fourth edition English File B2.1 Christina Latham-Koenig Clive Oxenden Jerry Lambert1A present simple and continuous, action and non-action verbs Present simple: I live, he works, etc. 1 Llive in London. She works in a restaurant, We don't eat meat. Jack doesn't wear glasses, Where do you live? Does the supermarket open on Sundays? 2 She usually has cereal for breakfast. I'm never late for work. We only eat out about once a month, 1 We use the present simple for things that true, are always true, or happen lives, studies, ‘+ Remember the spelling rules for third person singular watches. + Use ASI (Auxiliary, Subject, Infinitive) or QuASI (Question word, ‘Auxiliary, Subject. Infinitive) to help you with word order in questions Do you know David? What time does the film start? 2 We often use the present simple with adverbs of frequency, e.g. usually, never, or expressions of frequency, ¢.. every day, once @ week. '* Adverbs of frequency go before the main verb and after be. + Expressions of frequency usually go at the end of the sentence or verb phrase. present continuous: be + verb + -ing A Is your sister stil going out with Adam? B No, they broke up. She isn’t going out with anyone now. The phone's ringing. Can you answer it? House prices are going up very fast at the moment. ‘+ We use the present continuous (NOT the present simple) for actions in progress at the time of speaking, e.g. things that are happening now or ‘around now. These are normally temporary, not habitual, actions. ‘+ Remember the spelling rules, e.g. living, studying, getting. * We also use the present continuous for future arrangements (see 1 a Complete the sentences with the present simple orb present continuous forms of the verbs in brackets. | don’t know what to do next. (not know) action and non-action verbs ‘A What are you looking for? B My carkeys A ‘help you in a moment. B But! need them now! ‘A What are you cooking? It smells delicious, B I'm making pasta. A Great! | love pasta = Verbs which describe actions, e.g. cook, make, ‘can be used in the present simple or continuous. 'm making lunch. | usvally make lunch at the + Verbs which describe states or feelings (NOT be, need, ove, are non-action ‘verbs. They are not usually used in the present continuous, even if we mean ‘now. ‘+ Common non-action verbs are agree, be, believe, belong, depend, forget, hate, hear, know, lke, love, matter, mean, need, prefer, realize, recognize, remember, seem, Suppose, want. + Verbs of the senses are normally also non-action, eg. look, smell, taste, and sound. DP Verbs that can be both action and non-action few verbs have an action and anon-action meaning, ¢9, have and think {canta now: Im having lunch. = action (have June) ‘have a cat now. = non-acton (possession) What are you thinking about? = action (think about sth) | think this musi’s great. = non-action (opinion) Giclothe correct form, present simple or present continuous. ©o you prefer) Are you preferring tea or coffee? 1 you____ this summer weather? (enjoy) 1 I1try/ I'm trying to solve this problem, 2 we to go to the shops tonight? 2 What do you think of the news? Are you believing / (reed) Do you believe it? 3 Have you got all your bags? The train _. (come) 3 Turn the music up. | love / 'm loving this song! 4 How often — you _ football? (play) 4 Ilook/ I'm looking for my jacket. Have you seen it? 51 that holiday. We all had a great time. 5 I can't talk now. 'm driving /| drive. vorpeabey, 6 This type of coffee seems / is seeming nice. | lke i 61 to go to the beach today. It's too hot. (not 7 Are you waiting / Do you erecta eet : want) 7 What___ we __for dinner today? (have) 8 |_____to have seafood for dinner (want) 9 We anywhere next weekend. (not go) 10 Are you busy? What you__? (do) five minutes, 8 We go/ are going to the city most weekends. 9. They're buying / They buy a new car today. 10 know / I'm knowing the answer to this.1A Present simple and continuous, action and non-action verbs Present simple: | live, he works, etc. 1 ive in London. She works in 2 restaurant. We don't eat meat: Jack doesn't wear glasses. Where do you live? Does the supermarket open on Sundays? 2. She usually has cereal for breakfast. I'm never late for work. We only eat out about once a month, 1 We use the present simple for things that are always true, or happen regularly. ‘+ Remember the spelling rules for third person singular, e.g lives, studies, watches. ‘+ Use ASI (Auxiliary, Subject, Infinitive) or QuAS! (Question word, Auxiliary, Subject, Infinitive) to help you with word order in questions. Do you know David? What time does the film start? 2 We often use the present simple with adverbs of frequency, ©.9 usually, never, or expressions of frequency, e.g. every day, once a week. ‘* Adverbs of frequency go before the main verb and after be. + Expressions of frequency usually go at the end of the sentence or verb phrase, present continuous: be + verb + -ing A Is your sister stil going out with Adam? B No, they broke up. She isn’t going out with anyone now. The phone's ringing. Can you answer it? House prices are going up very fast at the moment. '* We use the present continuous (NOT the present simple) for actions in progress at the time of speaking, e.9. things thet are happening now or around now. These are normally temporary, not habitual, actions. ‘+ Remember the spelling rules, e.. living, studying, getting. ‘= We also use the present continuous for future arrangements (see 18). ‘a Complete the sentences with the present simple or present continuous forms of the verbs in brackets. | don't know what to do next. (not know) 1 __ you ___this summer weather? (enjoy) 1 2 we to go to the shops tonight? 2 (need) 3 Have you got all your bags? The train (come) 3 4 How often you__ football? (play) 4 5 |_____ that holiday. We all had a great time. 5 (remember) 6 61 to go to the beach today. t's too hot. not 7 want) 7 What ___we for dinner today? (have) 8 Bl to have seafood for dinner (want) 9 9 We anywhere next weekend. (not go) 10 10 Are you busy? What you (60) action and non-action verbs ‘A What are you looking for? B My car keys. A ("help you in a moment. B But! need them now! ‘A What are you cooking? It smells delicious. B I'm making pasta A Great! | love pasta + Verbs which describe actions, e.g. cook, make, can be used in the present simple or continuous. Vm making lunch. | usually make lunch at the weekend. + Verbs which describe states or feelings (NOT actions), e.g. be, need, love, are non-action verbs. They are not usually used in the present continuous, even if we mean ‘now’. * Common non-action verbs are agree, be, believe, belong, depend, forget, hate, hear, know, like, ove, matter, mean, need, prefer, realize, recognize, remember, seem, suppose, want. + Verbs of the senses are normally also non-action, 9g, look, smell, taste, and sound. 