Solution

12 PHYSICS CBSE

Class 12 - Physics
Section A
1.
(d) insulator
Explanation:
The resistance of silicon (a semiconductor) increases on decrease of temperature. At absoute zero, it will behave like an
insulator.

2.
(b) 16 Ω
Explanation:
R
′
= n2R = (2)2 × 4 Ω = 16 Ω

–
3. (a) 36/√7
Explanation:

From the figure it is clear that:

r
tan C =
h

Therefore, the radius of the circle is given by

r = h tan C,
where C is critical angle at the water-air interface and h, the depth of the fish below the water surface.
Now, sin C = = 1
= 0 ⋅ 75
μ
1

4/3

or C = 48 ⋅ 6 ∘

Thus, r = 12 tan 48.6o = 13 ⋅ 6 = 36/√7 cm

–

4.
(d) 6 J
Explanation:
W = mB (cos θ 1 − cos θ2 )

= 2 × 10 4
× 6 × 10
−4
(cos 0° - cos 60°) = 6J

5.
(d) -10-9
Explanation:
Surface charge density of the earth = -10-9 Cm-2

6.
(b) 2 × 10-5 T, acting downwards
Explanation:
μ I
B= 0

2πr
downwards
= 2 × 10-5 downwards
−7
4π× 10 ×10
= −2
2π×10×10

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 7.
(b) l decreases and A increases
Explanation:
L= self-inductance, A = area of cross-section.
2

As we know, L = μ r μ0
N

ll
Al
2
N A
L = μr μ0
l

as L is constant for a coil

L ∝ A and L ∝
1

As, μ and N are constant here so, to increase L for a coil, area A must be increased and l must be decreased.
r

8.
To
(c) 3

Explanation:
Initial time period of magnet
−−−
I
T0 = 2π√
MB

I - moment of inertia of bar magnet

M- magnetic moment of bar magnet
when the magnet is cut into three equal pieces the magnetic moment of each piece of magnet becomes =M ′
=
M

New moment of inertia of each magnet = I ′

=
I

3
=
I

27
3

New time period of magnet is

−−−−−
−−′
−
I I/27
′
T = 2π√ = 2π√
′
M B (M/3)B

T0
′
T =
3

9.
μt
(d) c

Explanation:
Speed of light in glass plate, v = c

Time taken light to traverse thickness t of the glass plate,

t μt
= c
=
c
μ

10.
(c) radial, inwards
Explanation:
Electric lines of force about a negative point charge are radial, inwards.

11.

(b)

Explanation:
When an alternating voltage is applied across a half wave rectifier, a pulsating voltage appears across the load only during the
half cycles of the ac input i.e., only when the diode is forward biased.

12. (a) 2f
Explanation:
The focal length of each part will be 2f
13. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

2 / 12
14.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

15.
(c) A is true but R is false.
Explanation:
A is true but R is false.

16. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
If the resistor is used in controlling ac supply, electrical energy will be wasted in the form of heat energy across the resistance
wire. However, ac supply can be controlled with choke without any wastage of energy. This is because the power factor (cos θ)
for resistance is unity and is zero for an inductance. [P = EI cos θ].
Section B
17. The standard equation of magnetic field can be expressed as B = B0 sin ω t.
We are given equation
B = 12 × 10-8 sin (120 × 107 z - 3.60 × 1015 t)T
On comparing this equation with standard equation, we get
B0 = 12 × 10-8 T and
The average intensity of the beam is given by :-
2 −8 2 8
B (12× 10 ) ×3× 10
1 0 1
Iav = ⋅ c = ×
2 μ 2 −7
0 4π×10

= 1.71 W/m2
18. Magnetic dipole moment,
m = NIA = N × πr 2

= 0.77 Am2
7
= 10 × 5 × 22

7
× (
100
)

The direction of the magnetic dipole moment is perpendicular to the plane of the coil. Hence it is along z-axis.
Torque on the current loop of magnetic moment m is
τ = mB sin α

where α is angle between m⃗ and B⃗ . For stable equilibrium torque is zero, so α = 0o. For this B⃗ should
be perpendicular to the plane of the coil. Hence the coil will lie in y-z plane in the condition of stable equilibrium.
19. V - I characteristics of a p-n junction diode:-

When a p-n junction is reverse biased, a very small current (of the order of few μA) flows due to drifting of minority charge
carriers whose number density remains constant upto the critical voltage. As a result of it, the current under reverse bias is almost
independent of the applied potential upto critical voltage.
20. When an electron falls from (n + p)th to nth energy level, the frequency of radiations in spectrum H-atom like atoms is given as
2 1 1
v = C RZ [ − ]
(n+p) 2
n

