IoT Security and Forensics

Unit 1 - Introduction

- DR. Madhavi Dave

Assistant Professor
School of Cyber Security and Digital Forensics
 Definition

◼ Internet of Things is fully networked and connected devices

sending analytics data back to cloud or data center.
◼ The definition of Internet of things :
“A dynamic global network infrastructure with self-configuring
capabilities based on standard and interoperable communication
protocols where physical and virtual "things" have identities,
physical attributes, and virtual personalities and use intelligent
interfaces, andare seamlessly integrated into the information
network, often communicate data associated with users and their
environments.”

Unit 1 - Internet of Things - Dr. Madhavi Dave

 Introduction
◼ The term Internet of Things was first coined by Kevin Ashton in 1999 in the
context of supply chain management.
◼ Although the definition of ‘Things‘ has changed as technology evolved, the
main goal of making computer sense information without the aid of human
intervention remains the same.
◼ IoT technologies allow things, or devices that are not computers, to act
smartly and make collaborative decisions that are beneficial to certain
applications.
◼ They allow things to hear, see, think or act by allowing them to
communicate and coordinate with others in order to make decisions that
can be as critical as saving lives

Unit 1 - Internet of Things - Dr. Madhavi Dave

 Characteristics of IoT

Unit 1 - Internet of Things - Dr. Madhavi Dave

 Features of IoT
◼ Self-adaptation: The self-adapting network can make smart
decisions according to change in the system without human
monitoring.
◼ Self-organization: This type of IoT system can manage its devices
and interconnect them as per the network requirement without
human intervention.
◼ Self-optimization: The self-optimized IoT system can reserve its
resources and increases the durability of network connections.
◼ Self-configuration: The newly connected devices of a
self-configurable system can be deployed and configured
automatically for interconnection.

Unit 1 - Internet of Things - Dr. Madhavi Dave

 Features of IoT (cont..)

◼ Self-protection: The self-protection feature of the IoT system can

provide security to connected devices from malicious attacks.
◼ Self-healing: The IoT system with self-healing capacity can be
recovered from damage and repair itself without human
intervention.
◼ Self-discovery: This feature can help the IoT system to search for
neighboring devices and can be accessible for communication.
◼ Self-energy-supplying: The energy supplying IoT system can
harvest the energy for its operations and can become independent
for power supply.

Unit 1 - Internet of Things - Dr. Madhavi Dave

 Application Domains of IoT

Unit 1 - Internet of Things - Dr. Madhavi Dave

 Physical Design of IoT
◼ The "Things" in IoT usually refers to IoT devices which have unique
identities and can perform remote sensing, actuating and monitoring
capabilities.
◼ IoT devices can:
◼ Exchange data with other connected devices and applications
(directly or indirectly), or
◼ Collect data from other devices and process the data locally or
◼ Send the data to centralized servers or cloud-based application
back-end for processing the data, or
◼ Perform some tasks locally and other tasks within the IoT
infrastructure, based on temporal and space constraints

Unit 1 - Internet of Things - Dr. Madhavi Dave

 Block Diagram of IoT System

Unit 1 - Internet of Things - Dr. Madhavi Dave

 IoT Connectivity

◼ An IoT device may consist of several interfaces for

connections to other devices, both wired and wireless.
◼ I/O interfaces for sensors
◼ Interfaces for internet connectivity
◼ Memory and storage interfaces
◼ Audio/video interfaces

Unit 1 - Internet of Things - Dr. Madhavi Dave

 Architecture of IoT

Unit 1 - Internet of Things - Dr. Madhavi Dave

 Architecture of IoT (cont..)
◼ Sensing Layer
◼ It deals with hardware devices like sensors, actuators, and trans-receivers.
◼ Network Layer
◼ It consists of connecting technology like gateways and middleware applications
for providing communication between hardware devices and storage/
processing units.
◼ Data Processing Layer
◼ It facilitates data storage and processing that is to be used in IoT applications.
◼ The data are collected by hardware devices.
◼ The collected data are processed and stored in a local or cloud data storage
unit according to the requirement for decision making.
◼ Application layer
◼ It deals with user interactions by providing a graphical or textual interface.
◼ It also handles data formatting and semantics related conversation for the
presentation of data.

