DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY-DASMARIÑAS

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE, AND TECHNOLOGY

ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING PROGRAM

BASIC MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

MEET 003

MODULE 4- PUMPS
BY: GABRIEL TECSON, JR
4.1-GOSPEL READING
4.2-COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES
4.3-LESSON CONTENTS
4.3.1- Pumps
-Functions and Applications
-Types
-Most common types of pumps used in the industry
-Simple calculation of pump HP

4.4-CLOSING PRAYER
4.1.-GOSPEL READING
Let us put ourselves in the presence of God..
In the name of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit..
Reading of the Gospel for the day with short reflections( Note
DLSUD posted Gospel reading can be considered also)

Course Learning Outcomes Topic Learning Outcomes

CLO1. Recognize the important aspects of basic [Link] the important fundamentals and
mechanical engineering in relation to concepts of basic mechanical engineering
their course.

CLO2. Apply the theories and principles of TLO2. Describe mechanical devices and equipment to
mechanical engineering in relation to be applied in the building design.
other engineering fields. TLO3. Compare and assign specific mechanical
equipment to be used in a particular project.
CLO3. Describe the mechanical equipment and
devices needed in the design of an TLO4. Solve the appropriate Mechanical power for a
Environmentally friendly equipment. certain load of a project.

CLO4. Construct mechanical plans and layouts

TLO5. Analyze and compare the best solution for
for the installations of machineries or
piping lay out in a building related to STP.
equipment.

Let us pray the La Sallian Prayer, I will continue oh my GOD……, St John Baptist De La Salle………,
Live Jesus in our Hearts…….
IN THE NAME OF THE FATHER, THE SON AND THE HOLY SPIRIT……..AME
4.2- Learning Outcomes for Final Period
4.3-LESSON CONTENTS
4.3.1- ABOUT PUMPS
[Link]-FUNCTIONS AND APPLICATIONS
A pump is a device that moves fluids (liquids or gases), or sometimes slurries, by
mechanical action, typically converted from electrical energy into hydraulic energy. Pumps can be
classified into three major groups according to the method they use to move the fluid: direct
lift, displacement, and gravity pumps.[1]

Direct lift systems – a fixed quantity of water is physically raised in a single or several containers.
Displacement pumps – water cannot be compressed (unlike air) and when moved through a pump it draws
further water behind it.

The gravity pump, like others of its genre, uses the principle of the pressure intensifier—a
large diameter piston acted upon by a large volume of low-pressure water drives a small diameter piston to
generate a small volume of high-pressure water.

Pumps operate by some mechanism (typically reciprocating or rotary), and

consume energy to perform mechanical work moving the fluid. Pumps operate via many energy sources,
including manual operation, electricity, engines, or wind power, and come in many sizes, from microscopic
for use in medical applications, to large industrial pumps.

Mechanical pumps serve in a wide range of applications such as pumping water from
wells, aquarium filtering, pond filtering and aeration, in the car industry for water-cooling and fuel injection,
in the energy industry for pumping oil and natural gas or for operating cooling towers and other components
of heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems. In the medical industry, pumps are used for biochemical
processes in developing and manufacturing medicine, and as artificial replacements for body parts, in particular
the artificial heart and penile prosthesis.

When a casing contains only one revolving impeller, it is called a single-stage pump. When a
casing contains two or more revolving impellers, it is called a double- or multi-stage pump.
In biology, many different types of chemical and biomechanical pumps
have evolved; biomimicry is sometimes used in developing new types of mechanical pumps.