'D Verbs that can be both action and non-action ‘Afew verbs have an action and a nor-action meaning, eg. have and think J ean't talk now. Im having lunch. = action (have lunch) Ihave a cat now. = non-action (possession) What ae you thinking about? = action (think about sth) | think this music's great. = non-action (opinion) Circle) the correct form, present simple or present b Grek) (@oyou prefer Are you preferring tea or coffee? | try [11m trying to solve this problem, What do you think of the news? Are you believing / Do you believe it? ‘Turn the music up. | love / 'm loving this song! ook /'m looking for my jacket. Have you seen it? \ can't talk now. I'm driving / I drive. This type of coffee seems / is seeming nice. | lke it. Are you waiting / Do you wait for me? I'll be there in five minutes. We go/ are going to the city most weekends. They/re buying / They buy a new car today. | know/ Im knowing the answer to this1B ENTRY CHECKER future forms: present continuous, be going to, will / won't be going to + infinitive future plans and intentions My sister's going to adopt a child. ‘Are you going to buy a new car ora second-hand one? I'm not going to go home for the holidays. I's too far. predictions. Barcelona are going to win. They/re playing really well Look at those black clouds. | think it’s going to rain. * We use be going to (NOT will won't) when we have al to do something. NOT Mysister-wiladopt-e child + We also use be going to to make a prediction about the future, especially when we have some evidence (e.g. we can see black clouds). dy decided present continuous: be + verb + -ing future arrangements Lorna and Jamie are getting married in October. We're meeting at 10.00 tomorrow in Richard's office Jane's leaving on Friday and coming back next Tuesday. ‘+ We often use the present continuous for future arrangements, ‘= There is very little difference between the present continuous and be {going to for future plans / arrangements and often you can use either. will / shall + infinitive ons, promises, offers, s, future facts, suggestions 1 have the steak. (instant decision) | won't tell anybody where you are. (promise) Vl carry that bag for you. (offer) You'll love New York! (prediction) Next year Christmas Day will be on 2 Thursday. (future fact) 2 Shall |help you with your homework? (offer) Shall we eat out tonight? (suggestion) 4 We use will/ won't (NOT the present simple) for = be going to shows that you have made a decision. We're going to get married next year. the present continuous emphasizes that you have made the arrangements. We're getting married on October 12th, (= we've booked the church) ‘+ We often use the present continuous with verbs relating to travel arrangements, €.9. go, come, arrive, leave, etc. He's arriving tomorrow and leaving on Thursday. a Geto) the correct form. Tick V the sentence ‘ath are possible. I carry /Ghall carspthat bag for you? 1. We're going to arrive / We're arriving on Friday morning, 2 Take some sunscreen. It's being / going to be hot. 3. I'm going to go/ I'm going to Madrid next week. 4A It’s Anna's birthday next week B | forgot! Il get/ I'm getting her a present. 5 You'll ove / You're going to love this film. I's amazing. 6 Be careful, 0 youll drop / you're dropping it 7 This fight is cheap. Will / Shall buy us tickets? 8 Hurry up! Well leave / We're leaving in five minutes. 9 Youll need / You're needing to play wel in the match. 10 Are you meeting / Shall you meet David later? stant decisions, promises, and offers. NOT ‘Hearry that bag for you. '* We can also use will/ won't for predictions, e.g. I think Barcelona will win, and to talk about future facts, e.g. The election will be on 1st March. 2 We use shall (NOT will) with | and we for offers and suggestions when they are questions. b Complete B's replies with a correct future form. ‘A When will we get into the city? B The bus will take about half an hour. (take) 1A Are you going to get those shoes now? B No! them online later. (buy) 2 A Are you busy tonight? B No! anything. Do you want to come over ‘to my house? (not do) 3A Have you decided what sort of holiday to have? B Yes, we on a city break. (go) 4A Do you want to talk tonight? B Yes,! you after dinner. (phone) 5 A Come to my party at the weekend! B Thanks! What I 2 (bring) 6 A Here's the taxi to get us to the airport. B Good -| hope we late. (not be) 7 A Ave you ready to order? B Yes,! the pasta, please. (have) 8 A thaven't got any good pictures of us. B It's ok-| you some. (send)2A Present perfect and past simple present perfect simple: have / has + past participle (worked, seen, etc.) 1 past experiences Fe inherited some money but haven't spent i Sally has never met Bill's pote a Have you ever lost your credit card? 2 recent past actions Wve cut my finger! Too late! Our train has just lft 3 with yet and already for emphasis) Ive already seen this fm twice, Cart we watch another one? Mybrother hen’ found anew job ye. Hos sil ocking. "Have you finshed your homework yet?” No, not yet” 1 We use the present perfect for past experiences when we don't say ‘exactly when they happened. * We often use ever and never when we talk or ask about past ‘experiences. They go before the main verb. 2 We use the present perfect for recent past actions when we focus on the present result. ‘+ In this context we often use just before the main verb, 3 We also use the present perfect with yet and already. ‘+ We use already in [3] sentences. It goes before the main verb. ‘= We use yet with E] sentences and [2] It goes at the end of the phrase. a Complete the mini dialogues with the present perfect form of the verb in brackets and an adverb from the list. You can use the adverbs more than once. already ever just never yet ‘A Whose is that €50 note? B I've just picked it up from the street! (pick up) 1 A Have you visited New York? B No! ab es to America. (be) 2 A Do we need to get tickets? BING | them. (buy) 3A _____you______ horse-riding? (try) B No, | think I'd be too scared! 