COMPUTER MEMORY

In a memory unit, data is stored in various units of size, starting from bits (the
smallest unit) and progressing to bytes and beyond. These units are essential for
understanding how memory is organized and how much data can be stored in
computer systems.
Here’s a breakdown of the most common units of memory:

1. Bit (Binary Digit):

 Definition: The smallest unit of data in computing, represented as either a

0 or a 1.
 Function: Bits are the fundamental building blocks of digital data, used to
represent binary information in computers.
 Example: A bit can represent a true/false condition, an on/off state, or a
binary number (0 or 1).

2. Byte:

 Definition: A byte consists of 8 bits. It is the standard unit of data storage

in a computer.
 Function: A byte is commonly used to represent a character (such as a
letter, number, or symbol) in a computer system. For example, the letter
"A" is typically stored as one byte (8 bits) in the ASCII code.
 Example:
o The letter "A" (in ASCII) = 01000001 (binary representation),
which is 1 byte (8 bits).

3. Kilobyte (KB):

 Definition: A kilobyte is equal to 1,024 bytes (2^10 bytes).

 Function: It is often used to measure the size of small files or documents.
 Example: A simple text file or a small image may be measured in
kilobytes.

4. Megabyte (MB):

 Definition: A megabyte is equal to 1,024 kilobytes (or 1,048,576 bytes).

 Function: It is commonly used to measure the size of larger files such as
images, audio files, and applications.
 Example: A high-resolution image or a short MP3 song may be around 2–
10 MB in size.

5. Gigabyte (GB):

 Definition: A gigabyte is equal to 1,024 megabytes (or 1,073,741,824

bytes).
 Function: It is used to measure the size of larger data storage devices, like
hard drives and SSDs, and larger files such as videos or high-quality
images.
  Example: A typical modern computer or smartphone storage might range
from 128 GB to several terabytes (TB) in size.

6. Terabyte (TB):

 Definition: A terabyte is equal to 1,024 gigabytes (or 1,099,511,627,776

bytes).
 Function: Used for measuring massive data storage, typically for large
databases, servers, and modern storage drives (HDDs, SSDs).
 Example: A data center or cloud storage may have storage capacities in
terabytes.

7. Petabyte (PB):

 Definition: A petabyte is equal to 1,024 terabytes (or

1,125,899,906,842,624 bytes).
 Function: Petabytes are used to measure the data storage in large-scale
systems such as scientific databases, video streaming platforms, or global
cloud storage providers.
 Example: Large data centers for corporations like Google, Amazon, and
Netflix can handle petabytes of data.

8. Exabyte (EB):

 Definition: An exabyte is equal to 1,024 petabytes (or

1,152,921,504,606,846,976 bytes).
 Function: Exabytes are used to describe extremely large data sets,
typically in the context of big data or global internet infrastructure.
 Example: The combined data processed and stored by major tech
companies like Facebook and Google can approach or exceed exabytes.

9. Zettabyte (ZB):

 Definition: A zettabyte is equal to 1,024 exabytes (or

1,180,591,620,717,411,303,424 bytes).
 Function: Zettabytes are used in describing vast amounts of data across
the entire world.
 Example: As the Internet of Things (IoT) and big data grow, global data
creation is expected to reach the zettabyte scale in the future.

10. Yottabyte (YB):

 Definition: A yottabyte is equal to 1,024 zettabytes (or

1,208,925,819,614,629,174,706,176 bytes).
  Function: A yottabyte is an enormous unit of data storage. It is currently
beyond practical use, but it helps describe the theoretical future of data
storage needs.
 Example: A yottabyte could theoretically hold all of the world's data ever
created for several decades.