[Link] - Types of Pumps

2.1.1 Positive-displacement pumps
2.1.2 Impulse pumps
2.1.3 Velocity pumps
2.1.4 Gravity pumps
2.1.5 Steam pumps
2.1.6 Valveless pumps
 Mechanical pumps may
be submerged in the fluid they are pumping or be
placed external to the fluid.
The internal valve is usually used only as a safety
Pumps can be classified by their method of precaution. An external relief valve in the discharge
displacement into positive-displacement line, with a return line back to the suction line or
pumps, impulse pumps, velocity pumps, gravity supply tank provides increased safety of human and
pumps, steam pumps and valveless pumps. There equipment both.
are three basic types of pumps: positive-
displacement, centrifugal and axialflow pumps. In Positive-displacement types
centrifugal pumps the direction of flow of the fluid A positive-displacement pump can be further
changes by ninety degrees as it flows over impeller, classified according to the mechanism used to move
while in axial flow pumps the direction of flow is the fluid:
unchanged.[2] • Rotary-type positive displacement:
internal or external gear pump, screw
2.1.1-Positive-displacement pumps pump, lobe pump, shuttle block, flexible
vane or sliding vane, circumferential
piston, flexible impeller, helical twisted
roots (e.g. the Wendelkolben pump)
or liquid-ring pumps
• Reciprocating-type positive
displacement: piston pumps, plunger
pumps or diaphragm pumps
Lobe pump internals • Linear-type positive displacement: rope
A positive-displacement pump pumps and chain pumps
makes a fluid move by trapping a fixed amount and
forcing (displacing) that trapped volume into the Rotary positive-displacement pumps[edit]
discharge pipe.
Some positive-displacement
pumps use an expanding cavity on the suction side
and a decreasing cavity on the discharge side.
Liquid flows into the pump as the cavity on the
suction side expands and the liquid flows out of the
discharge as the cavity collapses. The volume is
constant through each cycle of operation.
Rotary vane pump
Positive-displacement pump behavior and safety These pumps move fluid using a
Positive-displacement pumps, rotating mechanism that creates a vacuum that
unlike centrifugal, can theoretically produce the captures and draws in the liquid.[3]
same flow at a given speed (rpm) no matter what
the discharge pressure. Thus, positive-displacement Advantages: Rotary pumps are very
pumps are constant flow machines. However, a efficient[4] because they can handle highly viscous
slight increase in internal leakage as the pressure fluids with higher flow rates as viscosity
increases prevents a truly constant flow rate. increases.[5]
A positive-displacement pump
must not operate against a closed valve on the Drawbacks: The nature of the pump requires very
discharge side of the pump, because it has no close clearances between the rotating pump and the
shutoff head like centrifugal pumps. A positive- outer edge, making it rotate at a slow, steady speed.
displacement pump operating against a closed If rotary pumps are operated at high speeds, the
discharge valve continues to produce flow and the fluids cause erosion, which eventually causes
pressure in the discharge line increases until the line enlarged clearances that liquid can pass through,
bursts, the pump is severely damaged, or both. which reduces efficiency.
A relief or safety valve on the
discharge side of the positive-displacement pump is
therefore necessary. The relief valve can be internal
or external. The pump manufacturer normally has
the option to supply internal relief or safety valves.
Rotary positive-displacement pumps fall into 5
main types:
• Gear pumps – a simple type of rotary pump
where the liquid is pushed around a pair of
gears.
• Screw pumps – the shape of the internals of
this pump is usually two screws turning against
each other to pump the liquid
• Rotary vane pumps
• Hollow disk pumps (also known as eccentric
disc pumps or Hollow rotary disc pumps),
similar to scroll compressors, these have a
cylindrical rotor encased in a circular housing.
As the rotor orbits and rotates to some degree,
it traps fluid between the rotor and the casing,
drawing the fluid through the pump. It is used
for highly viscous fluids like petroleum-derived
products, and it can also support high pressures
of up to 290 psi.[6][7][8][9][10][11][12]
• Vibratory pumps or vibration pumps are
similar to linear compressors, having the same
operating principle. They work by using a
spring-loaded piston with an electromagnet
connected to AC current through a diode. The
spring-loaded piston is the only moving part,
and it is placed in the center of the
electromagnet. During the positive cycle of the
AC current, the diode allows energy to pass
through the electromagnet, generating a
magnetic field that moves the piston backwards,
compressing the spring, and generating suction.
During the negative cycle of the AC current, the
diode blocks current flow to the electromagnet,
letting the spring uncompress, moving the
piston forward, and pumping the fluid and
generating pressure, like a reciprocating pump.
Due to its low cost, it is widely used in
inexpensive espresso machines. However,
vibratory pumps cannot be operated for more
than one minute, as they generate large amounts
of heat. Linear compressors do not have this
problem, as they can be cooled by the working
fluid (which is often a refrigerant).[13][14]
Reciprocating positive-displacement
pumps[edit]