4. A We saw some dolphins from the boat. B You are so lucky—|___ 5A Did you send me that picture? fone. (see) B Yes,|___________it toyou. (send) 6 A Am |too late to have some of your birthday cake? B No, it's OK, we __ _it__. (not finish) 7A Are you going to book your flight tonight? 8 No, ee ee ee it. (book) Ay aS a famous actor? (meet) B Yes, | have. past simple (worked, stopped, went, had, etc.) ‘They got married last year. I didn’t have time to do my homework, What time did you wake up this morning? + We use the past simple for finished past actions {when we say, ask, or know when they happened) present perfect or past simple? I've been to Madrid twice. in my life up to now) | went there in 1998 and 2002. (= on two specific occasions) I’ve bought a new computer, (= I don't say exactly when, where, etc.) bought it last Saturday. (=| say when) + We use the present perfect (NOT the past simple) to talk about past experiences and recent past actions when we don't specify a time + We use the past simple (NOT the present perfect) to ask or talk about finished actions in the past, when the time is mentioned ‘or understood. We often use a past time ‘expression, e.g. yesterday, last week, etc. b Right or wrong? Tick ¥ or cross x the sentences. Correct the wrong sentences. haven't finished my homework yet. ¥ Why have you thought | would be late? x Why did you think | would be late? 1 Did you go to London yesterday? 2 When has Paula bought the tickets? 3 Make sure you've wrote your name on the paper. Daniel has always been my favourite cousin 5 Mysister has been to Italy never. 6 I didn't know my grandfather very well Have you been running at the weekend? 8 When have you had your hair cut? Juan says he's never been to Europe. 10 The rent on our flat has went up.2B ENTRY CHECKER present perfect + for/ since, present perfect continuous present perfect + for/ since They've known each other for ten years. Julia's had that bag since she was at university. ‘A How long have you worked here? B Since 1996. ‘A How long has your brother had his motorbike? B Forabout a year. ‘+ We use the present perfect + for or since to talk about something which started in the past and is still true now. They've known each other for ten years. (= they met ten years ago and they stil know each other today) + We use How long...? + present perfect to ask about an Unfinished period of time (from the past until now) + We use for + a period of time, e.g, for two weeks, or since + apoint of time, eg. since 2016. + Don't use the present simple with for / since. NOT They. know each other for along time. present perfect continuous: have / has been + verb + ing 1. How long have you been learning English? Nick has been working here since April They've been going out together for about three years 2A Your eyes are red. Have you been crying? B No, I've been chopping onions. i au a Correct the mistakes. I didn’t see her since Monday. thaven't seen her since Monday. 1. How long is she working atthe supermarket? 2 Marisa and Helen have been lving in Italy since two years. 3 haven't looked at my phone since an hour. Serena learnt Spanish since three years before she went to live in Chile. I'm lving in Croatia for five years ago. Chrisis having his car for eight years. How long has it snowed today? I haven't eaten meat for two years ago. They're working realy hard for hours. You have playing that game for three hours. 1 We use the present perfect continuous with for and since with action verbs (e.g. learn, work, go, etc.) to talk about actions which started in the past and are still true now. + With non-action verbs we use the present perfect simple (NOT continuous). NOT They’ forton years, + Don't use the present continuous with for/ since. NOT tom working here or-twe-yeors 2 We can also use the present perfect continuous for continuous or repeated actions which have been happening very recently. The actions have usually just finished or have Visibly present results ‘vet have) You've (You have) He /She /Ie's He has) We've (We have) They've (They have) haven't (| have not) You haven't He/She /Ithasn't(He has not) been working here for two years. We haven't been working here fortwo years They haven't Have youbeen working here ya. ae, fortwo years? Yes,thave, No, thaven't Has she been working here for ‘i ee Yes,shehas. No, she hasn't. D) live and work live and workare often used in ether the present perfect simple or present perfect continuous with the same meaning, ve lived here since 2010. ve been living here since 2010, b Make sentences with the present perfect simple or present perfect continuous (and for / since if necessary). Use the present perfect continuous if possible. how long / you / know your bestfriend? How long have you known your bestfriend? 1/not know her / very long you / always lke / their music? we / all /wait to meet you Sara /live next door / two years 1/like that music /| was fourteen Hannah / try to find / her brother / many years ‘our friends / work abroad / 2016 humans / live in this area / several centuries you / sleep / hours! how long / you / work here?3A choosing between comparatives and superlatives comparing two people, places, things, etc, 1. Mycarisa bit older than yours, London is more expensive than Edinburgh, This testis less difficult than the last one. Olive oil is better for you than butter. 