Memory Units Summary:

Unit Bytes Equivalent Common Usage

Representing binary
Bit (b) 1 bit Smallest data unit
data (0 or 1)
Representing a single
Byte (B) 8 bits Basic unit for data storage
character or value
Kilobyte 1,024 Small text files, small
1,024 bytes
(KB) bytes images
Megabyte 1,024 Larger documents,
1,048,576 bytes
(MB) KB images, small videos
Video files, apps,
Gigabyte 1,024
1,073,741,824 bytes modern computer
(GB) MB
storage
Terabyte 1,024 Large external hard
1,099,511,627,776 bytes
(TB) GB drives, data centers
Large-scale cloud
Petabyte 1,024
1,125,899,906,842,624 bytes storage, big data
(PB) TB
systems
Exabyte 1,024 Huge data centers,
1,152,921,504,606,846,976 bytes
(EB) PB scientific data
Global internet data,
Zettabyte 1,024
1,180,591,620,717,411,303,424 bytes future large-scale
(ZB) EB
storage
Yottabyte 1,024 1,208,925,819,614,629,174,706,176 Theoretical future
(YB) ZB bytes data storage

Primary Memory refers to the type of memory directly accessed by the CPU,
and it temporarily stores data and instructions that the CPU needs to execute
tasks. It is typically volatile, meaning it loses its data when the power is turned
off. The primary memory is fast and allows the processor to work efficiently by
providing quick access to essential data.

Types of Primary Memory:

RAM (Random Access Memory):

Function: RAM is the most commonly used type of primary memory. It

temporarily holds data that the CPU is currently processing. When you run
programs or open files on your computer, they are loaded into RAM for quick
access.

Volatility: RAM is volatile, meaning it loses its data when the system shuts
down or restarts.

o Types of RAM:
Dynamic RAM (DRAM):

Function: DRAM is the most common type of RAM. It stores each bit of data
in a separate capacitor within an integrated circuit. Since capacitors leak charge,
DRAM needs to be constantly refreshed to retain data.

Characteristics: It is slower than SRAM but more affordable and used for
general-purpose memory.

Static RAM (SRAM):

Function: SRAM uses flip-flops to store data and does not need to be refreshed
like DRAM. This makes it faster than DRAM.

Characteristics: It is faster but more expensive than DRAM, and it's typically
used for cache memory or as temporary storage for small amounts of frequently
accessed data.

2. Cache Memory:

Function: Cache memory is a smaller, faster type of volatile memory that is

located close to the CPU. Its purpose is to store frequently accessed data and
instructions to avoid the need to fetch them from slower RAM. Cache memory
speeds up overall system performance by reducing the time it takes to retrieve
frequently used data.

Levels of Cache:

L1 (Level 1) Cache:

Located directly on the CPU chip.

Small in size (usually between 16 KB and 128 KB).

Fastest cache but with limited capacity.

L2 (Level 2) Cache:

Slightly slower than L1 but larger in size, ranging from 128 KB to several
megabytes.

Can be located on the CPU chip or on a separate chip near the CPU.

L3 (Level 3) Cache:

Larger than both L1 and L2 caches, ranging from a few megabytes to tens of
megabytes.

Slower than L1 and L2 but helps improve overall CPU efficiency by storing
even more frequently accessed data.

Characteristics: Cache memory is extremely fast and expensive and serves as a

high-speed intermediary between the main memory (RAM) and the CPU.

3. Registers:
o Function: Registers are small, high-speed storage locations directly
inside the CPU. They store data and instructions that the CPU is
currently processing. Registers are crucial for tasks such as storing
intermediate results, memory addresses, and other data that is being
actively worked on by the CPU.
o Characteristics: Registers are the fastest type of memory, much
faster than cache or RAM, but they are very limited in size, typically
only a few bytes to a few kilobytes.

