io_timing = off
#track_functions = none # none, pl, all
#track_activity_query_size = 1024 # (change requires restart)
#stats_temp_directory = 'pg_stat_tmp'

# - Monitoring -

#log_parser_stats = off
#log_planner_stats = off
#log_executor_stats = off
#log_statement_stats = off

#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# AUTOVACUUM
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------

#autovacuum = on # Enable autovacuum subprocess? 'on'

# requires track_counts to also be on.
#log_autovacuum_min_duration = -1 # -1 disables, 0 logs all actions and
# their durations, > 0 logs only
# actions running at least this number
# of milliseconds.
#autovacuum_max_workers = 3 # max number of autovacuum subprocesses
# (change requires restart)
#autovacuum_naptime = 1min # time between autovacuum runs
#autovacuum_vacuum_threshold = 50 # min number of row updates before
# vacuum
#autovacuum_analyze_threshold = 50 # min number of row updates before
# analyze
#autovacuum_vacuum_scale_factor = 0.2 # fraction of table size before vacuum
#autovacuum_analyze_scale_factor = 0.1 # fraction of table size before analyze
#autovacuum_freeze_max_age = 200000000 # maximum XID age before forced vacuum
# (change requires restart)
#autovacuum_multixact_freeze_max_age = 400000000 # maximum multixact age
# before forced vacuum
# (change requires restart)
#autovacuum_vacuum_cost_delay = 20ms # default vacuum cost delay for
# autovacuum, in milliseconds;
# -1 means use vacuum_cost_delay
#autovacuum_vacuum_cost_limit = -1 # default vacuum cost limit for
# autovacuum, -1 means use
# vacuum_cost_limit

#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# CLIENT CONNECTION DEFAULTS
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# - Statement Behavior -

#client_min_messages = notice # values in order of decreasing detail:

# debug5
# debug4
# debug3
# debug2
# debug1
# log
# notice
# warning
# error
#search_path = '"$user", public' # schema names
#row_security = on
#default_tablespace = '' # a tablespace name, '' uses the default
#temp_tablespaces = '' # a list of tablespace names, '' uses
# only default tablespace
#check_function_bodies = on
#default_transaction_isolation = 'read committed'
#default_transaction_read_only = off
#default_transaction_deferrable = off
#session_replication_role = 'origin'
#statement_timeout = 0 # in milliseconds, 0 is disabled
#lock_timeout = 0 # in milliseconds, 0 is disabled
#idle_in_transaction_session_timeout = 0 # in milliseconds, 0 is disabled
#vacuum_freeze_min_age = 50000000
#vacuum_freeze_table_age = 150000000
#vacuum_multixact_freeze_min_age = 5000000
#vacuum_multixact_freeze_table_age = 150000000
#vacuum_cleanup_index_scale_factor = 0.1 # fraction of total number of
tuples
# before index cleanup, 0 always
performs
# index cleanup
#bytea_output = 'hex' # hex, escape
#xmlbinary = 'base64'
#xmloption = 'content'
#gin_fuzzy_search_limit = 0
#gin_pending_list_limit = 4MB

# - Locale and Formatting -

datestyle = 'iso, mdy'

#intervalstyle = 'postgres'
timezone = 'America/Los_Angeles'
#timezone_abbreviations = 'Default' # Select the set of available time zone
# abbreviations. Currently, there are
# Default
# Australia (historical usage)
# India
# You can create your own file in
# share/timezonesets/.
#extra_float_digits = 0 # min -15, max 3
#client_encoding = sql_ascii # actually, defaults to database
# encoding

# These settings are initialized by initdb, but they can be changed.

lc_messages = 'en_US.UTF-8' # locale for system error message
# strings
lc_monetary = 'en_US.UTF-8' # locale for monetary formatting
lc_numeric = 'en_US.UTF-8' # locale for number formatting
lc_time = 'en_US.UTF-8' # locale for time formatting

# default configuration for text search

default_text_search_config = 'pg_catalog.english'