Simple hand pump

 cases quad (four) cylinders, or more. Many
reciprocating-type pumps are duplex (two)
or triplex (three) cylinder. They can be
either single-acting with suction during one
direction of piston motion and discharge on the
other, or double-acting with suction and discharge
in both directions. The pumps can be powered
manually, by air or steam, or by a belt driven by an
engine. This type of pump was used extensively in
the 19th century—in the early days of steam
propulsion—as boiler feed water pumps. Now
reciprocating pumps typically pump highly viscous
Antique "pitcher" pump (c. 1924) at the fluids like concrete and heavy oils, and serve in
Colored School in Alapaha, Georgia, US special applications that demand low flow rates
See also: Reciprocating pump against high resistance. Reciprocating hand
pumps were widely used to pump water from wells.
Reciprocating pumps move the fluid Common bicycle pumps and foot pumps
using one or more oscillating pistons, plungers, or for inflation use reciprocating action.
membranes (diaphragms), while valves restrict These positive-displacement pumps
fluid motion to the desired direction. In order for have an expanding cavity on the suction side and a
suction to take place, the pump must first pull the decreasing cavity on the discharge side. Liquid
plunger in an outward motion to decrease pressure flows into the pumps as the cavity on the suction
in the chamber. Once the plunger pushes back, it side expands and the liquid flows out of the
will increase the pressure chamber and the inward discharge as the cavity collapses. The volume is
pressure of the plunger will then open the discharge constant given each cycle of operation and the
valve and release the fluid into the delivery pipe at pump's volumetric efficiency can be achieved
a high velocity. through routine maintenance and inspection of its
Pumps in this category range valves.[15]
from simplex, with one cylinder, to in some

Typical reciprocating pumps are:

• Plunger pumps – a reciprocating plunger pushes the fluid through one or two open valves, closed by
suction on the way back.
• Diaphragm pumps – similar to plunger pumps, where the plunger pressurizes hydraulic oil which is
used to flex a diaphragm in the pumping cylinder. Diaphragm valves are used to pump hazardous and
toxic fluids.
• Piston pumps displacement pumps – usually simple devices for pumping small amounts of liquid or gel
manually. The common hand soap dispenser is such a pump.
• Radial piston pumps - a form of hydraulic pump where pistons extend in a radial direction.
Various positive-displacement pumps[edit]
The positive-displacement principle applies in these pumps:
• Rotary lobe pump
• Progressive cavity pump
• Rotary gear pump
• Piston pump
• Diaphragm pump
• Screw pump
• Gear pump
• Hydraulic pump
• Rotary vane pump
• Peristaltic pump
• Rope pump
• Flexible impeller pump
Gear pump[edit]
 Gear pump
Main article: Gear pump
This is the simplest form of rotary positive-displacement pumps. It consists of two meshed gears
that rotate in a closely fitted casing. The tooth spaces trap fluid and force it around the outer periphery. The
fluid does not travel back on the meshed part, because the teeth mesh closely in the center. Gear pumps see
wide use in car engine oil pumps and in various hydraulic power packs.

Screw pump[edit]
Screw pump
Main article: Screw pump
A screw pump is a more complicated type of rotary pump that
uses two or three screws with opposing thread — e.g., one screw turns clockwise
and the other counterclockwise. The screws are mounted on parallel shafts that
have gears that mesh so the shafts turn together and everything stays in place.
The screws turn on the shafts and drive fluid through the pump. As with other
forms of rotary pumps, the clearance between moving parts and the pump's
casing is minimal.

Progressing cavity pump[edit]

Main article: Progressive cavity pump
Widely used for pumping difficult materials, such as sewage sludge
contaminated with large particles, this pump consists of a helical rotor, about ten
times as long as its width. This can be visualized as a central core of
diameter x with, typically, a curved spiral wound around of thickness half x,
though in reality it is manufactured in a single casting. This shaft fits inside a
heavy-duty rubber sleeve, of wall thickness also typically x. As the shaft rotates,
the rotor gradually forces fluid up the rubber sleeve. Such pumps can develop very high pressure at low
volumes.