Summary of Primary Memory Types:

Type of
Description Speed Volatility
Memory
RAM (DRAM Used for temporary storage of data
Fast Volatile
& SRAM) and programs currently in use
Small, fast memory used to store
Cache Memory Very Fast Volatile
frequently accessed data
Small, high-speed storage directly in Extremely
Registers Volatile
the CPU for immediate tasks Fast

Key Differences Between RAM and Cache:

 Size: RAM is much larger in size (gigabytes), whereas cache is much

smaller (typically megabytes).
 Speed: Cache is faster than RAM because it stores only the most
frequently used data, making it very fast to access.
 Purpose: RAM is for general storage of data that the CPU needs. Cache
stores the most frequently used data and instructions to speed up
processing.

How They Work Together:

 When you run an application or access a file, data is first loaded into
RAM from secondary storage (like an SSD or HDD). As the CPU
processes this data, frequently accessed data is moved to cache to speed
up subsequent operations.
 Registers hold the smallest and most critical data, such as the immediate
values the CPU is manipulating, offering the fastest access possible.

Conclusion:

Primary memory is essential for the performance of a computer. It includes

RAM, which stores data and instructions the CPU uses in real-time, cache
memory, which accelerates access to commonly used data, and registers, which
offer the fastest storage directly within the CPU. All these components work
together to ensure smooth and efficient computing.
ROM (Read-Only Memory) is a type of non-volatile memory used in
computers and other electronic devices to store firmware or permanent
instructions. Unlike RAM (Random Access Memory), which is volatile and
loses its data when power is off, ROM retains its data even after the power is
turned off. ROM is primarily used for storing the firmware or the software that
is permanently programmed into the hardware, such as the BIOS (Basic
Input/Output System) in computers.

Key Characteristics of ROM:

 Non-Volatile: Data is preserved even when the device is powered off.

 Read-Only: Typically, data stored in ROM cannot be modified or can
only be modified under special conditions.
 Used for Firmware: It often stores essential programs or instructions
that control hardware functionality and boot processes.

Types of ROM:

1. MROM (Masked ROM):

MROM is the traditional type of ROM that is manufactured with the data
permanently written into it during the fabrication process.

Usage: It is typically used for mass production where the stored

o
data will never need to be changed.
o Characteristics:
 Data is set at the time of production.
 Cannot be modified or rewritten once created.
 Cost-effective for large quantities of devices that do not
require software updates.
2. PROM (Programmable ROM):
o Description: PROM is a type of ROM that can be programmed
(written to) once by the user or manufacturer. The data is written
using a special device called a PROM programmer or burner.
o Usage: PROMs are used when a device needs to be programmed
after manufacturing but does not need to be rewritten frequently.
o Characteristics:
 Once written, data is permanent and cannot be erased or
rewritten.
 Can be programmed only once.
3. EPROM (Erasable Programmable ROM):
o Description: EPROM is a type of ROM that can be erased and
reprogrammed multiple times. The data on an EPROM chip is
 erased by exposing it to ultraviolet (UV) light, after which new
data can be written to it.
o Usage: EPROMs were used in earlier computing systems and are
often found in applications where firmware updates are
occasionally needed.
o Characteristics:
 The chip can be erased and rewritten.
 Erasure requires exposure to UV light, and the process can
take several minutes.
 The chip usually has a small quartz window for UV
exposure.
4. EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM):
o Description: EEPROM can be erased and reprogrammed
electrically, meaning it does not require UV light like EPROM.
This allows for more flexible updates in a system that might
require frequent changes to the stored data.
o Usage: EEPROM is commonly used for small amounts of storage
that need to be updated, such as in BIOS settings or devices like
smartcards.
o Characteristics:
 Data can be erased and rewritten electrically.
 It can be updated while in-circuit, making it easier to modify
data.
 Typically slower than other types of ROM, but more flexible
for applications requiring frequent updates.
5. Flash Memory (a type of EEPROM):
o Description: Flash memory is a modern, more advanced type of
EEPROM that can be erased and reprogrammed in larger blocks
rather than byte-by-byte, which makes it faster and more efficient.
o Usage: Flash memory is widely used in USB drives, SSDs (solid-
state drives), and mobile devices due to its ability to store large
amounts of data and be reprogrammed easily.
o Characteristics:
 Can store large amounts of data and be rewritten many
times.
 Non-volatile, fast, and can be electrically erased and
rewritten in blocks.
 Common in modern computing devices and is used for
storage and firmware.