2 The new sofa isn’t as comfortable as the old one. | don’t have as many books as | used to. 1 We use comparative adjective People, places, things, etc. + Regular comparative adjectives: spelling rules old ~ older big bigger easy easier modern —* more modern difficult more difficult * Irregular comparative adjectives: good — better bad worse far further / farther * One-syllable adjectives ending in -ed: bored + more bored stressed —> more stressed tired -+ more tired 2 We can also use (not) as + adjective + as to make comparisons. + than to compare two PD Object pronouns me, him, etc) efter than and as ‘After than or as we can use an object pronoun (me, him, her, etc) ora subject pronoun lhe, she, ete) + auxiliary ver, She's tallerthan me. OR She's aller than lam. NOT She's tallerthan They'e not as busy asus. OR Theyre notas busy as we are NOT Theyrenot as busy as me. the same as We use the same 25 to say that two people, places things, etc ae identical. Her dross is the same as min. a Complete with the comparative or superlative of the bold word (and than if necessary). Clara is taller than Stella. tall 1 That's__dog I've ever seen. big 2 Working hard is __ way to pass exams. good 3 This bus will be that one because it doesn’t stop so often. quick 4 One Canada Square is one of London’s buildings. tall 5 Which of these buildings is _? old 6 That's a much _ solution. sensible 7 The trip takes when you keep stopping for breaks. long 8 This year, light colours are year. fashionable 9 Come to the market. You can buy clothes there, cheaply they were last comparing two actions 1. My father drives faster than me, He walks more slowly than | do. Liverpool played worse today than last week 2. Max doesn't speak English as well as his wife. {don’t earn as much as my boss. 1 We use comparative adverbs to compare two actions. + Regular comparative adverbs: spelling rules fast ~ faster slowly—+ more slowly carefully more carefully + Irregular comparstives: well+ better badly worse 2 We can also use (not) as + adverb + as to make comparisons. superlatives Kevin is the tallest player in the team, Oslo is the most expensive capita city in Europe The small bag is the least expensive. Lucy isthe best student in the class Who dresses the most stylishly in your family? That's the worst we've ever played. + We use superiative adjectives and adverbs to compare people, things, or actions with all oftheir group * We form superlatives like comparatives, but we use -est instead of -erand the most/leastinstead of more / less. + We normally use the before superlatives, but we can also use possessive adjectives, e.g. my bestfriend, their most ferious song. + We often use a superative with the present perfect + ever. Its the best book I've ever read. PD inafter superiatives Use in (NOT of before places after a superlative. It’s the longest bridge in the world. NOT ofthe word It’s the best beach in England. NOT of England b Complete with one word. ur holiday was less enjoyable than we expected, because of the rain. | think they should drive 1 _ slowly. 2 can do this as carefully you can. 3 He is the best violinist ve heard, 4 These seats are terrible! They are much comfortable than the old ones, 5 5 This has been hottest summer since records began 6 thaver't got many apps on m , tha ry apps on my phone as yo 7 Edinburgh isthe __beautiful ety in the UK. 8 Curteam played better today last week 9 thope youfeel_____ soon. 10 Where is the tallest building the world?3B articles: a / an, the, no article alan 1 It’sanice house. She's a lawyer. 2 |sawan old man with a dog. 3. What an awful day! 4 Ihave classes three times a week ‘+ We use a/ an with singular countable nouns: 1 when we say what something is or what somebody does. 2 the first time we mention a thing / person. 3 in exclamations with Whi 4 in expressions of frequency. the 1 I saw an old man with a dog. The dog was barking 2 The bell rang and my father opened the door. The children are at schoo! 3 The moon goes round the Earth. 4 I'm going to the cinema tonight. 5 It’s the best restaurant in town, = We use the: 1. when we talk about something we've already mentioned. 2 when it's clear what we're referring to. 3 when there's only one of something, 4 with places in a town, e.g. cinema, theatre. 5 with superlatives. a Gircie)the correct answers. b Complete with a/ an, the, or ~(= no article) ENTRY CHECKER no article 1. Girls often learn to read earlier than boys Love is more important than money. 2 She's not at home today. | get back from work at 5.30. 3. Inever have breakfast. 'm going to the theatre on Tuesday. 4 See you next we + We don't use an article: 1 wihen we are speaking in general with plural and Lncountable nouns), e.g. love flowers. Compare: | love the flowers in my garden. (=the specific flowers in that place) 2 with some nouns, e.g. home, work, school, church, after at /t0/ from. 3 before meals, days, and months. 4 before next /last + day, week, etc Z aac the cats because they are so peacelul 1. Ahmed will vist his family next week / the next week. He has a big family / the big family 2 This is really bad news / the bad news. You should visit her in a hospital / the hospital she's been taken to. 3 Eating the vegetables / vegetables is part of the healthy / healthy diet. 4. We went to park / the park to play football at the weekend / a weekend. 5 Let's go out for a meal/ the meal in a best. restaurant/ the best restaurant in town, & The phone / Phone downstairs rang very early, while | was still in the bed / bed. 7. Are you ready for the exam / exam? Have you finished the revising / revising? 8 My-cousin has a dog / the dog. She takes him for a walk / the walk four times a day. 9 When I go to gym/ the gym I lke to use the exercise bikes / exercise bikes, 10 | think work experience / the work ‘experience is more useful than the good ‘exam results / good exam results. ‘A Ave you sure the satnav is working properly? B Yes, itis there's the side road we've just passed 1. A Does your younger brother own _— car? B Yes, he bought —_ second-hand one from _ the road. 2. A What time shall we get to___airport? B About two hours before flight. garage over 3. A What are you cooking for __ breakfast? B I'm cooking __ eggs. | got some from _ market yesterday. 4. A Which bus will take me to___city centre? B Youneed __ one that leaves from outside __town hall 5 A What time does ___ train leave? B | don’t know. I'd better check 6 A Doyou like Italian food? B Yes, very much. There's excellent Italian restaurant near bank in my village 7 A What great day! Let's go to_ nearest park. B No, let's go to__beach. It's only twenty minutes away. 8 A CanI buy batteries here? B No, sorry, but you can buy them in 9A Were you busy at __ school today? B Yes, we have__test__next Thursday, so we revised together departure time online, shop on____ comer.obligation and prohibition: have to, must, should have to/ must + infinitive mustn't 1” You have to switch off your phone during take-off You mustn't park here jee fending: ‘You mustn't eat that cake ~ it's for the party ‘You must be on time tomorrow because there's a test. - ae 2 love the Louvre! You have to go when yout in Paris + We use don’t have to when there is no obligation to do ‘You must see this film ~it's amazing! something and mustn't when something is prohibited. 