# - Shared Library Preloading -

#shared_preload_libraries = '' # (change requires restart)

#local_preload_libraries = ''
#session_preload_libraries = ''
#jit_provider = 'llvmjit' # JIT library to use

# - Other Defaults -

#dynamic_library_path = '$libdir'

#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# LOCK MANAGEMENT
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------

#deadlock_timeout = 1s
#max_locks_per_transaction = 64 # min 10
# (change requires restart)
#max_pred_locks_per_transaction = 64 # min 10
# (change requires restart)
#max_pred_locks_per_relation = -2 # negative values mean
# (max_pred_locks_per_transaction
# / -max_pred_locks_per_relation) - 1
#max_pred_locks_per_page = 2 # min 0

#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# VERSION AND PLATFORM COMPATIBILITY
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------

# - Previous PostgreSQL Versions -

#array_nulls = on
#backslash_quote = safe_encoding # on, off, or safe_encoding
#default_with_oids = off
#escape_string_warning = on
#lo_compat_privileges = off
#operator_precedence_warning = off
#quote_all_identifiers = off
#standard_conforming_strings = on
#synchronize_seqscans = on

# - Other Platforms and Clients -

#transform_null_equals = off

#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# ERROR HANDLING
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#exit_on_error = off # terminate session on any error?
#restart_after_crash = on # reinitialize after backend crash?
#data_sync_retry = off # retry or panic on failure to fsync
# data?
# (change requires restart)

#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# CONFIG FILE INCLUDES
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------

# These options allow settings to be loaded from files other than the
# default postgresql.conf. Note that these are directives, not variable
# assignments, so they can usefully be given more than once.

#include_dir = '...' # include files ending in '.conf' from

# a directory, e.g., 'conf.d'
#include_if_exists = '...' # include file only if it exists
#include = '...' # include file

#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# CUSTOMIZED OPTIONS
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------

# Add settings for extensions here

[postgres@localhost app03]$ vi postgresql.conf
[postgres@localhost app03]$ psql -p 9999
psql (11.7)
Type "help" for help.

postgres=# show max_connections

postgres-# show max_connections;
ERROR: syntax error at or near "show"
LINE 2: show max_connections;
^
postgres=# \q
[postgres@localhost app03]$ more postgresql.conf | grep max_xonn
[postgres@localhost app03]$ more postgresql.conf | grep max_conn
max_connections = 10 # (change requires restart)
[postgres@localhost app03]$ psql
psql: could not connect to server: No such file or directory
Is the server running locally and accepting
connections on Unix domain socket "/var/run/postgresql/.s.PGSQL.5432"?
[postgres@localhost app03]$ psql -p 9999
psql (11.7)
Type "help" for help.

postgres=# show max_connections;

max_connections
-----------------
100
(1 row)

postgres=# exit
[postgres@localhost app03]$ psql -p 9999
psql (11.7)
Type "help" for help.
postgres=# select pg_reload_conf();
pg_reload_conf
----------------
t
(1 row)

postgres=# show max_connections;

max_connections
-----------------
100
(1 row)

postgres=# show work_mem;

work_mem
----------
4MB
(1 row)

postgres=# alter system set work_mem=10MB;

ERROR: syntax error at or near "MB"
LINE 1: alter system set work_mem=10MB;
^
postgres=# alter system set work_mem='10MB';
ALTER SYSTEM
postgres=# show work_mem;
work_mem
----------
4MB
(1 row)

postgres=# select pg_reload_conf();

pg_reload_conf
----------------
t
(1 row)

postgres=# show work_mem;

work_mem
----------
10MB
(1 row)