Summary of ROM Types:

Type of Erase/Write
Description Usage
ROM Capability
Masked ROM,
Used for mass
permanently Cannot be erased or
MROM production where
programmed during rewritten
data doesn't change
manufacturing
Programmable ROM, Can be programmed
Used for one-time
PROM written once after once, cannot be
programming
manufacture erased
Erasable Programmable Used in applications
Erased by UV light
EPROM ROM, data erased by where firmware
and reprogrammed
UV light updates are needed
Electrically Erasable
Can be electrically
Programmable ROM, Used in systems that
erased and
EEPROM can be erased and require frequent data
reprogrammed
reprogrammed updates
multiple times
electrically
Used in modern
A type of EEPROM, Can be erased and
Flash storage systems
can be erased and reprogrammed in
Memory (USB drives, SSDs,
reprogrammed in blocks blocks
mobile devices)

Conclusion:

ROM plays a crucial role in computers and embedded systems by storing

firmware that is essential for the basic functioning of the device. The different
types of ROM vary in their ability to be programmed and erased, with
advancements like EEPROM and Flash memory providing more flexibility and
convenience for modern devices. Each type of ROM is chosen based on the
specific needs of the system, whether for mass production, occasional updates,
or frequent changes to stored data.
Secondary Storage (also known as auxiliary storage or external storage)
refers to non-volatile storage devices that are used to store data permanently or
semi-permanently, even when the system is powered off. Unlike primary
memory (RAM), which is temporary and volatile, secondary storage provides
long-term data storage with much larger capacities.

Key Features of Secondary Storage:

 Non-volatile: Data is retained even when the power is turned off.

 Permanent/Long-term Storage: Unlike RAM, which is temporary,
secondary storage holds data for long periods.
 Larger Capacity: Secondary storage devices offer much more storage
space compared to primary memory.
 Slower Access Speed: Although slower than primary memory, secondary
storage is much more cost-effective for large amounts of data.

Types of Secondary Storage:

1. Hard Disk Drive (HDD):

Description: A Hard Disk Drive (HDD) is a traditional mechanical storage

device that uses rotating magnetic platters to read and write data. The platters
are coated with a magnetic material, and a read/write head moves over them to
access the data.

Capacity: HDDs offer large storage capacities, typically ranging from 500 GB
to several terabytes (TB).

Speed: HDDs are slower than solid-state drives (SSDs) due to the mechanical
moving parts.

Usage: Commonly used for storing operating systems, applications, games, and
large files in desktops, laptops, and servers.

2. Solid-State Drive (SSD):

Description: A Solid-State Drive (SSD) uses flash memory (non-volatile

memory chips) to store data, meaning there are no moving parts like in HDDs.
SSDs are faster, more durable, and quieter.

Capacity: SSDs range from 120 GB to several terabytes, but typically cost
more per gigabyte than HDDs.
Speed: SSDs provide significantly faster data access speeds compared to
HDDs, making them ideal for operating systems, applications, and tasks
requiring quick data retrieval.

Usage: Common in modern laptops, desktops, and servers for operating

systems, software, and gaming due to their speed.

3. Optical Discs (CD, DVD, Blu-ray):

Description: Optical discs use laser technology to read and write data. There
are three common types:

CD (Compact Disc): Can store up to 700 MB of data.

DVD (Digital Versatile Disc): Can store up to 4.7 GB of data.

Blu-ray: Can store between 25 GB (single-layer) and 50 GB (dual-layer) of

data.

Capacity: Optical discs have lower capacity compared to HDDs and SSDs, but
they are often used for media distribution and backup.

Speed: Slower data transfer rates compared to HDDs and SSDs.