Unit 1 - Internet of Things - Dr. Madhavi Dave

 Logical Design of IoT

Unit 1 - Internet of Things - Dr. Madhavi Dave

 Logical Design of IoT (cont..)

◼ Logical design of an IoT system refers to an abstract

representation of the entities and processes without going into
the low-level specifics of the implementation.
◼ An IoT system comprises of a number of functional blocks that
provide the system the capabilities for identification, sensing,
actuation, communication, and management.

Unit 1 - Internet of Things - Dr. Madhavi Dave

 Components of IoT
◼ There are three IoT components which enable seamless
communication:
◼ Hardware - made up of sensors, actuators and embedded
communication hardware
◼ Middleware/ Connecting Technology- on demand storage and
computing tools for data analytics
◼ Presentation/ User Interface - novel easy to understand
visualization and interpretation tools which can be widely
accessed on different platforms and which can be designed for
different applications.

Unit 1 - Internet of Things - Dr. Madhavi Dave

 Sensors
◼ A sensor detects (senses) changes in the ambient conditions or
in the state of another device or a system, and forwards or
processes this information in a certain manner.
◼ Definition: “A device which detects or measures a physical
property and records, indicates, or otherwise responds to it”
◼ They perform some input functions by sensing or feeling the
physical changes in characteristics of a system in response to a
stimuli.
◼ For example heat is converted to electrical signals in a
temperature sensor, or atmospheric pressure is converted to
electrical signals in a barometer.
Unit 1 - Internet of Things - Dr. Madhavi Dave
 Transducer
◼ Transducers convert or transduce energy of one kind into
another.
◼ For example, in a sound system, a microphone (input device)
converts sound waves into electrical signals for an amplifier to
amplify (a process), and a loudspeaker (output device) converts
these electrical signals back into sound waves.
◼ The word “Transducer” is the collective term used for both
Sensors which can be used to sense a wide range of different
energy forms such as movement, electrical signals, radiant
energy, thermal or magnetic energy etc., and Actuators which can
be used to switch voltages or currents
Unit 1 - Internet of Things - Dr. Madhavi Dave
 Features of Sensors

◼ It is only sensitive to the measured property (e.g., A temperature

sensor senses the ambient temperature of a room.)
◼ It is insensitive to any other property likely to be encountered in
its application (e.g., A temperature sensor does not bother about
light or pressure while sensing the temperature.)
◼ It does not influence the measured property (e.g., measuring the
temperature does not reduce or increase the temperature).

Unit 1 - Internet of Things - Dr. Madhavi Dave

 Sensor Resolution

◼ The resolution of a sensor is the smallest change it can detect in

the quantity that it is measuring.
◼ The resolution of a sensor with a digital output is usually the
smallest resolution the digital output it is capable of processing.
◼ The more is the resolution of a sensor, the more accurate is its
precision.
◼ A sensor’s accuracy does not depend upon its resolution.

Unit 1 - Internet of Things - Dr. Madhavi Dave

 Sensor Classes
◼ Analog Sensor
◼ Analog Sensors produce a continuous
output signal or voltage which is
generally proportional to the quantity
being measured.
◼ Physical quantities such as Temperature,
Speed, Pressure, Displacement, Strain
etc. are all analog quantities as they tend
to be continuous in nature.
◼ For example, the temperature of a liquid
can be measured using a thermometer or
thermocouple (e.g. in geysers) which
continuously responds to temperature
changes as the liquid is heated up or
cooled down.
Unit 1 - Internet of Things - Dr. Madhavi Dave
 Sensor Classes (cont..)

◼ Digital Sensor
◼ Digital Sensors produce discrete digital output signals or
voltages that are a digital representation of the quantity
being measured.
◼ Digital sensors produce a binary output signal in the form of a
logic “1” or a logic “0”, (“ON” or “OFF”).
◼ Digital signal only produces discrete (non‐continuous) values,
which may be output as a single “bit” (serial transmission), or
by combining the bits to produce a single “byte” output
(parallel transmission).