postgres=# \a
Output format is unaligned.
postgres=# \q
[postgres@localhost app03]$ /usr/pgsql-11/bin/pg_ctl -D /home/postgres/app03
restart
waiting for server to shut down.... done
server stopped
waiting for server to start....postgres: superuser_reserved_connections (3) plus
max_wal_senders (10) must be less than max_connections (10)
stopped waiting
pg_ctl: could not start server
Examine the log output.
[postgres@localhost app03]$ vi postgresql.conf
[postgres@localhost app03]$ /usr/pgsql-11/bin/pg_ctl -D /home/postgres/app03
restart
pg_ctl: PID file "/home/postgres/app03/postmaster.pid" does not exist
Is server running?
trying to start server anyway
waiting for server to start....2025-08-12 18:33:54.844 PDT [9519] LOG: listening
on IPv4 address "0.0.0.0", port 9999
2025-08-12 18:33:54.844 PDT [9519] LOG: listening on IPv6 address "::", port 9999
2025-08-12 18:33:54.845 PDT [9519] LOG: listening on Unix socket
"/var/run/postgresql/.s.PGSQL.9999"
2025-08-12 18:33:54.847 PDT [9519] LOG: listening on Unix socket
"/tmp/.s.PGSQL.9999"
2025-08-12 18:33:54.864 PDT [9519] LOG: redirecting log output to logging
collector process
2025-08-12 18:33:54.864 PDT [9519] HINT: Future log output will appear in
directory "log".
done
server started
[postgres@localhost app03]$ vi postgresql.conf
[postgres@localhost app03]$ /usr/pgsql-11/bin/pg_ctl -D /home/postgres/app03
restart
waiting for server to shut down.... done
server stopped
waiting for server to start....postgres: superuser_reserved_connections (3) plus
max_wal_senders (10) must be less than max_connections (13)
stopped waiting
pg_ctl: could not start server
Examine the log output.
[postgres@localhost app03]$ vi postgresql.conf
[postgres@localhost app03]$ /usr/pgsql-11/bin/pg_ctl -D /home/postgres/app03
restart
pg_ctl: PID file "/home/postgres/app03/postmaster.pid" does not exist
Is server running?
trying to start server anyway
waiting for server to start....2025-08-12 18:35:21.887 PDT [9587] LOG: listening
on IPv4 address "0.0.0.0", port 9999
2025-08-12 18:35:21.887 PDT [9587] LOG: listening on IPv6 address "::", port 9999
2025-08-12 18:35:21.888 PDT [9587] LOG: listening on Unix socket
"/var/run/postgresql/.s.PGSQL.9999"
2025-08-12 18:35:21.890 PDT [9587] LOG: listening on Unix socket
"/tmp/.s.PGSQL.9999"
2025-08-12 18:35:21.901 PDT [9587] LOG: redirecting log output to logging
collector process
2025-08-12 18:35:21.901 PDT [9587] HINT: Future log output will appear in
directory "log".
done
server started
[postgres@localhost app03]$ psql -p 9999
psql (11.7)
Type "help" for help.

postgres=# show max_connections;

max_connections
-----------------
20
(1 row)

postgres=# exit
[postgres@localhost app03]$ more postgresql.conf | grep max_conn
max_connections = 20 # (change requires restart)
[postgres@localhost app03]$ psql -p 9999
psql (11.7)
Type "help" for help.
postgres=# exit
[postgres@localhost app03]$ ls -ltr *.conf
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 1636 Jun 17 10:07 pg_ident.conf
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 4581 Jul 14 06:37 pg_hba.conf
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 152 Aug 12 18:31 postgresql.auto.conf
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 24008 Aug 12 18:35 postgresql.conf
[postgres@localhost app03]$ more postgresql.auto.conf
# Do not edit this file manually!
# It will be overwritten by the ALTER SYSTEM command.
max_wal_size = '200MB'
log_checkpoints = 'on'
work_mem = '10MB'
[postgres@localhost app03]$ psql -p 9999
psql (11.7)
Type "help" for help.

postgres=# show work_mem;

work_mem
----------
10MB
(1 row)

postgres=# alter system set work_mem='20MB';

