CORE ABAP FROM GENSOFT TECHNOLOGIES
POWERED BY Mr. Sridhar Sunkari
c/c++/java for variable declaration:
int x=10;
char y;
float z;
int x,y,z;
c/c++/java for reading user input:
scanf, cin,System.in.read
c/c++/java for displaying output:
printf,cout,System.out.println
ABAP statements / keywords:
1. Data: used for declaring variables
Syntax:
data [:] <variable name> <type/like> <data type>
[value <initial value>]
[decimals <no.of
decimals>]....
[ ] --> optional (may / may not be used)
< > --> mandatory / obligatory
Eg: data x type i.
data x type i value 10.
data abc type c.
CORE ABAP FROM GENSOFT TECHNOLOGIES
POWERED BY Mr. Sridhar Sunkari
2. Parameters: generates selection screen for reading user input
Syntax:
parameters [:] <variable name> <type/like> <data type> [default
<default value>] [obligatory] [lower case].....
3. Write: generates List processing screen(output screen) for
displaying the result
Syntax:
write [:] <variable> ...........
4. Constants: used for declaring fixed value variables. It must
be initialized at the time of initialization itself.
Syntax:
constant [:] <variable> type <datatype>
value <fixed value>.
Conditional statements:
1. if-else
Syntax:
if <condition 1>.
statements.
elseif <condition 2>.
statements.
----
elseif <condition n>.
CORE ABAP FROM GENSOFT TECHNOLOGIES
POWERED BY Mr. Sridhar Sunkari
statements.
else.
statements.
endif.
2. Case-endcase (similar to switch statement in 'C'
lang)
Syntax:
case <variable>.
when <value 1>.
statements.
when <value 2>.
statements.
----
when others.
statements.
endcase.
3. Check:
Syntax:
check <condition>.
statements.
CORE ABAP FROM GENSOFT TECHNOLOGIES
POWERED BY Mr. Sridhar Sunkari
Looping statements:
1. While-endwhile
Syntax:
while <condition>.
statements.
endwhile.
2. Do-enddo
Syntax 1:
do.
statements.
<Exit condition>.
enddo.
Syntax 2:
do <n> times.
statements.
enddo.
3. Loop-endloop - internal tables
syntax:
loop at <int.table> [condition].
statements.
CORE ABAP FROM GENSOFT TECHNOLOGIES
POWERED BY Mr. Sridhar Sunkari
endloop.
4. Select-endselect database programming
Syntax:
select <query>.
statements.
endselect.
Operators in ABAP:
Arithmetic Operators:
+, -, *, / (quotient), mod (remainder)
Logical Operators:
AND, OR
Relational Operators:
Symbolic Format (or) Character Format
< lt (less than)
> gt (greater than)
<= le (less than or equal to)
>= ge (greater than or equal to)
= eq (assignment / equal to)
< > ne (not equal to)
?= Type casting symbol
CORE ABAP FROM GENSOFT TECHNOLOGIES
POWERED BY Mr. Sridhar Sunkari
Standard objects --> are provided by SAP
--> Starts with other than 'Z' /
'Y'
--> read and execute
--> for modification --> need to provide
access key
Access key --> 16 digit secured password used for modifying
standard objects --> will be provided by SAP itself (if
required)
Custom objects / zee objects --> developed by ABAP consultants
on behalf of customer --> Starts with
'Z' / 'Y'
--> do not require access key for development/modification
Developer access key --> needs to be provided when we are trying
to develop first object in the registered user (one time task)
--> used for authenticating (checking) the user as a
registered developer
Package --> it is like a directory / folder which is a
collection of objects
--> A object stored in $tmp (local object) cannot be
transported
--> A object must be stored in transportable package so that
it can be assigned to a change/transportable request which can
be transported from one client to other
Note: Executable programs starts with 'Report' keyword
Execution of objects:
CORE ABAP FROM GENSOFT TECHNOLOGIES
POWERED BY Mr. Sridhar Sunkari
1. Save (ctrl + s)
2. Check for syntax errors (ctrl + f2)
3. Activate the object (ctrl + f3)
4. Execute the object (f8)
Notes:
1. Parameter variable names should not exceed 8 characters and
should not contain special characters.
2. Parameters / Parameter is the statement used for generating
selection screen for reading the input values
3. Default is the option/addition used as part of parameters
statement to provide default values for selection screen
fields
4. Obligatory is the option used as part of parameters
statement to make a selection screen field as mandatory
5. By default, numeric data types (integer(i), packed(p),
float(f)) are right-justified and character data types
(character( c ), date (d), time (t) are left-justified).
6. We use : (colon chain operator) as part of ABAP statements
whenever we perform multiple operations using single
keyword.
7. To check the DOCUMENTATION (for understanding the syntax of
statement and its related options), put the cursor on the
relevant abap statement and press ‘F1’ key
8. No standard page heading is the option used as part of
report statement to suppress (remove) the default title
display in the list processing screen.
9. To generate selection text for a parameter variable, follow
the path given below.
10. To change the Date and time formats display, we can
use the addition ‘EDIT MASK’ as part of write statement.
11. Integers cannot store decimal values, if any decimal
value is stored in integer variable; it will round off to
nearest integer. To store the decimal values, we can use
CORE ABAP FROM GENSOFT TECHNOLOGIES
POWERED BY Mr. Sridhar Sunkari
packed data type and use the addition ‘decimals’ to specify
the no. of decimal positions.
Selection-texts for the selection screen parameter
variables:
Develop and activate the program first, choose the menu ‘go
to’ text elements selection texts under selection
texts tab, provide meaningful text for the parameter
variables, activate.
Reference:
CORE ABAP FROM GENSOFT TECHNOLOGIES
POWERED BY Mr. Sridhar Sunkari
ABAP System Fields:
These are provided by SAP itself and they start with ‘SY-…..’.