3 Thad to wear a uniform at my primary school + don't have to and mustn't are completely different. | hate having to get up early. My interview is at 9,00. ‘Compare: F Do you have to work on Saturdays? You don't have to drive - we can get a train. (= you can drive ‘Must | switch my phone off now? if you want to, but it isn’t necessary / obligatory) You mustn't drive along this street. (= it's prohibited, against * have to and must are normaly used to talk about obligation, _the law) NOT. Youdon'thowe-to-drive-clong-thie-stret, ‘oF something that it is necessary to do. ‘+ We can often use can’t or not allowed to instead of mustn't * have ro and musthave a vey similar meaning and you can You mustn't / ean‘t/ ‘re not allowed to park here. usually use either form. have to is more commen for general, pee es external obligations, for example, rules and laws, must is ee re ‘more common for specific (i.e. on one occasion) or personal 1. You should take warm clothes with you to Dublin. obligations. Compare: i It might be cold at night. g ae a abeand te at work. (« isthe rue in this You shouldn't drink so much coffee. Itisn’t good for you. ae eee = ae ‘own decision) rr 2 We can also use have to or must for strong 1 We use should to give advice or an opinion. should is not as recommendations. strong as must / have to. 3 have tois @ normal verb and it exists in all tenses and forms, _* shouldis a modal verb, The only forms are should / also a5 a gerund or infinitive. shouldn't ‘must is a modal verb. It only exists in the present, butit can * We can use ought to/ ought not to instead of should / be used with a future meaning. Shodan You ought to take warm clothes with you to Dublin. don’t have to You ought not to drink so much coffee. 2 We use should to give an opinion - to say if we think You don't have to pay ~ this museum is free. dhertelige rt You don’t have to go to the party if you don't want to er ae cia cueren no fe Oo: a Complete with the correct form of have to (#] El or 7). b Girels)the correct form. Tick v if both Do you have to leave very early in the morning? [2] are possible. You must / have to water these plants 1 You may _ finish this tomorrow. You don’t have much time ease meni, hese plants left today. 2 Katie train five times 2 week in the swimming pool. [2] 1 Please excuse me, | must / should catch this you show proof of age before you were bus. allowed into the club? [2 I'd lke to come, but |__ you usually _ train station. see if Ihave enough time book tickets in advance? [2] |____ wait very long for my brother. He met me outside the 2 You shouldn't / mustn't always think people We have to/ should find someone to look after our cat while we're away. Do you have to/ Must you listen to that 4 We'll take our umbrellas so we __ worry about the rain. ] dislike you. 5 _ you ever_____go to hospital? [7] 3 You don't have to / mustn’t smoke in 6 You fix that problem with your phone soon. #] , mimes ; 's result 0 he re-sit the exam, fou have to / must enjoy working in a team 7. Sam's results were good, s0 h e-sit the exam. E] eae ertunst eae 8 9 0ENTRY CHECKER 4B ability and possibility: can, could, be able to can/ could be able to + infinitive 1 Luke has been able to swim since he was three. {dike to be able to ski. Love being able to stay in bed late on Sunday morning. You'll be able to practise your English in London. 2 Fortunately, lam able to accept your invitation. My colleagues weren't able to come to yesterday's meeting. 1 We use be able to + infinitive for ability and possibilty, especially where there is no form of can, e.g, present perfect, infinitive, gerund, future, ete. 2 We sometimes use be able to in the present and past (instead of can / could), usually if we want to be more formal ‘Our daughter could play the violin when she was three, I can speak three languages fluently. Jenny can’t come tonight. She's il (Our daughter could play the violin when she was three, They couldn't wait because they were in a hurry. ‘+ canis a modal verb. it only has @ present form (which can be used with future meaning) and a past or conditional form (could). + Forall other tenses and forms, we use be able to + infinitive. bb Gircis)the correct form. Tick ¥ if both are possible. a Complete with the correct form of be able to (=, El or ®. You'll be able to relax when you go on holiday. 1 Sorah come for an interview next Monday? 2 Idilike__ dive 3 knew [had a lot of messages, but! check my phone. spend all day outside 4 enjoy s r Mfisithe weathers ood Iim sorry | won't can (G2 aBIE go dancing tonight 5______ you ___find your way, 1. We can't/ won't be able to see you this weekend. We're going on ‘around the city easily after a year? holiday. 6 ____ you___ speak to the 2 You can't/ not able to use that ticket on this bus. psae yeti recy ones 3 Could Alexa / Was Alexa able to tell you the answer? 7 Yesterday, you asked me i — 4 Can you/ Are you able to speak Spanish? pa Srey but Ubeveniies 5 I can't/ aren't able to understand what the lecturer is saying, time yet ees 6 Ihaven't could / been able to book tickets yet. I'l do it tomorrow. 8 James ______ 7 Now you have a job, you can / will be able to buy a car. 8 because of his injury. 9 Don't buy too many books. You _______ to carry them all 10 At this point |___predict when your phone will be repaired | couldn't / wasn't able to drive to my parents’ house because of the fog, 9. Henri could / Was Henri able to join you for the meeting? | could / be able to see for miles from the top of the mountain, twas amazing!SA Past tenses: simple, continuous, perfect Past simple: worked, stopped, went, had, etc. They were in Mexico in 2016. A South African won the race. ‘The plane didn’t arrive on time. ‘What time did you get up this morning? When I lived in Paris | often went to watch Paris St-Germain. ‘+ We use the past simple for finished actions in the past (when we say, ask, or know when they happened), + We can also use it for repeated actions in the pest. ‘+ Remember Irregular verbs 1.237, Past continuous: was / were + verb + -ing 1. What were you doing at six oclok lastnight? 