ALTER SYSTEM
postgres=# show work_mem;
work_mem
----------
10MB
(1 row)

postgres=# exit
[postgres@localhost app03]$ more postgresql.auto.conf
# Do not edit this file manually!
# It will be overwritten by the ALTER SYSTEM command.
max_wal_size = '200MB'
log_checkpoints = 'on'
work_mem = '20MB'
[postgres@localhost app03]$ psql -p 9999
psql (11.7)
Type "help" for help.

postgres=# select pg_reload_conf();

pg_reload_conf
----------------
t
(1 row)

postgres=# show work_mem;

work_mem
----------
20MB
(1 row)

postgres=# \q
[postgres@localhost app03]$ more postgresql.conf | grep shared
shared_buffers = 128MB # min 128kB
dynamic_shared_memory_type = posix # the default is the first option
# use none to disable dynamic shared memory
#wal_buffers = -1 # min 32kB, -1 sets based on shared_buffers
#shared_preload_libraries = '' # (change requires restart)
[postgres@localhost app03]$ psql -p 9999
psql (11.7)
Type "help" for help.

postgres=# show shared_buffers;

shared_buffers
----------------
128MB
(1 row)

postgres=# alter system set shared_buffers='200MB';

ALTER SYSTEM
postgres=# show shared_buffers;
shared_buffers
----------------
128MB
(1 row)

postgres=# select pg_reload_conf();

pg_reload_conf
----------------
t
(1 row)

postgres=# show shared_buffers;

shared_buffers
----------------
128MB
(1 row)

postgres=# exit
[postgres@localhost app03]$ more postgresql.conf | grep shared
shared_buffers = 128MB # min 128kB
dynamic_shared_memory_type = posix # the default is the first option
# use none to disable dynamic shared memory
#wal_buffers = -1 # min 32kB, -1 sets based on shared_buffers
#shared_preload_libraries = '' # (change requires restart)
[postgres@localhost app03]$ more postgresql.auto.conf
# Do not edit this file manually!
# It will be overwritten by the ALTER SYSTEM command.
max_wal_size = '200MB'
log_checkpoints = 'on'
work_mem = '20MB'
shared_buffers = '200MB'
[postgres@localhost app03]$ /usr/pgsql-11/bin/pg_ctl -D /home/postgres/app03
restart
waiting for server to shut down.... done
server stopped
waiting for server to start....2025-08-12 18:43:51.701 PDT [9842] LOG: listening
on IPv4 address "0.0.0.0", port 9999
2025-08-12 18:43:51.702 PDT [9842] LOG: listening on IPv6 address "::", port 9999
2025-08-12 18:43:51.704 PDT [9842] LOG: listening on Unix socket
"/var/run/postgresql/.s.PGSQL.9999"
2025-08-12 18:43:51.705 PDT [9842] LOG: listening on Unix socket
"/tmp/.s.PGSQL.9999"
2025-08-12 18:43:51.726 PDT [9842] LOG: redirecting log output to logging
collector process
2025-08-12 18:43:51.726 PDT [9842] HINT: Future log output will appear in
directory "log".
done
server started
[postgres@localhost app03]$ more postgresql.auto.conf
# Do not edit this file manually!
# It will be overwritten by the ALTER SYSTEM command.
max_wal_size = '200MB'
log_checkpoints = 'on'
work_mem = '20MB'
shared_buffers = '200MB'
[postgres@localhost app03]$ more postgresql.conf | grep shared
shared_buffers = 128MB # min 128kB
dynamic_shared_memory_type = posix # the default is the first option
# use none to disable dynamic shared memory
#wal_buffers = -1 # min 32kB, -1 sets based on shared_buffers
#shared_preload_libraries = '' # (change requires restart)
[postgres@localhost app03]$ psql -p 9999
psql (11.7)
Type "help" for help.