Roots-type pumps[edit]
A Roots lobe pump
Main article: Roots-type supercharger
Named after the Roots brothers who invented it, this lobe
pump displaces the liquid trapped between two long helical rotors, each
fitted into the other when perpendicular at 90°, rotating inside a triangular
shaped sealing line configuration, both at the point of suction and at the
point of discharge. This design produces a continuous flow with equal
volume and no vortex. It can work at low pulsation rates, and offers gentle
performance that some applications require.
Applications include:
• High capacity industrial air compressors.
• Roots superchargers on internal combustion engines.
• A brand of civil defense siren, the Federal Signal Corporation's Thunderbolt.
 Peristaltic pump[edit]

360° Peristaltic Pump

Main article: Peristaltic pump
A peristaltic pump is a type of positive-displacement pump. It
contains fluid within a flexible tube fitted inside a circular pump casing
(though linear peristaltic pumps have been made). A number of rollers, shoes,
or wipers attached to a rotor compresses the flexible tube. As the rotor turns,
the part of the tube under compression closes (or occludes), forcing the fluid
through the tube. Additionally, when the tube opens to its natural state after
the passing of the cam it draws (restitution) fluid into the pump. This process
is called peristalsis and is used in many biological systems such as the gastrointestinal tract.

Plunger pumps[edit]
Main article: Plunger pump
Plunger pumps are reciprocating positive-displacement pumps.
These consist of a cylinder with a reciprocating plunger. The suction and discharge valves are
mounted in the head of the cylinder. In the suction stroke, the plunger retracts and the suction valves open
causing suction of fluid into the cylinder. In the forward stroke, the plunger pushes the liquid out of the
discharge valve. Efficiency and common problems: With only one cylinder in plunger pumps, the fluid flow
varies between maximum flow when the plunger moves through the middle positions, and zero flow when the
plunger is at the end positions. A lot of energy is wasted when the fluid is accelerated in the piping system.
Vibration and water hammer may be a serious problem. In general, the problems are compensated for by using
two or more cylinders not working in phase with each other.

Triplex-style plunger pumps[edit]

Triplex plunger pumps use three plungers, which reduces the pulsation of single reciprocating
plunger pumps. Adding a pulsation dampener on the pump outlet can further smooth the pump ripple, or ripple
graph of a pump transducer. The dynamic relationship of the high-pressure fluid and plunger generally requires
high-quality plunger seals. Plunger pumps with a larger number of plungers have the benefit of increased flow,
or smoother flow without a pulsation damper. The increase in moving parts and crankshaft load is one
drawback.
Car washes often use these triplex-style plunger pumps (perhaps without pulsation dampers). In
1968, William Bruggeman reduced the size of the triplex pump and increased the lifespan so that car washes
could use equipment with smaller footprints. Durable high-pressure seals, low-pressure seals and oil seals,
hardened crankshafts, hardened connecting rods, thick ceramic plungers and heavier duty ball and roller
bearings improve reliability in triplex pumps. Triplex pumps now are in a myriad of markets across the world.
Triplex pumps with shorter lifetimes are commonplace to the home user. A person who uses a
home pressure washer for 10 hours a year may be satisfied with a pump that lasts 100 hours between rebuilds.
Industrial-grade or continuous duty triplex pumps on the other end of the quality spectrum may run for as much
as 2,080 hours a year.[16]
The oil and gas drilling industry uses massive semi trailer-transported triplex pumps called mud
pumps to pump drilling mud, which cools the drill bit and carries the cuttings back to the surface.[17] Drillers
use triplex or even quintuplex pumps to inject water and solvents deep into shale in the extraction process
called fracking.[18]

Compressed-air-powered double-diaphragm pumps[edit]