Unit 1 - Internet of Things - Dr. Madhavi Dave

 Sensor Classes (cont..)
◼ Scalar Sensor
◼ Scalar Sensors produce output signal or voltage which is generally proportional to the
magnitude of the quantity being measured.
◼ Physical quantities such as temperature, color, pressure, strain, etc. are all scalar
quantities as only their magnitude is sufficient to convey an information.
◼ For example, the temperature of a room can be measured using a thermometer or
thermocouple, which responds to temperature changes irrespective of the orientation
of the sensor or its direction.
◼ Vector Sensor
◼ Vector Sensors produce output signal or voltage which is generally proportional to the
magnitude, direction, as well as the orientation of the quantity being measured.
◼ Physical quantities such as sound, image, velocity, acceleration, orientation, etc. are all
vector quantities, as only their magnitude is not sufficient to convey the complete
information.
◼ For example, the acceleration of a body can be measured using an accelerometer, which
gives the components of acceleration of the body with respect to the x,y,z coordinate
axes.

Unit 1 - Internet of Things - Dr. Madhavi Dave

 Sensor Types

Unit 1 - Internet of Things - Dr. Madhavi Dave

 Sensors

Unit 1 - Internet of Things - Dr. Madhavi Dave

 Sensorial Errors
◼ Since the range of the output signal is always limited, the output
signal will eventually reach a minimum or maximum, when the
measured property exceeds the limits.
◼ The full scale range of a sensor defines the maximum and
minimum values of the measured property.
◼ If the output signal differs from the correct value by a constant,
the sensor has an offset error or bias.
◼ The sensitivity of a sensor under real conditions may differ from
the value specified. This is called a sensitivity error.
◼ Nonlinearity is deviation of a sensor's transfer function (TF) from
a straight line transfer function.
Unit 1 - Internet of Things - Dr. Madhavi Dave
 Sensorial Errors (cont..)
◼ If the output signal slowly changes independent of the measured
property, this is defined as drift.
◼ Long term drift over months or years is caused by physical
changes in the sensor.
◼ Noise is a random deviation of the signal that varies in time.
◼ If the sensor has a digital output, the output is essentially an
approximation of the measured property. This error is also called
quantization error.
◼ If the signal is monitored digitally, the sampling frequency can
cause a dynamic error, or if the input variable or added noise
changes periodically at a frequency proportional to the multiple
of the sampling rate, aliasing errors may occur.
Unit 1 - Internet of Things - Dr. Madhavi Dave
 Actuator
◼ An actuator is a component of a machine or system that moves
or controls the mechanism or the system.
◼ An actuator is the mechanism by which a control system acts
upon an environment
◼ An actuator requires a control signal and a source of energy.
◼ Upon receiving a control signal, the actuator responds by
converting the energy into mechanical motion.
◼ The control system can be simple (a fixed mechanical or
electronic system), software‐based (e.g. a printer driver, robot
control system), a human, or any other input.
Unit 1 - Internet of Things - Dr. Madhavi Dave
Unit 1 - Internet of Things - Dr. Madhavi Dave
 Actuator Types

Unit 1 - Internet of Things - Dr. Madhavi Dave

 Working of IoT System

Unit 1 - Internet of Things - Dr. Madhavi Dave

 Functional Components of IoT System

◼ Component for interaction and communication with other IoT

devices
◼ Component for processing and analysis of operations
◼ Component for Internet interaction
◼ Components for handling Web services of applications
◼ Component to integrate application services
◼ User interface to access IoT

Unit 1 - Internet of Things - Dr. Madhavi Dave

 IoT Implementation Example

Unit 1 - Internet of Things - Dr. Madhavi Dave

 IoT Categories
◼ Industrial IoT
◼ IoT device connects to an IP network and the global Internet.
◼ Communication between the nodes done using regular as
well as industry specific technologies.

◼ Consumer IoT
◼ IoT device communicates within the locally networked
devices.
◼ Local communication is done mainly via Bluetooth, Zigbee or
WiFi.
◼ Generally limited to local communication by a Gateway
Unit 1 - Internet of Things - Dr. Madhavi Dave
 Challenges of IoT
◼ Security
◼ Scalability
◼ Energy efficiency
◼ Bandwidth management
◼ Modeling and Analysis
◼ Interfacing
◼ Interoperability
◼ Data storage
◼ Data Analytics
◼ Complexity management
Unit 1 - Internet of Things - Dr. Madhavi Dave