Usage: Used for music, movies, software installation, and backup purposes.

4. USB Flash Drives:

Description: USB Flash Drives (also called thumb drives or pen drives) are
small portable storage devices that use flash memory. They connect to
computers via a USB port.

Capacity: Typically range from 8 GB to 1 TB or more, with affordable options

in the lower capacity range.

Speed: Flash drives are faster than optical discs and can be faster than HDDs,
especially with USB 3.0 or newer versions.

Usage: Commonly used for transferring data between computers, carrying

personal files, and for portable storage.
 5. External Hard Drives:

Description: An external hard drive is simply a HDD or SSD that is housed

in a separate external enclosure and connects to a computer via USB,
Thunderbolt, or other interfaces.

Capacity: Can range from 500 GB to several terabytes.

Speed: Speed depends on whether it uses an HDD or SSD. External SSDs tend
to be faster than external HDDs.

Usage: Used for backup, data transfer, and additional storage, especially for
users who need more space than what is available on their internal drive.

6. Network Attached Storage (NAS):

Description: Network Attached Storage (NAS) is a dedicated storage device

that connects to a network, providing centralized data storage that can be
accessed by multiple devices on the network. NAS devices often use HDDs or
SSDs.

Capacity: Can range from several terabytes to petabytes depending on the

number of drives used.

Speed: The speed of access depends on the network connection (e.g., Ethernet,
Wi-Fi).

Usage: Used for personal cloud storage, backups, media storage, and large-scale
enterprise file sharing.

7. Tape Drives:

Description: Tape drives use magnetic tape as the storage medium. They are
primarily used for data archiving and backup purposes.

Capacity: Can store large amounts of data, typically ranging from several
terabytes to petabytes depending on the tape technology used.

Speed: Slower data transfer speeds, but they are very cost-effective for long-
term storage of large datasets.

Usage: Common in data centers for backing up large volumes of data,

especially for archival purposes.
 8. Cloud Storage:

Description: Cloud storage refers to online storage services where data is

stored on remote servers and can be accessed via the internet. Popular services
include Google Drive, Dropbox, OneDrive, and iCloud.

Capacity: Varies depending on the provider, with options ranging from free
storage (a few GB) to paid plans offering several terabytes or more.

Speed: Depends on internet speed and the server’s performance.

Usage: Used for file sharing, remote access to files, backup, and synchronizing
data across multiple devices.

Comparison of Secondary Storage Types:

Type of
Description Capacity Speed Cost Common Uses
Storage
Magnetic From 500 Internal
Moderate
Hard Disk storage, GB to storage,
(slower Low cost
Drive (HDD) mechanical several desktop/laptop,
than SSD)
parts TBs servers
Flash-based Operating
120 GB
Solid-State storage, no Higher system, apps,
to several Fast
Drive (SSD) moving cost high-speed
TBs
parts tasks
CD: 700
MB, Music, video,
Optical Discs
Laser-based DVD: 4.7 Very low software
(CD/DVD/Blu- Slow
storage GB, Blu- cost distribution,
ray)
ray: 25-50 backups
GB
Portable Low to File transfer,
USB Flash 8 GB to 1 Moderate
flash moderate portable
Drives TB to fast
memory cost storage
Similar to
From 500 internal
Portable
External Hard GB to drives Moderate Backup,
version of
Drives several (depends cost external storage
HDD/SSD
TBs on HDD or
SSD)
Network Storage Several Dependent Moderate Shared storage,
 Type of
Description Capacity Speed Cost Common Uses
Storage
Attached accessible TBs to on network to high backup, media
Storage (NAS) over a Petabytes speed cost storage
network
Magnetic
Several Very low Long-term data
tape storage
Tape Drives TBs to Slow cost (per archiving,
for
Petabytes TB) backups
archiving
Varies
Remote
(often 5
storage Dependent File backup,
GB free, Free to
Cloud Storage accessed on internet remote access,
paid plans high cost
over the speed sharing
offer
internet
more)