One modern application of positive-displacement pumps is compressed-air-powered double-
diaphragm pumps. Run on compressed air, these pumps are intrinsically safe by design, although all
manufacturers offer ATEX certified models to comply with industry regulation. These pumps are relatively
inexpensive and can perform a wide variety of duties, from pumping water out of bunds to pumping
hydrochloric acid from secure storage (dependent on how the pump is manufactured – elastomers / body
construction). These double-diaphragm pumps can handle viscous fluids and abrasive materials with a gentle
pumping process ideal for transporting shear-sensitive media.[19]
 Rope pumps[edit]

Rope pump schematic

Main article: Rope pump
Devised in China as chain pumps over 1000 years ago, these pumps can be made
from very simple materials: A rope, a wheel and a PVC pipe are sufficient to make a simple rope
pump. Rope pump efficiency has been studied by grassroots organizations and the techniques for
making and running them have been continuously improved.[20]

2.1.2-Impulse pumps
Impulse pumps use pressure created by gas (usually air). In some impulse pumps the gas trapped
in the liquid (usually water), is released and accumulated somewhere in the pump, creating a pressure that can
push part of the liquid upwards.

Conventional impulse pumps include:

• Hydraulic ram pumps – kinetic energy of a low-head water supply is stored temporarily in an air-
bubble hydraulic accumulator, then used to drive water to a higher head.
• Pulser pumps – run with natural resources, by kinetic energy only.
• Airlift pumps – run on air inserted into pipe, which pushes the water up when bubbles move upward
Instead of a gas accumulation and releasing cycle, the pressure can be created by burning of
hydrocarbons. Such combustion driven pumps directly transmit the impulse from a combustion event through
the actuation membrane to the pump fluid. In order to allow this direct transmission, the pump needs to be
almost entirely made of an elastomer (e.g. silicone rubber). Hence, the combustion causes the membrane to
expand and thereby pumps the fluid out of the adjacent pumping chamber. The first combustion-driven soft
pump was developed by ETH Zurich.[21]

Hydraulic ram pumps

A hydraulic ram is a water pump powered by hydropower.[22]
It takes in water at relatively low pressure and high flow-rate and outputs water at a higher
hydraulic-head and lower flow-rate. The device uses the water hammer effect to develop pressure that lifts a
portion of the input water that powers the pump to a point higher than where the water started.
The hydraulic ram is sometimes used in remote areas, where there is both a source of low-head
hydropower, and a need for pumping water to a destination higher in elevation than the source. In this situation,
the ram is often useful, since it requires no outside source of power other than the kinetic energy of flowing
water.

2.1.3-Velocity pumps

A centrifugal pump uses an impeller with backward-swept arms

Rotodynamic pumps (or dynamic pumps) are a type of velocity pump in
which kinetic energy is added to the fluid by increasing the flow velocity. This increase
in energy is converted to a gain in potential energy (pressure) when the velocity is
reduced prior to or as the flow exits the pump into the discharge pipe. This conversion
of kinetic energy to pressure is explained by the First law of thermodynamics, or more
specifically by Bernoulli's principle.
Dynamic pumps can be further subdivided according to the means in which the velocity gain is
achieved.[23]
These types of pumps have a number of characteristics:
1. Continuous energy
2. Conversion of added energy to increase in kinetic energy (increase in velocity)
3. Conversion of increased velocity (kinetic energy) to an increase in pressure head
A practical difference between dynamic and positive-displacement pumps is how they operate
under closed valve conditions. Positive-displacement pumps physically displace fluid, so closing a valve
downstream of a positive-displacement pump produces a continual pressure build up that can cause mechanical
failure of pipeline or pump. Dynamic pumps differ in that they can be safely operated under closed valve
conditions (for short periods of time).
 Radial-flow pumps[edit]
Such a pump is also referred to as a centrifugal pump. The fluid enters along the axis or center, is
accelerated by the impeller and exits at right angles to the shaft (radially); an example is the centrifugal fan,
which is commonly used to implement a vacuum cleaner. Another type of radial-flow pump is a vortex pump.
The liquid in them moves in tangential direction around the working wheel. The conversion from
the mechanical energy of motor into the potential energy of flow comes by means of multiple whirls, which
are excited by the impeller in the working channel of the pump. Generally, a radial-flow pump operates at
higher pressures and lower flow rates than an axial- or a mixed-flow pump.