postgres=# show shared_buffers;

shared_buffers
----------------
200MB
(1 row)

postgres=# exit
[postgres@localhost app03]$ more pg_hba.conf
# PostgreSQL Client Authentication Configuration File
# ===================================================
#
# Refer to the "Client Authentication" section in the PostgreSQL
# documentation for a complete description of this file. A short
# synopsis follows.
#
# This file controls: which hosts are allowed to connect, how clients
# are authenticated, which PostgreSQL user names they can use, which
# databases they can access. Records take one of these forms:
#
# local DATABASE USER METHOD [OPTIONS]
# host DATABASE USER ADDRESS METHOD [OPTIONS]
# hostssl DATABASE USER ADDRESS METHOD [OPTIONS]
# hostnossl DATABASE USER ADDRESS METHOD [OPTIONS]
#
# (The uppercase items must be replaced by actual values.)
#
# The first field is the connection type: "local" is a Unix-domain
# socket, "host" is either a plain or SSL-encrypted TCP/IP socket,
# "hostssl" is an SSL-encrypted TCP/IP socket, and "hostnossl" is a
# plain TCP/IP socket.
#
# DATABASE can be "all", "sameuser", "samerole", "replication", a
# database name, or a comma-separated list thereof. The "all"
# keyword does not match "replication". Access to replication
# must be enabled in a separate record (see example below).
#
# USER can be "all", a user name, a group name prefixed with "+", or a
# comma-separated list thereof. In both the DATABASE and USER fields
# you can also write a file name prefixed with "@" to include names
# from a separate file.
#
# ADDRESS specifies the set of hosts the record matches. It can be a
# host name, or it is made up of an IP address and a CIDR mask that is
# an integer (between 0 and 32 (IPv4) or 128 (IPv6) inclusive) that
# specifies the number of significant bits in the mask. A host name
# that starts with a dot (.) matches a suffix of the actual host name.
# Alternatively, you can write an IP address and netmask in separate
# columns to specify the set of hosts. Instead of a CIDR-address, you
# can write "samehost" to match any of the server's own IP addresses,
# or "samenet" to match any address in any subnet that the server is
# directly connected to.
#
# METHOD can be "trust", "reject", "md5", "password", "scram-sha-256",
# "gss", "sspi", "ident", "peer", "pam", "ldap", "radius" or "cert".
# Note that "password" sends passwords in clear text; "md5" or
# "scram-sha-256" are preferred since they send encrypted passwords.
#
# OPTIONS are a set of options for the authentication in the format
# NAME=VALUE. The available options depend on the different
# authentication methods -- refer to the "Client Authentication"
# section in the documentation for a list of which options are
# available for which authentication methods.
#
# Database and user names containing spaces, commas, quotes and other
# special characters must be quoted. Quoting one of the keywords
# "all", "sameuser", "samerole" or "replication" makes the name lose
# its special character, and just match a database or username with
# that name.
#
# This file is read on server startup and when the server receives a
# SIGHUP signal. If you edit the file on a running system, you have to
# SIGHUP the server for the changes to take effect, run "pg_ctl reload",
# or execute "SELECT pg_reload_conf()".
#
# Put your actual configuration here
# ----------------------------------
#
# If you want to allow non-local connections, you need to add more
# "host" records. In that case you will also need to make PostgreSQL
# listen on a non-local interface via the listen_addresses
# configuration parameter, or via the -i or -h command line switches.

# CAUTION: Configuring the system for local "trust" authentication

# allows any local user to connect as any PostgreSQL user, including
# the database superuser. If you do not trust all your local users,
# use another authentication method.