Conclusion:

Secondary storage provides a variety of options for long-term data storage, from
traditional hard drives to more modern solutions like SSDs, NAS, and cloud
storage. While secondary storage is slower than primary memory (RAM), it
offers larger storage capacities at a more affordable cost, making it essential for
everyday computing needs, backups, and large-scale data management. Each
type of secondary storage has specific benefits and is chosen based on factors
like speed, cost, capacity, and usage requirements.
Primary Memory

1. What is the main function of primary memory in a computer?

o A) Storing large amounts of data
o B) Providing temporary storage for data actively being processed
o C) Storing permanent data
o D) Storing data for long-term storage
2. Which of the following is an example of primary memory?
o A) Hard Disk Drive (HDD)
o B) Random Access Memory (RAM)
o C) Optical Discs
o D) Flash Drive
3. What type of memory is volatile?
o A) ROM
o B) RAM
o C) Hard Disk
o D) Optical Disc
4. What is the storage capacity of a typical RAM chip in modern computers?
o A) 128 bytes
o B) 2 GB to 64 GB
o C) 1 TB
o D) 500 MB
5. What does the acronym RAM stand for?
o A) Read Only Memory
o B) Random Access Memory
o C) Real-time Access Memory
o D) Random Available Memory
6. Which memory is used for storing data permanently?
o A) ROM
o B) RAM
o C) Cache
o D) Registers
7. Which of the following is true about primary memory?
o A) It is non-volatile.
o B) It is used for long-term storage.
o C) It is faster than secondary memory.
o D) It requires external power to store data.
8. Cache memory is an example of:
o A) Secondary memory
o B) Tertiary memory
o C) Primary memory
o D) Magnetic memory
9. Which of the following is an advantage of primary memory over secondary
memory?
o A) Higher storage capacity
o B) Faster data access
o C) Non-volatile
o D) Used for long-term storage
10. Which of these is a form of secondary memory?
o A) RAM
 o B) ROM
o C) Hard Disk
o D) Cache

Secondary Memory

11. Which of the following is a non-volatile storage device?

o A) RAM
o B) Hard Disk
o C) Cache
o D) Registers
12. What type of secondary storage device uses flash memory?
o A) Hard Disk Drive
o B) Optical Disk
o C) Solid-State Drive
o D) Tape Drive
13. Which is typically the fastest secondary storage?
o A) HDD
o B) SSD
o C) Optical Disk
o D) Tape Drive
14. Which of the following has the largest storage capacity?
o A) Floppy Disk
o B) CD-ROM
o C) Hard Disk Drive
o D) Flash Drive
15. Which secondary storage device uses optical technology?
o A) Hard Disk Drive
o B) Solid-State Drive
o C) USB Flash Drive
o D) Blu-ray Disc
16. Which of the following is a disadvantage of hard disk drives (HDD)?
o A) High cost per GB
o B) Slow speed compared to SSD
o C) Low storage capacity
o D) Non-volatile memory
o
17. What is the primary use of optical discs like CDs and DVDs?
o A) Permanent storage for operating systems
o B) Temporary storage for data
o C) Backup and media distribution
o D) Processing data at high speeds
18. Which of the following has the slowest data transfer rate?
o A) USB Flash Drive
o B) SSD
o C) Optical Disc
o D) RAM
19. Which of the following is a characteristic of solid-state drives (SSDs)?
 o A) Low speed and high power consumption
o B) Uses mechanical parts for data retrieval
o C) No moving parts and faster data access
o D) Cannot store data permanently
20. Tape drives are commonly used for:
o A) Everyday data storage
o B) Backing up large amounts of data
o C) High-speed data retrieval
o D) Streaming multimedia content