Axial-flow pumps[edit]
Main article: Axial-flow pump
These are also referred to as All fluid pumps. The fluid is pushed outward or inward to move fluid
axially. They operate at much lower pressures and higher flow rates than radial-flow (centrifugal) pumps.
Axial-flow pumps cannot be run up to speed without special precaution. If at a low flow rate, the total head
rise and high torque associated with this pipe would mean that the starting torque would have to become a
function of acceleration for the whole mass of liquid in the pipe system. If there is a large amount of fluid in
the system, accelerate the pump slowly.[24]
Mixed-flow pumps function as a compromise between radial and axial-flow pumps. The fluid
experiences both radial acceleration and lift and exits the impeller somewhere between 0 and 90 degrees from
the axial direction. As a consequence mixed-flow pumps operate at higher pressures than axial-flow pumps
while delivering higher discharges than radial-flow pumps. The exit angle of the flow dictates the pressure
head-discharge characteristic in relation to radial and mixed-flow.

Eductor-jet pump[edit]
Main article: Eductor-jet pump
This uses a jet, often of steam, to create a low pressure. This low pressure sucks in fluid and propels
it into a higher pressure region.

2.1.4-Gravity pumps
Gravity pumps include the syphon and Heron's fountain. The hydraulic ram is also sometimes
called a gravity pump; in a gravity pump the water is lifted by gravitational force and so called gravity pump

2.1.5-Steam pumps
Steam pumps have been for a long time mainly of historical interest. They include any type of
pump powered by a steam engine and also pistonless pumps such as Thomas Savery's or the Pulsometer steam
pump.
Recently there has been a resurgence of interest in low power solar steam pumps for use
in smallholder irrigation in developing countries. Previously small steam engines have not been viable because
of escalating inefficiencies as vapour engines decrease in size. However the use of modern engineering
materials coupled with alternative engine configurations has meant that these types of system are now a cost-
effective opportunity.

2.1.6-Valveless pumps
Valveless pumping assists in fluid transport in various biomedical and engineering systems. In a
valveless pumping system, no valves (or physical occlusions) are present to regulate the flow direction. The
fluid pumping efficiency of a valveless system, however, is not necessarily lower than that having valves. In
fact, many fluid-dynamical systems in nature and engineering more or less rely upon valveless pumping to
transport the working fluids therein. For instance, blood circulation in the cardiovascular system is maintained
to some extent even when the heart's valves fail. Meanwhile, the embryonic vertebrate heart begins pumping
blood long before the development of discernible chambers and valves. In microfluidics, valveless impedance
pumps have been fabricated, and are expected to be particularly suitable for handling sensitive biofluids. Ink
jet printers operating on the piezoelectric transducer principle also use valveless pumping. The pump chamber
is emptied through the printing jet due to reduce.
[Link]-Most common pumps used in the industry-
Centrifugal Pumps are the most popular and commonly used type of pump for the transfer of fluids.

Types of Water Treatment Pump

Category: Pumps , Water Pumps

A Comprehensive Guide to the Types of Wastewater Pumps used in Wastewater Treatment
Today, with drastic global climate changes and widespread droughts, Waste Water
Management has become more crucial than ever before. Wastewater treatment is the need of the hour in
commercial, residential complexes as well as in industrial zones.

Wastewater Treatment Plants – The Pressing Need of the Hour

Wastewater treatment plants play a vital role in places like industries where large volumes of
wastewater are discharged every day. Wastewater treatment not only gives you the satisfaction of doing your
bit to the Earth’s most precious resource but also could reduce your overall operational costs significantly.
In industries like chemical, food processing, manufacturing, pharmaceutical and several
others, wastewater treatment plants are a must to meet government regulations and rules. When it comes to
treatment plants, there are three different treatment processes used like – primary, secondary and tertiary. The
quality of treated water depends on the type of treatment process used.
Different industries employ different types of treatment processes, based on the quantity of
wastewater, contaminants in it and the level of purity required and other miscellaneous factors. However, what
remain common among all wastewater and sewage treatment plants is that they all depend on wastewater
pump(s) for the process.