2 Iwas driving along the motorway when it started snowing 3 While | was doing the housework, the children were playing inthe garden. 4 Iwas a cold night and it was raining. | was watching TV in the living room, 1 We use the past cont specific time in the *+ Remember, we don't use the past continuous with non-aetion verbs. NoT 2 We often use the past continuous to describe a past action in progress which was interrupted by another action (expressed in the past simple). The two actions are usually linked by when or as. 3 We often use the past continuous with while for two actions happening at the same time. 4 We often use the past continuous to descr beginning of a story or anecdote. a Gircle)the correct form. Fer Gis es hae tripped and fl 1 Were you understanding / Did you understand the lesson today? 1 We arrived at the cinema quite late. The film started already / had already started. 1uous to talk about an action in progress at 2 what's happé ing at the 3 We were playing / played football when it started to 3 rain. 4. What have you been doing? I've been waiting / 4 I waited for my friend to arrive. We had lived / lived in Germany for five years I went / was going running very early last Saturday. Were you driving / Did you drive when | phoned you? | wasn't hungry, 60 | didn’t eat / wasn't eating very much lunch. By the time I got home, my husband had cooked / cooked the dinner. past perfect: had + past participle When they turned on the TV, the match hhad already finished. ‘As soon as | shut the door, I realized that Id left my keys on the table. We couldn't get a table in the restaurant because we hadn't booked. = We use the past perfect when we are talking about the past and we want to talk about an ‘earlier past action. Compare: When John arrived, they went out. (= first John artived and then they went out) When John arrived, they had gone out. (= they ‘went out before John arrived) using narrative tenses together Ie was cold night and it was raining, Iwas watching TV in the living room. Suddenly heard a knock at the door. I got up and opened the door. But there was nobody there. The person who had knocked on the door had disappeared. * We use the past continuous (was raining, was watching) to set the scene. *+ We use the past simple (heard, got up, etc.) to say what happened, ‘+ We use the past perfect (had knocked, had disappeared) to say what happened before the previous past action, b Complete with the past simple, past continuous, or past perfect. | had a great idea for a new website, but someone had thought of it already. (have, think) The man on the door__us in because he said we suitable proof of age. (not let, not have) The roads__busy because everyone _ at the same time, (be, travel) When we atthe hotel we found that our friends already__. (arrive, leave) Petra__allday,soshe very tired. (work, feel) The audience __loudly when the star _ onto the stage. (clap, step) ' Tetum the library book because | with it. (not can, not finish) The couple never _up hope that their daughter would be found, even though she ‘many years ago. (give, disappear) I couldn't remember if) |__it. turn off, check) the cooker, so.5B ENTRY CHECKER past and present habits and states 1 lused to teach English when | was living abroad. He didn’t use to do any exercise, but now he runs marathons. Inever used to like football, but | watch it every week now. We used to be close friends, but we don't ta to each other any more. That hotel used to have a swimming pool, but they closed it Did they use to live in the city centre? Didn't you use to have long hair? 2 Lusually meet my friends at weekends. I don't normally go out during the week English houses usually have gardens Do you normally walk to work? and states, we use used to/ didn’t use to + = We use used to for things that were true over a period of time in the past. used to often refers to something which is. not true now. used to do a lot of sport. (=| did cof time in the past, but now I dor't) * We often use never used to instead of didn't use to. * sed t0// didn't use to can be used with action verbs (e.g {go, do) and non-action verbs (e.g. be, have) ‘+ We can also use the past simple to describe past habits (often with an adverb of frequency). lot of sport for a period We (often) went to France for our holidays when | was a child. a Complete with used to + infinitive or usually + present simple El or 2) and a verb from the list. plan stay drink love message ride do study We used to dream of living abroad, but then we realized we were happy where we were. #1 tea or coffee when you were young? [2] 2 For present habits, we use a verb in the present simple, often with an adverb of frequency, e.g. usually or normally. D) wsed 10 or part simple? We can use used to othe past simple often with an adverb cf equency) for repeated ections or tates and the mesning isthe same, I used olive in Leeds asa child. ved in Leeds aso chil We used ogo tothe cinema on Saturdays. We often went to the cera on Saturdays, But we have to use the past simple i = we mention exact dees or numberof ies = the action happened only once. We went tothe cinema on Saturday. any more and any longer We often use not... ny more / any longer (= not now) with the| [present simple to contrast with used to. used to go to the gym, but I don't (go) any more / any longer: be used to and get used to Don't confuse used to / didn't use to (do sth) with be used to ‘or get used to (doing sth) am used to getting up early every day. (=| am accustomed t0it=I always do it, so itis not a problem for me) Lola can’t get used to living in the UK. (= She can't get ‘accustomed toi, i's a problem for her) b Are the highlighted verb forms right 7 or wrong X? Correct the wrong ones. John didn'ttused to work here. X didn't use to work 1 Hove football. use'to'play with my friends every weekend now. 2. We usually govout on Saturday nights {eyo sea 2 Laure ~ any exercise, but she goes running every day 3. Sarah isnituse toliving in this city now. EI 4 Look! I'm sure that's @ famous actor. 