Here n >> p
n’ =1,2,3, ……..
R= Rydberg’s constant

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 ⎡ ⎤
p −2
v = C RZ
2
⎢
1

2
−
1

2
⎥ = C RZ 2
[
1

2
[1 +
n
] −
1

2
]
p n n n
⎣ n2 [1+ ] ⎦
n2

Neglecting the higher terms as n >> n’

1 2p 1 1 2p 1
2 2
= C RZ [ (1 − ) − ] = C RZ [ − − ]
2 n 2 2 3 2
n n n n n
2 2
−CRZ 2p 2CRZ
= = ( )p
3 3
n n

So the first few frequencies of light that is emitted when electrons fall from (n+n’) to nth energy level are in the ratio of n’=1 : 2 :
3,….when n…1.
21. Force on wire AB, F = I lB sin 90
∘
= I lB

√3
Component of the force in the vertically upward direction = F cos 30 ∘
= I lB ⋅
2

If m is the mass per unit length of wire, then its weight = mlg
√3
∴ mlg = I lB ⋅
2
IB⋅ √3 5×0.65× √3
or m = 2g
=
2×9.8

= 0.2872 kg m-1
OR
a. Similarities:
Both electrostatic field and magnetic field: Follows the principle of superposition.
Depends inversely on the square of distance from source to the point of interest.
Differences:
i. Electrostatic field is produced by a scalar source (q) and the magnetic field is produced by a vector ([Link]).
ii. Electrostatic field is along the displacement vector between source and point of interest; while magnetic field is
perpendicular to the plane, containing the displacement vector and vector source.
b. According to Biot- Savart law,
⃗
→ μ ⎡ ∵ |d l × r |⃗ = rdl; ⎤
dB = 0

4π 2
Idl

2
1 From figure, cosθ = R

1
(x + R ) 2
⎣ 2 2 ⎦ 2
r = (x + R ) 2
(x + R ) 2

∴ Net contribution along x-direction

B = ∑ dB cos θ
= ∫ dB cos θ
2πR
μ Idl
= ∫
0

4π
0

2 2
(x + R ) 2

→ 2
μ0 IR
B = 3
^
i
2 2
2(R + x ) 2

Section C
22. Current, I = enAvd

i. In series, current I is constant. So, vd ∝ 1

vd (X) AY
=
AX
=
3

2
=3:2
vd (Y )

ii. In parallel, V = IR = constant

1
∴ I ∝
R

But R ∝ l

A
A
∴ I ∝
l
IX AX lY
or IY
=
AY
⋅
lX
=
2

3
×
2

1
=
4

IX en AX vd (X) 2vd (X)

Also, IY
= =
en AY vd (Y ) 3vd (Y )

2vd (X)
Hence, =
4

3
3vd (Y )

vd (X)
or =
2

1
=2:1
vd (Y )

4 / 12
23. a.

b. Threshold Voltage: Forward bias voltage at which the current increases significantly (exponentially) even for a very small
increase in voltage.
Break down voltage: Reverse bias voltage at which current increases suddenly.
c. Junction Diode: conducts when it is forward biased and does not conduct when reverse biased.
24. i. The collision of a photon can cause emission of a photoelectron (if the frequency is above the threshold frequency). As
intensity, if the frequency increases, number of photons increases. Hence, the current increases.
ii. We have, eV0= h(ν - ν ) 0

h hν0
V0 = ν −
e e

Graph of V0 vs.ν is a straight line and slope is a constant.

iii. Maximum K.E. for different surfaces is given by = h(ν - ν ) 0

Hence, kinetic energy depends on the frequency and not on the intensity of the incident radiation.
25. i. The nuclear force binds nucleons into atomic nuclei. Characteristics properties of nuclear force are:
a. Nuclear forces act between a pair of neutrons, a pair of protons and also between a neutron-proton pair, with the same
strength. This shows that nuclear forces are independent of charge.
b. The nuclear forces are dependent on spin or angular momentum of nuclei.
c. Nuclear forces are non-central forces. This shows that the distribution of nucleons in a nucleus is not spherically
symmetric.
ii. A plot of potential energy of a pair of nucleons as a function of their separation is shown below:

From the plot, it is concluded that

i. The potential energy is minimum at a distance r (≈ 0.8f m) which means that the force is attractive for distances larger
0

than 0.8 fm and repulsive for the distance less than 0.8 fm between the nucleons
ii. Nuclear forces are negligible when the distances between the nucleons is more than 10 fm.
26. The energy of an electron in nth orbit is given by
13.6
En = − eV
2
n