# TYPE DATABASE USER ADDRESS METHOD

# "local" is for Unix domain socket connections only

local all all trust
# IPv4 local connections:
host all all 127.0.0.1/32 trust
# IPv6 local connections:
host all all ::1/128 trust
# Allow replication connections from localhost, by a user with the
# replication privilege.
local replication all trust
host replication all 127.0.0.1/32 trust
host replication all ::1/128 trust
host all all 192.168.181.0/24 md5
[postgres@localhost app03]$ ifconfig
ens33: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet 192.168.181.147 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.181.255
inet6 fe80::eccf:2f2e:da00:17d0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20<link>
ether 00:0c:29:2d:76:c4 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
RX packets 3234 bytes 527970 (515.5 KiB)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 1881 bytes 302228 (295.1 KiB)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0

lo: flags=73<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING> mtu 65536

inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 255.0.0.0
inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128 scopeid 0x10<host>
loop txqueuelen 1000 (Local Loopback)
RX packets 220 bytes 74300 (72.5 KiB)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 220 bytes 74300 (72.5 KiB)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0

virbr0: flags=4099<UP,BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500

inet 192.168.122.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.122.255
ether 52:54:00:2a:77:1f txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
RX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0

[postgres@localhost app03]$ psql -p 9999

psql (11.7)
Type "help" for help.

postgres=# alter user postgres with password 'postgres';

ALTER ROLE
postgres=# \l
List of databases
Name | Owner | Encoding | Collate | Ctype | Access privileges
-----------+----------+----------+-------------+-------------
+-----------------------
ansar | postgres | UTF8 | en_US.UTF-8 | en_US.UTF-8 |
ansar1 | postgres | UTF8 | en_US.UTF-8 | en_US.UTF-8 |
ansar2 | postgres | UTF8 | en_US.UTF-8 | en_US.UTF-8 |
dvdrental | postgres | UTF8 | en_US.UTF-8 | en_US.UTF-8 |
kkkkk | postgres | UTF8 | en_US.UTF-8 | en_US.UTF-8 |
postgres | postgres | UTF8 | en_US.UTF-8 | en_US.UTF-8 |
template0 | postgres | UTF8 | en_US.UTF-8 | en_US.UTF-8 | =c/postgres
+
| | | | |
postgres=CTc/postgres
template1 | postgres | UTF8 | en_US.UTF-8 | en_US.UTF-8 | =c/postgres
+
| | | | |
postgres=CTc/postgres
test | postgres | UTF8 | en_US.UTF-8 | en_US.UTF-8 |
(9 rows)
postgres=# exit
[postgres@localhost app03]$ more pg_hba.conf
# PostgreSQL Client Authentication Configuration File
# ===================================================
#
# Refer to the "Client Authentication" section in the PostgreSQL
# documentation for a complete description of this file. A short
# synopsis follows.
#
# This file controls: which hosts are allowed to connect, how clients
# are authenticated, which PostgreSQL user names they can use, which
# databases they can access. Records take one of these forms:
#
# local DATABASE USER METHOD [OPTIONS]
# host DATABASE USER ADDRESS METHOD [OPTIONS]
# hostssl DATABASE USER ADDRESS METHOD [OPTIONS]
# hostnossl DATABASE USER ADDRESS METHOD [OPTIONS]
#
# (The uppercase items must be replaced by actual values.)
#
# The first field is the connection type: "local" is a Unix-domain
# socket, "host" is either a plain or SSL-encrypted TCP/IP socket,
# "hostssl" is an SSL-encrypted TCP/IP socket, and "hostnossl" is a
# plain TCP/IP socket.
#
# DATABASE can be "all", "sameuser", "samerole", "replication", a
# database name, or a comma-separated list thereof. The "all"
# keyword does not match "replication". Access to replication
# must be enabled in a separate record (see example below).
#
# USER can be "all", a user name, a group name prefixed with "+", or a
# comma-separated list thereof. In both the DATABASE and USER fields
# you can also write a file name prefixed with "@" to include names
# from a separate file.
#
# ADDRESS specifies the set of hosts the record matches. It can be a
# host name, or it is made up of an IP address and a CIDR mask that is
# an integer (between 0 and 32 (IPv4) or 128 (IPv6) inclusive) that
# specifies the number of significant bits in the mask. A host name
# that starts with a dot (.) matches a suffix of the actual host name.
# Alternatively, you can write an IP address and netmask in separate
# columns to specify the set of hosts. Instead of a CIDR-address, you
# can write "samehost" to match any of the server's own IP addresses,
# or "samenet" to match any address in any subnet that the server is
# directly connected to.
#
# METHOD can be "trust", "reject", "md5", "password", "scram-sha-256",
# "gss", "sspi", "ident", "peer", "pam", "ldap", "radius" or "cert".
# Note that "password" sends passwords in clear text; "md5" or
# "scram-sha-256" are preferred since they send encrypted passwords.
#
# OPTIONS are a set of options for the authentication in the format
# NAME=VALUE. The available options depend on the different
# authentication methods -- refer to the "Client Authentication"
# section in the documentation for a list of which options are
# available for which authentication methods.
#
# Database and user names containing spaces, commas, quotes and other
# special characters must be quoted. Quoting one of the keywords
# "all", "sameuser", "samerole" or "replication" makes the name lose
# its special character, and just match a database or username with
# that name.
#
# This file is read on server startup and when the server receives a
# SIGHUP signal. If you edit the file on a running system, you have to
# SIGHUP the server for the changes to take effect, run "pg_ctl reload",
# or execute "SELECT pg_reload_conf()".
#
# Put your actual configuration here
# ----------------------------------
#
# If you want to allow non-local connections, you need to add more
# "host" records. In that case you will also need to make PostgreSQL
# listen on a non-local interface via the listen_addresses
# configuration parameter, or via the -i or -h command line switches.