3 We_______ together, but tonight I'm working on my Didn'thelused to be in that show we ae liked? 4 Surely you can stil ride a bicycle, if you __one when 5 My father useditoisuggest | should be you were small a teacher, but | wanted to become an 5 you____tothe gym after work? Could | join you artist tomorrow? (2 6 Doyouuusually go abroad for your 6 |_______this music, but now I don’t like it very much, holidays? 7 Jose the bus. hope he's OK. E] 7 | don'tuse to walk this way, so | might 8 We ‘our summer holidays a couple of months before get lost. 8 He can't used to waking up early. 9 Didn't they useito‘own a house by the sea? we go. 9 My parents_____ with us very often, but now they visit regularly. EI 10 ___you __ your friends while you relax? [26A Passive (all tenses) 1 Alot of films are shot on location. 1 We often use the passive (be + past participle) when it isn’t ‘When is our car being repaired? said, known, or important who does an action. 3 Andy's bike has been i Andy's bike has been stolen. (= somebody has stolen Andy's The director died when the film was being made. You'll be picked up at the airport by one of our staf. This bill must be paid tomorrow. Hove being given a massage. 2 The new concert hall will be opened by the Queen. Gladiator was directed by Ridley Scott. GEirele) the correct form, active or passive. seek aise ere 1 You can't borrow my laptop because it is repair’ is being repaired at the moment. 2 You'll take / be taken to the airport by coach. 3 I can't get a refund because the shoes bought / were bought in America, 4. Viewers amaze / are amazed by the new art exhibition. 5. Amanda plays / is played tennis once @ week & My mother’s dog takes / is taken for a walk ‘every morning 7 can't play the guitar because I've never taught / been taught. 8 Does the new show open / been opened next week? 9 | didn't buy Mike the book for his birthday because | knew someone else had already bought / had already been bought itfor him. 10 We were horrified to learn that the car had stole / had been stolen. bike, but we don't know who), In passive sentences, the object of the verb becomes the new subject. 2 If we want to say who did the action, we use by. “© We can often say things in two ways, in the active or in the passive. Compare: Gladiator was directed by Ridley Scott. (= we want to focus more on the film) Ridley Scott directed Gladiator. (= we want to focus more on the director) ‘+ We form negatives and questions in the same way as in active sentences. ‘Some films aren't shot on location. Is your car being repaired today? ‘+ We often use the passive to talk about processes, for ‘example, scientific processes, and in formal language, such as news reports Then the water is heated to 100 degrees... ‘Many buildings in the city have been damaged by the earthquake, b Rewrite the sentences with the passive. Only use by if necessary. They haven't told me when the interview will take place. ‘haven't been told when the interview will take place. 1. You need to book tickets well in advance. Tickets = 2 They're opening a new café at the end of the road, Anawicelhg 3 sa 3 Someone wrote this song a hundred years ago. This song : 4 A group of reporters were chasing the footballer. The footballer _ 5 The drama teacher designed the set for the school play. The set for the school play 6 Someone sent me some chocolates as a thank you. 1 7 A famous photographer took this photo, This photo 8 People consider the Argentinian Lionel Messi to be one of the world's greatest footballers. The Argentinian Lionel Messi _ 9 Has anyone ever interviewed you on TV? Have you a 10 More people are accessing our site every day. Oursite6B modals of deduction: might, can't, must might (when you think something is pos: ly true) ‘Tony's phone is switched off, He might be on the plane now, or just boarding, Laura might not like that skirt I's not really her style. can‘t (when you are sure something is impossible / not true) Nigel can't earn much money in his job. He's stl living with his parents, ‘That woman can’t be Jack’s wife. Jack's wife has dark hair must (when you are sure something is true) ‘The neighbours must be out. There aren't any lights on in the house. Your sister must have a lot of money if she drives a Porsche. a Match the sentences, He could be a farmer. F He might not have much hai. He must be trying to catch a bus. He might be going on holiday. He could be a twin. He must be bored. He can't be from the UK, He may be cold. He might be late. He might not be able to attend. c-ro moose b Complete with must, might (not), or can't. 'A Which country has the largest population in the world? B I'm not quite sure, but | think it might be China, 1A Istthis your wallet? have dropped it. Thank you! B Yes, 2 A There's no one here. B They have all gone home. 3. A My friend has accused me of stealing her phone. B Surely she think you would do that? 4 A [haven't seen that shop before. B Norhave |. It have just opened. 5 A | asked Pete what he's doing next year, but he won't tell me. B Well, he actually know yet. ENTRY CHECKER + We often use might, can't, or must to say how sure or certain ‘we are about something (based on the information we have). « In this context, the opposite of must is can't. Compare: The neighbours must be out. There aren't any lights on in the house. The neighbours can't be out. All the lights are on in the house. NOT The-neighbours- mustn't be-out: + We can use may instead of might and we can use could in, positive sentences. ‘Jack could (or may) be at the party ~ I'm not sure. + We don’t use can instead of might / may. NOT He-can-be onthe plane-now + We often use be + gerund after might / must / can’t. They must be having a party - the music's very loud. eA ie 6 1A) See ene eas All the lights are-on in the house. He's running along the street. He's staring out of the window. He doesn't speak English He isn’t wearing a jacket He phoned to say that the traffic was bad, He's wearing a work shirt and jeans His brother looks very similar to him. He's wearing a big cap. He told me he's very busy at the moment. He's carrying a suitcase. 6 A We need more onions for this recipe. B There bbe some in the cupboard. 7 A I think I like to live in a village in the country B You mean that. You'd be lonely so far away from the city! 8 A Ishe our new teacher? B No, he be. He's too young to be @ teacher. 