Role of Pumps in Wastewater Treatment

These pumps are used to move wastewater from the collection pit to the treatment plant and
back into the industry.
There are plenty of wastewater pumps depending on the application and usage requirements.
Here in this article, you can find all that you need to know about these pumps in one place.

Commonly used Types of Wastewater Pumps

In any wastewater treatment plant, pumps play a vital role. They help in collecting the
wastewater from different parts of the plant and transfer it to the treatment plant. Once the water is purified,
pumps then assist in moving the treated water to places where it is required or to a storage tank.
Based on the technique used for water treatment as well as the force required, there are several types of
wastewater pumps in usage.

Let’s take a look at the types of pumps based on their operation.

Centrifugal Pumps

As the name implies, these pumps make use of a centrifugal force to create sufficient velocity
to displace the fluid through the system. Centrifugal pumps come with rotating impellers. These are parts that
resemble a mechanical fan. It has a small intake and a large outlet.

Highlights of a centrifugal pump that makes it ideal for wastewater treatments:

• Simple and straightforward design that makes it practical to operate
• The moving parts are highly durable, ensuring that your pumps last for long
• Require minimal maintenance

Positive Displacement Pumps

These pumps make use of rollers, gears, impellers to displace fluid through the system. They
are highly durable and are able to pump both liquids as well as slurries with lots of solid particles. The most
popular type of positive displacement pumps are the diaphragm pumps. As the name states, these pumps have
a chamber and a diaphragm membrane and are fitted with discharge valves.

Other Popular Types of Wastewater Pumps

There are plenty of wastewater pumps depending on the specific requirements of a particular application. Here
are a few common ones:

Submersible Water Pumps

As the name suggests, these pumps are entirely submerged in the liquid they are displacing.
They are mostly used to drain sewage or slurry. The pump is placed under the wastewater or sewage levels,
and its operation is controlled with the help of level sensors.
While some submersible pumps can handle only liquids and are used to drain water from trash
pumps and sumps, others can handle solid sewage as well.

High-Pressure Pumps
These pumps employ axial piston principle and have a compact and light design. They can
either be variable delivery pumps or fixed displacement pumps.

Water Pressure Booster Pumps

As the name indicates, these pumps are used in wastewater treatment plants to control and
boost water pressure.

Agitator Pumps
This type of pumps supplies kinetic energy along the pump intake.

Circulation pumps
These pumps are used when you need to keep the slurry moving through the treatment plant.

Progressive Cavity Pumps

Here, in these pumps, storage tanks or pipelines are used to transfer fluids and slurry from the
suction area to the discharge area. Apart from these, there are several other types of pumps used in wastewater
treatment like mixed flow pumps, lift stations, and trash pumps.

Final Thoughts
Ultimately, the type of sewage pump you choose for your water treatment plant depends on
several factors. The pump you choose must be able to withstand the abrasion and corrosion caused by the slurry
or wastewater. Also, the pumps used in industrial plants are vastly different from those used in residential
complexes. The former pumps must be highly durable and heavy-duty to handle large volumes effectively.
 Here, at Sintech, we provide you with different types of wastewater pumps, which are
customized to suit your specific requirements and applications. Our pump experts analyze the volumes of
wastewater your generate, the contaminants in the water and the level of purity required, to help you select the
ideal pump that minimizes overall operational and maintenance costs while lasting long term.

What Are the Differences Between Pump Types?

ILLUSTRATIONS:

There are many different types of pumps on the market, this article will help you understand the
differences between each pump type.
The type of pump you'll need will depend on your application, including:
• The type of liquid you wish to pump
• The distance you wish to move the liquid
• The volume you need to achieve over a specific time frame

But it can be difficult to know exactly which pump you should choose. There are so many designs
and niches that identifying the pump which will meet these three needs can be confusing. To simplify things
when trying to select your pump, there are two types of pump which work in very different ways and broadly
encapsulate most pump designs.