# CAUTION: Configuring the system for local "trust" authentication

# allows any local user to connect as any PostgreSQL user, including
# the database superuser. If you do not trust all your local users,
# use another authentication method.

# TYPE DATABASE USER ADDRESS METHOD

# "local" is for Unix domain socket connections only

local all all trust
# IPv4 local connections:
host all all 127.0.0.1/32 trust
# IPv6 local connections:
host all all ::1/128 trust
# Allow replication connections from localhost, by a user with the
# replication privilege.
local replication all trust
host replication all 127.0.0.1/32 trust
host replication all ::1/128 trust
host all all 192.168.181.0/24 md5
[postgres@localhost app03]$ vi pg_hba.conf
[postgres@localhost app03]$ /usr/pgsql-11/bin/pg_ctl -D /home/postgres/app03
reload
server signaled
[postgres@localhost app03]$ vi pg_hba.conf
[postgres@localhost app03]$ /usr/pgsql-11/bin/pg_ctl -D /home/postgres/app03
reload
server signaled
[postgres@localhost app03]$ more postgresql.auto.conf
# Do not edit this file manually!
# It will be overwritten by the ALTER SYSTEM command.
max_wal_size = '200MB'
log_checkpoints = 'on'
work_mem = '20MB'
shared_buffers = '200MB'
[postgres@localhost app03]$ vi postgresql.auto.conf
[postgres@localhost app03]$ /usr/pgsql-11/bin/pg_ctl -D /home/postgres/app03
restart
waiting for server to shut down.... done
server stopped
waiting for server to start....2025-08-12 19:02:15.954 PDT [10410] LOG: listening
on IPv4 address "0.0.0.0", port 9999
2025-08-12 19:02:15.954 PDT [10410] LOG: listening on IPv6 address "::", port 9999
2025-08-12 19:02:15.955 PDT [10410] LOG: listening on Unix socket
"/var/run/postgresql/.s.PGSQL.9999"
2025-08-12 19:02:15.957 PDT [10410] LOG: listening on Unix socket
"/tmp/.s.PGSQL.9999"
2025-08-12 19:02:15.982 PDT [10410] LOG: redirecting log output to logging
collector process
2025-08-12 19:02:15.982 PDT [10410] HINT: Future log output will appear in
directory "log".
done
server started
[postgres@localhost app03]$ psql -p 9999
psql (11.7)
Type "help" for help.