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 i. For 3 rd excite state, n = 4
13.6 13.6
∴ E4 = − = − = −0.85eV
2 16
4

ii. Required energy to jump electron to the ground state from the 3 rd excited state
E = E4 - E1
13.6 13.6
= − − (− )
2 2
4 1

= - 0.85 + 13.6 = 12.75 eV

∴ Wavelength of the photon emitted as
hc hc
λ = (As, E = )
E λ

−34 8
6.63× 10 ×3× 10
⇒ λ =
−19
12.75×1.6×10
−7
19.878×10 −7
= = 0.974 × 10
20.4
o

= 974A

27. Given, λ = 589nm

8
c = 3 × 10 m/s, μ = 1.33

a. For reflected light,

Wavelength λ = 589nm = 589 × 10 −9
m
8
c 3×10
ν = =
λ −9
589×10

14
= 5.09 × 10 Hz

Hence, the speed, frequency, and wavelength of the reflected light are 3 × 108 m/s, 5.09 × 1014 Hz, and 589 nm respectively.
b. Frequency of light does not depend on the property of the medium in which it is travelling. Hence, the frequency of the
refracted ray in water will be equal to the frequency of the incident or reflected light in air.
c
v =
μ
8
3×10 8
v = = 2.26 × 10 m/s
1.33

Wavelength of light in water is given by the relation,

c
λ =
ν
8
2.26×10
=
14
5.09×10

−9
= 444.007 × 10 m = 444.01 nm

Hence the speed, frequency and wavelength of refracted light are 2.26 × 108 m/s, 5.09 × 1014 Hz and 444.01 nm
respectively.
28. According to Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction, the magnitude of induced emf is equal to the rate of change of magnetic
flux linked with the closed circuit (or coil). Mathematically,
dϕB
E = −N
dt

where N is the number of turns in the circuit and ϕ is the magnetic flux linked with each turn.
B

Suppose the conducting rod completes one revolution in time T. Then

Change in flux = B × Area swept = B × πl 2

Change in flux
Induced emf =
Time
2
B×πl
ε=
T
2π
But T =
ω
2
B×πl 1 2
∴ ε= = Bl ω
2π 2
ω

OR
i. The magnetic flux through the rectangular loop abcd increases, due to the motion of the loop into the region of a magnetic
field According to Lenz's law, this increase in flux is opposed by the induced current. The induced current must flow along the
path bcdab so that it opposes the increasing flux.
ii. Due to the outward motion, magnetic flux through the triangular loop abc decreases due to which the induced current flows
along bacd, so as to oppose the change in flux.
iii. As the magnetic flux decreases due to motion of the irregularly shaped loop abcd out of the region of the magnetic field, the
induced current flows along cdabc, so as to oppose change in flux. Note that there is no induced current as long as the loops
are completely inside or outside the region of the magnetic field.

6 / 12
 Section D
29. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:
An electromagnetic wave transports linear momentum as it travels through space. If an electromagnetic wave transfers a total
U
energy U to a surface in time t, then total linear momentum delivered to the surface is p = . When an electromagnetic wave falls
c

on a surface, it exerts pressure on the surface. In 1903, the American scientists Nichols and Hull succeeded in measuring radiation
pressures of visible light where other had failed, by making a detailed empirical analysis of the ubiquitous gas heating and ballistic
effects.
(i) (a) I

Explanation:
Pressure exerted by an electromagnetic radiation, P =
I

(ii) (b) 6 × 10-4 N/m2

Explanation:
Energy flux 18 W/cm
2

P = =
rad Speed of light 8
3× 10 m/s

4 2

10-4 N/m2
18× 10 W/m
= 8
=6×
3× 10 m/s

(iii) (c) 0.166 × 10-8 N m-2

Explanation:
P =
I

c
=
0.5

8
= 0.166 × 10-8 N m-2
3×10

OR

(b) 10-6 N/m2

Explanation:
The radiation pressure of visible light
= 7 × 10-6 N/m2
(iv) (d) 100
Explanation:
Intensity of EM wave is given by I = P

2
Vav =
1

2
ε0 E
2
0
× c
4πR
−−−−−− −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
P 1500
⇒ E0 = √
2
=√ 2 −12 8
2π R ε0 c 2×3.14(3) ×8.85× 10 ×3× 10

= √10, 000 = 100 V m-1

−−−−−−

30. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:

The triboelectric series is a list that ranks materials according to their tendency to gain or lose electrons. The process of electron
transfer as a result of two objects coming into contact with one another and then separating is called triboelectric charging. During
such an interaction, one of the two objects will always gain electrons (becoming negatively charged) and the other object will lose
electrons (becoming positively charged). The relative position of the two objects on the triboelectric series will define which
object gains electrons and which object loses electrons.
In triboelectric series, materials are ranked from high to low in terms of the tendency for the material to lose electron. If an object
high up on this list (Glass, for example) is rubbed with an object low down on the list (Teflon, for example), the glass will lose
electrons to the teflon. The glass will, in this case, become positively charged and the teflon will become negatively charged.
Materials in the middle of the list (steel and wood, for example) are items those do not have a strong tendency to give up or accept

7 / 12
 electrons.