The Values for these System fields are assigned by SAP itself.
Sy-datum Current application server date
Sy-uzeit Current Application server time
Sy-repid Current Program name
Sy-uname Login user name
Sy-dynnr current screen no.
Note: By default, selection-screen number is always 1000.
Numeric Values:
By default, Integers cannot store decimal values. If any
Decimal value is assigned to integer variable in single
quotes, then the value will be rounded off to the nearest
integer and stored in the integer variable. To store
decimal values, we can use ‘P’ (Packed) data type and while
declaring packed variables, we need to use decimals
addition to specify number of decimal places.
Character Fields:
A variable declared as ‘C’ (character) can store only
single character by default, to store more number of
characters declare the variable as array of characters or
as a string data type.
Continue Statement:
Whenever continue statement is executed inside a loop, the
statements after the continue statement will be skipped i.e. the
rest of the statements will not be executed for the current
CORE ABAP FROM GENSOFT TECHNOLOGIES
POWERED BY Mr. Sridhar Sunkari
iteration and the control jumps to next iteration for condition
check. Before the continue statement is executed, the iteration
variable needs to be incremented / decremented otherwise it
leads to infinite execution.
Exit Statement:
Whenever the exit statement is executed inside a loop the
control jumps out of the current loop, if the exit statement is
executed independently outside the loop, the control comes out
of the program execution i.e rest of the statements after exit
statement will not be executed.
The Difference between While-Endwhile and Do-Enddo is in case of
While-endwhile, the condition is checked first and if it is
true, the control enters the while loop and then executes the
statements. In case of Do-endo, the control first enters the do
loop, executes the statements at-least once and then check the
condition for continuing the iteration of loop or to exit the
loop.
Check statement is used for condition check. If the check
condition is true, it executes the statements after check
otherwise ignores it.
String Functions:
1. Strlen Returns Length of string
2. Translate Converts a given string to upper case/lower
case
3. Concatenate Combines multiple strings into single string
4. Split Splits the given string into multiple substrings
based on the delimiter
5. Condense Removes the blank spaces of a string
6. Replace Replaces the source pattern of a string with the
given target pattern
7. Overlay Replaces the blank spaces of the source string
with the corresponding positioned character in the target
string
CORE ABAP FROM GENSOFT TECHNOLOGIES
POWERED BY Mr. Sridhar Sunkari
8. Shift shifts the contents of the string to the specified
direction and no.of places
9. Unpack It prefixes the character field containing numeric
values with the appropriate no. of zero’s depending on the
field width.
10. Pack It removes the leading zero’s from the character
field containing numeric values
Note: Off-set logic is used for extracting the portion of the
string.
Submit, Export and Import keywords:
1. Submit keyword is used for calling a program from another
program
2. The addition ‘and return’ as part of submit statement
returns the control back to calling program otherwise the
control remains in called program
3. To exchange data between 2 programs we need to use export
and import statements along with submit statement
4. Export statement writes a variable value to ABAP memory
referring to a memory id.
5. Import statement reads the value from ABAP memory by
referring to a memory id
6. The life time of ABAP memory is within the session. i.e
once the user log off of the session, the variable
values maintained in ABAP memory for that particular
session will be destroyed.
Field-symbols are a special data structure used for holding any
kind of data. i.e it is capable of storing any kind of data.
Field-symbol variable must be enclosed between ‘<’ and ‘>’. We
use the keyword ‘assign’ to assign a variable value to the
field-symbol. Once a variable is assigned to the field-symbol,
there will be a pointer link between the variable and field-
symbol, so any changes made to the data of the variable will
automatically reflect the value of field-symbol and vice versa.
Exception Handling:
CORE ABAP FROM GENSOFT TECHNOLOGIES
POWERED BY Mr. Sridhar Sunkari
- An exception is a runtime error which is raised during the
program execution. If the exception is not handled, the
program execution will be terminated.
- Exception handling is a process of handling the Runtime
Error’s and continue the program execution without
termination.
- The exceptions which are raised by SAP are called as
Standard Exceptions.
- These standard exceptions are raised from standard
exception classes which start with Naming convention
“CX___”.
- We can handle these exceptions by using “TRY” and “CATCH”
blocks.
- Inside the “TRY” Block we need to keep those statements
where the possible exceptions might occur.
- The ‘CATCH’ block is placed immediately after the Try
Block; it is responsible for handling the exceptions by
providing appropriate exception handling statements which
can be system defined exception message / user-defined
exception message.
- “CX_ROOT” is common for any exceptions i.e it is super
class(parent class) for all exception classes.
- As part of the catch block we need to provide the exception
class name which is responsible for raising the exception.
- If we are not sure about the exception class, we can give
the exception class name as “CX_ROOT”.
- “CX_ROOT” is super class for all the exception classes.
Syntax for Selection Screen Radio buttons:
Parameters <radio button name> radiobutton group <group
name> [user-command <function code>].
CORE ABAP FROM GENSOFT TECHNOLOGIES
POWERED BY Mr. Sridhar Sunkari
Eg: Parameters p_r1 radiobutton group grp1.
Note: In a group of radiobuttons, only one radiobutton can
be selected.
A Radiobutton will contain either ‘X’ (or) ‘‘ as values
‘X’ indicates Selected, ‘‘ indicates Not selected
By Default, First radiobutton in the group will be
selected.
Syntax for Selection screen Checkboxes:
Parameters <Checkbox name> as checkbox [user-command
<function code>].
Note: In case of checkboxes on selection-screen, we can
select any no. of checkboxes.
A checkbox can contain either ‘X’ (or) ‘ ‘ as values
‘X’ selected, ‘ ‘ not selected
By Default, None of the checkboxes will be selected.