postgres=# show shared_buffers;

shared_buffers
----------------
250MB
(1 row)

postgres=# exit
[postgres@localhost app03]$ id
uid=1005(postgres) gid=1005(postgres) groups=1005(postgres)
context=unconfined_u:unconfined_r:unconfined_t:s0-s0:c0.c1023
[postgres@localhost app03]$ more /etc/passwd | grep ansar
ansar:x:1007:1007::/home/ansar:/bin/bash
[postgres@localhost app03]$ more /etc/passwd | grep ansar1
[postgres@localhost app03]$ useradd ansar1
-bash: /usr/sbin/useradd: Permission denied
[postgres@localhost app03]$ exit
logout
[root@localhost ~]# useradd ansar1
[root@localhost ~]# more /etc/passwd | grep ansa*
ansar:x:1007:1007::/home/ansar:/bin/bash
ansar1:x:1008:1008::/home/ansar1:/bin/bash
[root@localhost ~]# su - postgres
Last login: Tue Aug 12 18:16:26 PDT 2025 on pts/1
[postgres@localhost ~]$ psql -p 9999
psql (11.7)
Type "help" for help.

postgres=# create user ansar1;

CREATE ROLE
postgres=# \l
List of databases
Name | Owner | Encoding | Collate | Ctype | Access privileges
-----------+----------+----------+-------------+-------------
+-----------------------
abcd | postgres | UTF8 | en_US.UTF-8 | en_US.UTF-8 |
abcde | postgres | UTF8 | en_US.UTF-8 | en_US.UTF-8 |
ansar | postgres | UTF8 | en_US.UTF-8 | en_US.UTF-8 |
ansar1 | postgres | UTF8 | en_US.UTF-8 | en_US.UTF-8 |
ansar2 | postgres | UTF8 | en_US.UTF-8 | en_US.UTF-8 |
dvdrental | postgres | UTF8 | en_US.UTF-8 | en_US.UTF-8 |
kkkkk | postgres | UTF8 | en_US.UTF-8 | en_US.UTF-8 |
postgres | postgres | UTF8 | en_US.UTF-8 | en_US.UTF-8 |
template0 | postgres | UTF8 | en_US.UTF-8 | en_US.UTF-8 | =c/postgres
+
| | | | |
postgres=CTc/postgres
template1 | postgres | UTF8 | en_US.UTF-8 | en_US.UTF-8 | =c/postgres
+
| | | | |
postgres=CTc/postgres
test | postgres | UTF8 | en_US.UTF-8 | en_US.UTF-8 |
(11 rows)

postgres=# grant connect on database ansar1 to ansar1;

GRANT
postgres=# \q
[postgres@localhost ~]$ ps -ef | grep postgres
postgres 10410 1 0 19:02 pts/1 00:00:00 /usr/pgsql-11/bin/postgres -D
/home/postgres/app03
postgres 10411 10410 0 19:02 ? 00:00:00 postgres: logger
postgres 10413 10410 0 19:02 ? 00:00:00 postgres: checkpointer
postgres 10414 10410 0 19:02 ? 00:00:00 postgres: background writer
postgres 10415 10410 0 19:02 ? 00:00:00 postgres: walwriter
postgres 10416 10410 0 19:02 ? 00:00:00 postgres: autovacuum launcher
postgres 10417 10410 0 19:02 ? 00:00:00 postgres: stats collector
postgres 10418 10410 0 19:02 ? 00:00:00 postgres: logical replication
launcher
root 10637 8893 0 19:08 pts/1 00:00:00 su - postgres
postgres 10638 10637 0 19:08 pts/1 00:00:00 -bash
postgres 10765 10638 0 19:09 pts/1 00:00:00 ps -ef
postgres 10766 10638 0 19:09 pts/1 00:00:00 grep --color=auto postgres
[postgres@localhost ~]$ cd /home/postgres/app03
[postgres@localhost app03]$ vi pg_ident.conf
[postgres@localhost app03]$ vi pg_hba.conf
[postgres@localhost app03]$ /usr/pgsql-11/bin/pg_ctl -D /home/postgres/app03
reload
server signaled
[postgres@localhost app03]$