(i) (c) high

Explanation:
In triboelectric series, materials are ranked from high to low in terms of the tendency for the material to lose electron
i.e., they are ranked high to low tendency of getting positively charged.
(ii) (a) Steel, wood
Explanation:
Materials in the middle of the list (steel and wood, for example) are items those do not have a strong tendency to give
up or accept electrons.
(iii) (c) Hair will be positively charged, Amber will be negatively charged.
Explanation:
Since, human hair is placed at the upper portion of the list, it will leave electron and will be positively charged. Since,
amber is placed at the lower portion of the list, it will accept the electron and will be negatively charged.
(iv) (a) By contact
Explanation:
The process of electron transfer as a result of two objects corning into contact with one another and then separating is
called triboelectric charging.
OR
(d) positively, negatively
Explanation:
During triboelectric charging, one of the two objects always gains electrons and become negatively charged. The
other object loses electrons and become positively charged.
Section E
31. In case of refraction at convex spherical surface, when object is in rarer medium, the image is formed real.

In △OAC, i = a + γ and in ΔAI C , γ = r + β or r = γ − β

α+γ
Therefore, By snell's law, we have 1
μ2 =
sin i

sin r
≈
i

r
=
γ−β
μ α+γ
or 2

μ1
=
γ−β
or μ
2γ − μ2 β = μ1 α + μ1 γ

or (μ 2 − μ1 ) γ = μ1 α + μ2 β ................(i)

8 / 12
 As α, β and γ are small and P and N lie close to each other.
So, α ≈ tan α = ≈
AN

NO
AN

PO

AN AN
β ≈ tan β = ≈
NI PI
AN AN
γ ≈ tan γ = ≈
NC PC

On using them in equation (i), we obtain

AN AN AN
(μ2 − μ1 ) = μ1 + μ2
PC PO PI
μ −μ μ μ
or 2

PC
1
=
PO
1
+
PI
2
..........(ii)
where, PC = +R, radius of curvature
PO = -u, object distance
PI = +v, image distance
μ2 − μ1 μ1 μ2 μ2 − μ1 μ2 μ1
So, R
=
−u
+
v
or R
=
v
−
u

This gives formula for refraction at spherical surface, when object is in rarer medium.
OR
The resultant displacement will be given by
y = y1 + y2
= a cos ω t + a cos (ω t + ϕ)
= a[cos ω t + cos (ω t + ϕ)]
ϕ ϕ
= 2a cos ( ) cos (ω t +
2 2
)
ϕ
The amplitude of the resultant displacement is 2 a cos ( ) 2

The intensity of light is directly proportional to the square of amplitude of the wave. The resultant intensity will be given by
I = 4a2 cos2
ϕ

Intensity = 4I0 cos2( , where I0 = a2 is the intensity of each harmonic wave

ϕ
∴ )
2

At the maxima, ϕ = ± 2nπ

cos2
ϕ
∴
2
=1
At the maxima, I = 4I0 = 4 × intensity due to one slit

I = 4I0 cos2( )
ϕ

For constructive interference, I is maximum.

It is possible when cos2( ) = 1;
ϕ ϕ

2 2
= nπ ; π = 2nπ
For destructive interference, I is minimum, i.e., I = 0
It is possible when cos2(
ϕ ϕ (2n−1)π

2
) = 0; 2
= 2
; ϕ = (2n ± 1) π

32. a. Since the work done depends on the final arrangement of the charges, and not on how they are put together, we calculate work
needed for one way of putting the charges at A, B, C and D. Suppose, first the charge +q is brought to A, and then the charges
–q, +q, and -q are brought to B, C, and D, respectively. The total work needed can be calculated in steps:
i. Work needed to bring charge +q to A when no charge is present elsewhere: this is zero.
ii. Work needed to bring –q to B when +q is at A. This is given by (charge at B) × (electrostatic potential at B due to charge
+q at A)
2
q q
= −q × ( 4π ε0 d
) =− 4π ε0 d

iii. Work needed to bring charge +q to C when +q is at A and -q is at B. This is given by (charge at C) × (potential at C due to
charges at A and B
+q −q
= +q ( +
4π ε0 d
)
4π ε0 d√2
2
−q 1
= 4π ε0 d
(1 − )
√2

iv. Work needed to bring -q to D when +q at A, -q at B, and +q at C. This is given by (charge at D) × (potential at D due to
charges at A, B, and C)
+q −q q
= −q ( 4π ε0 d
+ +
4π ε0 d
)
4π ε0 d√2
2
−q
= 4π ε0 d
(2 −
1
)
√2