9 A Ohno! Have we missed the last train? B Maybe - there this evening A Do you know who this bag belongs to? B I think it be Nour's bag. Why don't you ask her? be any more trains 107A first conditional and future time clauses + when, until, etc. first conditional sentences: if + present simple, will / ‘* We use first conditional sentences to talk about a possible / won't + infinitive probable future situation and its consequence. 1. Ifyou work hard, you'll pass your exams. The teacher won't be very pleased if we're late for class 2 Come and see us next week if you have time. 3 Alison won't get into university unless she gets good grades. I won't go unless you go too. wortbevery YA. A) pleated if we're late for class ‘a Complete with the present simple or future with will If you take the beach towels, I'll take the suncream. (take) 1. Let me know if you itbefore Ido. (find) 2 She won't be able to attend college if she___. (not register) 3. You won't get a seat on the train unless you early. (arrive) 4 Ben___late for college if he doesn't hurry. (be) 5 You_____never your revision done if you don't start soon. (get) 6 Ifyou do well in the interview, you chance of getting the job. (have) 7 We'll go out and celebrate if we _ good results, (achieve) 8 We won't have anything for dinner unless we __ to the shops. (go) 9 |______you a lift home from the party if you let me know what time to pick you up. (give) 10 If you don't tidy your room, you__to the game. (not go) _agood 1 We use the present tense (NOT the future) after ifin first conditional sentences. NOT ifyovillworkchare-you'l passall-yourexame: 2 We can also use an imperative instead of the will clause. 3 We can use unless + present simple [#] instead of if..not in conditional sentences. Compare: Alison won't get into university if she doesn’t get good grades. future time clauses We'll have dinner when your father gets home. ‘As soon as you get your exam results, call me. won't go to bed until you come home. Il have @ quick lunch before | leave. After | finish university, I'l probably take a year off and travel. + We use the present tense (NOT the future) after when, as soon as, until, before, and after to talk about the future. b Gircle) the correct word or expression. You won't learn to play the trumpetGnlessy if you practice. 1 Don't forget to put the milk in the fridge before / after you've bought it I call you if/ until need help. We'll leave until/ as soon as you're ready. \ can't help you unless /ifyou explain the problem The men will sel fresh fish on the beach before / when the boat comes in 6 When /Uniessit rains soon the flowers in the garden 7 think you should ask your parents for advice before after you make a final decision 8 Sam knewhe had to keep driving when / untilhe got home. 9 Sandra hopes to go to Manchester University if/ when she can get the necessary grades. 10 You can't go to the show if/ unless you have a ticket.7B ENTRY CHECKER second conditional, choosing between conditionals second conditional sentences: if + past simple, would / wouldn't + infinitive 1 Hthad a job, I'd get my own fat If David spoke good English, he could get a job in that new hotel | would get on better with my parents i didnt ive with them, wouldn't do that job unless they paid me a really good salary, 2 If your sister were here, she'd know what to do. IF itwas warmer, we could have a swim, 3 If lwere you, I'd buy a new computer. Hl were you, d buy a new computer. a Write second conditional sentences. I not need) to buy a new computer if this one (not be) always crashing I wouldn't need to buy a new computer if this one. wasn't always crashing. | (not want) to live in the city centre if (have) young children 2 you (come) to the party next Wednesday if we (go) together? 3 if fintend) to go out this evening, I (not buy) the ingredients for cooking dinner 4 ‘if (be) your sister, I (get) a job in the city 5 | (love) to live in Australia for a year if| (think) | could geta job there 6 when he was younger, my brother (not get) into the water unless | (swim) along with him 7. if something bad ever (happen), Louis (cope) very well 8 I think your friend (like) that book if you (give) it to her. 9 | (spend) more time at home if | (not be) so busy. 10 even if it (not work) last time, | (try) acupuncture again ‘+ We use the second conditional to talk about a hypothetical / imaginary present or future situation and its consequence. IF had a jo... (=| don't have a job, I'm imagining i) 41 We use the past simple after if and would / wouldn't + infinitive in the other clause. ‘© We can also use could instead of would in the other clause. 2 After if, we can use was or were with |, he, and she. 3 We often use second conditionals beginning If! were you, I'd... to give advice. We don't normally use If was you... D Choosing between the first or second conditional Using a first or second conditional usualy depends on how probable you think is that something will happen If have time, I help you. (= this isa real situation, i's possible that Ill have time — first conditional) If Lhad time, I'd help you. = tis isa hypothetical / imaginary situation, | don't have time ~ second conditional) would / wouldn't + infinitive We also often use would / wouldn't + infinitive (without an if clause) when we talk about imaginary situations. My ideal holidey would be a week in the Bahamas. 7d never buy a car as big as yours. b First or second conditional? Complete with the correct form of the verb. If you don't like it, weil exchange it,no problem. (exchange) Many people say that they mould lke to travel around the world if they were rich, lke) 1 Ifyou don't save money when you're young, you that you had later on in life. (wish) 2 Iwouldn't be so tired if|_ swimming today. (go) 3 I would love to have a cat, if! ina second-floor flat. (not live) 4 ifwe Up a bit higher, we'll be able to see for miles, (climb) 5. Ifyou had to pick one book to read while you travel, which you____? (choose) 6 Iwouldn’t go out in the rain if (not have to) 7 Ourfriends __on holiday if they had the time. (go) 8 Those tomatoes them. (not grow) 9 Il take my jacket to keep warm if it 10 Ifwe can sell our flat, we year. (buy) if you don’t water cold. (be) a house next