Centrifugal Pumps
This type of pump is one of the most common in use today. Like other pump designs, it uses an
impeller, which is a rotating blade to generate suction which then moves fluid through pipes. The rotating
impeller creates what is known as centrifugal force, giving this pump design its name. The pump can be driven
by an electric motor or engine.
Centrifugal pumps are usually used for liquids which are low in viscosity and low in solid
concentration. However, there is a centrifugal slurry pump which can move liquids with a large amount of
particles.

The PIA Australian Pump Technical Handbook (2007, p.30) classifies impellers into three
designs:
• Axial Flow: The axial flow impeller discharges fluid along the shaft axis. For this reason an axial flow
pump is by definition not "centrifugal" in its pumping action.
• Radial Flow: The radial flow impeller discharges the fluid radially at 90° to the shaft axis.
• Mixed Flow: The mixed flow impeller discharges fluid in a conical direction using a combined radial
and axial pumping action – as suggest by the title.
Figure 1 illustrates these clasification.
Positive Displacement Pumps
This type of pump creates an expanding cavity on the suction side of the pump and a contracting
cavity on the discharge outlet. This difference creates pressure which pulls and pushes a fluid simultaneously,
exerting enough force to create flow.

Positive displacement pumps come in two designs:

• Reciprocating: In this design, the suction is created by a piston which plunges into and pulls out of the
material. Valves are used to ensure that the flow only moves in one direction. A reciprocating design
therefore pulses the liquid at identical intervals

PISTON TYPE PUMP

• Rotary: A rotary design uses two gears which mesh together. The movement of the gears creates high
pressure on the discharge side which creates flow
 Due to the design, positive displacement pumps are better at handling viscous material. There are
many different types of positive displacement pumps, such as:
• Rotary lobe pump
• Progressing cavity pump
• Rotary gear pump
• Piston pump
• Diaphragm pump
• Screw pump
• Gear pump
• Vane pump
• Peristaltic hose

Calculating Pump Horsepower Quick Formula

1. Water horsepower = minimum power required to run water pump.
2. TDH = Total Dynamic Head = Vertical distance liquid travels or STATIC head (in feet) + friction loss
from pipe.
3. Q = flow rate of liquid in gallons per minute (liters/min)
4. SG = specific gravity of liquid (this equals 1 if you are pumping water)
5. Water horsepower = (TDH x Q x S.G.)/ 3960
6. Pump Horsepower(WHP) = WHP/ Motor Efficiency (normally 80% eff.)

Example 1: Total dynamic head for a well • What pumping head would be required to deliver 4 gpm
from a depth of 150 ft? The well is 80 ft from the storage tank, and the delivery pipe rises another 10
ft. The piping is 3/4-in diameter plastic, and there are three 90◦ elbows, one swing-type check valve,
and one gate valve in the line. • Answer: total pipe length: 240 f, the ells and valves add up to: 11.5 ft of
pipe, total equivalent length of pipe: 251.5 ft, friction head requirement: 4.2x251.5/100= 10.5 ft of
water, static head: 150+10=160 ft, dynamic head: 160+10.5 =170.5 ft of water pressure.

From the above

WHP = (TDH x Q x S.G.)/3960 (170.5 ft x 4 gpm x 1) 3960 = 0.1722 WHP
Motor HP= 0.1722/ .80 = 0.21525 HP
 4.4-CLOSING PRAYER
SHORT CLOSING PRAYER FOR ONSITE CLASS
Dear Lord,
Thank You for the opportunity to be part of this onsite class Thank you
for my STUDENTS with whom I am sharing this experience. We pray that
we will all grow together in our knowledge of Your truth and how we can
apply it to our lives. May we all be better Engineers, learners, teachers,
and speakers because of taking this class together.
In the name of the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit….AMEN
References:
1. Pumps - [Link]
2. Types of water treatment pumps-
3. Computing pump Horsepower-
[Link]
0&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiIyIeVxdLwAhXCIqYKHdusAokQ_AUoAHoECAEQAA
4. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PUMP TYPES-[Link]
differences-between-pump-types

END OF MODULE 4