Add the work done in steps (i), (ii), (iii), and (iv). The total work required is
2
−q
= 4π ε0 d
{(0) + (1) + (1 −
1
) + (2 −
1
)}
√2 √2

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 2
−q –
= 4π ε0 d
(4 − √2)

The work done depends only on the arrangement of the charges, and not how they are assembled. By definition, this is the
total electrostatic energy of the charges.
b. The extra work necessary to bring a charge q0 to point E when the four charges are at A, B, C, and D is q0 × (electrostatic
potential at E due to the charges at A, B, C, and D). The electrostatic potential at E is clearly zero since potential due to A and
C is cancelled by that due to B and D. Hence, no work is required to bring any charge to point E. Also, it can be said that the
work done over a closed surface is zero. (charges are opposite in corners so work done during one cycle cancel out by another
cycle) hence work done is zero.
OR

a.

Since torque acting on dipole

⃗
τ ⃗ = p⃗ × E

τ ⃗ = pE sin θ ⋅ n
^

work done dω = τ . dθ
= pE sin θdθ

θ2 θ2

w = ∫ dw pE ∫ sin θdθ
θ1 θ1

θ2
w = pE[− cos θ]
θ1

= pE [cos θ1 − cos θ2 ]

if θ = 0, θ = θ
1 2

w = pE (1 - cosθ)
Conditions-
For stable equilibrium - When electric dipole is parallel to electric field.
For unstable equilibrium - Anti Parallel to electric field.
b. No.
Inside equipotential surface
33. i.

ii. Principle of a transformer: When an alternating current flows through the primary coil, an emf is induced in the neighbouring
(secondary) coil. Or When an alternating voltage is applied to the primary, the resulting current produces an alternating
magnetic flux which links the secondary and induces an emf in it.
dφ
a. Let dt
be the rate of change of flux through each turn of the primary and the secondary coil
dϕ
−N1
ε1 N1
and e1=v1 and e2 =v2
dt
= =
ε2 dϕ N2
−N2
dt

V1 N1
or V2
=
N2
...(i)

10 / 12
 b. But for an ideal transformer,
V1l1 = V2l2
V1 I2

V2
=
I1
...(ii)
From equation (i) and (ii)
V1 N1 I2
= =
V2 N2 I1

iii. Main assumptions:

a. The primary resistance and current are small.
b. The flux linked with the primary and secondary coils is the same/there is no leakage of flux from the core.
c. Secondary current is small.
iv. Reason due to which energy losses may occur: Flux leakage/Resistance of the coils and the Eddy currents/ Hysteresis.
OR
i. The sharpness of resonance in series L-C-R circuit refers how quick fall of alternating current in circuit takes place when the
frequency of alternating voltage shifts away from the resonant frequency. It is measured by the quality factor (Q-factor) of
circuit.

The Q -factor of the series resonant circuit is defined as the ratio of the voltage developed across the capacitance or inductance
at resonance to the impressed voltage which is the voltage applied.
voltage across L or C
i.e., quality factor (Q) =
applied voltage
( ωr L)I
Q= RI

[∵ applied voltage = voltage across R]

ωr L (1/ωr C)I
or Q = R
or Q = RI
=
1

RCωr

∴ Q= L

1
[using ω = r
1
]
√LC
RC⋅
√LC
−
−
Thus, Q = 1

R
√
L

This is required expression.

ii. Let initially Ir current is flowing in all the three circuits. If the frequency of applied AC source is increased then, the change in
current will occur in the following manner:
Circuit containing resistance R only:

where, fi = initial frequency of AC source.

There is no effect on current with the increase in frequency.
AC circuit containing inductance only:

11 / 12
With the increase of frequency of AC source, inductive reactance increase as
Vrms Vrms
I= X
=
2πf L
L

For given circuit,

I∝ 1

Current decreases with the increase of frequency.

AC circuits containing capacitor only:

XC = ωC
1
=
2πf C
1

Vrms Vrms
Current, I = XC
=
1
( )
2π fC

I = 2πf C V rms

For given circuit, I ∝ f

Current increases with the increase of frequency.

12 / 12