General Memory Concepts

21. Which of the following is true for secondary memory?

o A) It is faster than primary memory.
o B) It stores data permanently.
o C) It is used to store data temporarily.
o D) It requires constant power supply to function.
22. What is the purpose of secondary memory?
o A) To provide temporary storage for active programs
o B) To store data for long-term use
o C) To speed up the computer’s processing speed
o D) To manage data traffic between devices
o
23. Which of the following is a characteristic of ROM (Read Only Memory)?
o A) It is volatile
o B) It can be written to easily
o C) It stores data permanently
o D) It is used for fast data access
24. Which type of memory is used to store the BIOS settings in a computer?
o A) RAM
o B) ROM
o C) Cache Memory
o D) Hard Drive
25. What is the typical data transfer speed of SSDs compared to HDDs?
o A) SSDs are slower than HDDs
o B) SSDs are equal to HDDs in speed
o C) SSDs are faster than HDDs
o D) Both have the same transfer speed
26. Which type of memory stores instructions that the CPU uses during the booting
process?
o A) Primary memory
o B) ROM
o C) Cache memory
o D) Secondary memory
27. Which of the following is the most common use for flash drives?
o A) File backup
o B) Permanent data storage
o C) Transferring data between devices
 o D) Storing operating systems
28. Which of these is a secondary storage device that stores data on a removable
disk?
o A) Hard Disk Drive
o B) Tape Drive
o C) Blu-ray Disc
o D) USB Flash Drive
29. What is the key advantage of secondary memory over primary memory?
o A) Faster access time
o B) Higher capacity
o C) Volatile nature
o D) More expensive
30. Which type of memory is known as volatile?
o A) RAM
o B) ROM
o C) Flash Memory
o D) Hard Disk

Additional Memory Concepts

31. Which of the following is used to store data permanently?

o A) Primary memory
o B) ROM
o C) Cache memory
o D) RAM
32. Which memory is used for temporary storage in a computer system?
o A) ROM
o B) RAM
o C) SSD
o D) Hard Drive
33. Which of the following is not a secondary storage device?
o A) Hard Drive
o B) SSD
o C) Cache
o D) Optical Disc
34. How does an SSD differ from an HDD?
o A) SSDs have no moving parts and are faster
o B) SSDs are slower than HDDs
o C) HDDs use flash memory
o D) HDDs are more expensive than SSDs
35. Which of the following storage devices is most commonly used for data backup
in enterprise environments?
o A) Tape Drives
o B) Solid-State Drives
o C) Blu-ray Discs
o D) USB Flash Drives
36. The term "bit" is short for:
o A) Binary Interference Test
 o B) Binary Integrated Transfer
o C) Binary Digit
o D) Binary Input Type
37. Which of the following is the fastest form of secondary storage?
o A) Tape Drive
o B) Hard Disk Drive
o C) Optical Discs
o D) Solid-State Drive
38. What is the purpose of virtual memory?
o A) To provide permanent storage space
o B) To act as a buffer for primary memory
o C) To extend the computer’s available memory using secondary storage
o D) To increase processing speed
39. Which of the following is NOT a type of secondary memory?
o A) RAM
o B) Blu-ray Disc
o C) SSD
o D) Tape Drive
40. The primary role of cache memory is to:
o A) Provide backup for RAM
o B) Store frequently accessed data to speed up processing
o C) Increase storage capacity
o D) Store permanent data
1Answer: B

2Answer: B

3Answer: B

4Answer: B

5Answer: B

6Answer: A

7Answer: C

8Answer: C

9Answer: B

10Answer: C

11Answer: B

12Answer: C

13Answer: B

14Answer: C

15Answer: D

16Answer: B

17Answer: C

18Answer: C

19Answer: C

20Answer: B

21Answer: B

22Answer: B

23Answer: C

24Answer: B
25Answer: C

26Answer: B

27Answer: C

28Answer: D

29Answer: B

30Answer: A

31Answer: B

32Answer: B

33Answer: C

34Answer: A

35Answer: A

36Answer: C

37Answer: D

38Answer: C

39Answer: A

40Answer: B