Protocols in Computer Networks - Full Explanation
What is a Protocol?
A protocol is a set of rules and guidelines that define how devices communicate with each other
over a network.
It tells computers:
- How to start communication
- How to send data
- How to receive data
- How to handle errors
- When to stop communication
Example:
When you open a website (like www.google.com):
- Your computer uses the HTTP protocol to request the page.
- Then, the server responds using the same rules (HTTP), so you can see the website properly.
Functions of Protocols:
- Data Formatting: Defines how data is structured.
- Data Transmission: How data is sent between devices.
- Error Detection: Checks if the data is correct or corrupted.
- Error Recovery: If error found, corrects or resends the data.
- Flow Control: Controls the speed of data transfer.
- Connection Establishment: Creates a session for communication.
- Connection Termination: Properly closes the connection when done.
Characteristics of Good Protocols:
- Reliable
- Interoperability
- Error Handling
- Security
Types of Protocols:
- Communication Protocols: HTTP, FTP, SMTP
- Transport Protocols: TCP, UDP
- Network Protocols: IP, ICMP, ARP
- Security Protocols: HTTPS, SSL, SSH
- Routing Protocols: RIP, OSPF, BGP
- Data Link Protocols: Ethernet, PPP
How Protocols Work Together (Protocol Stack):
Many protocols work together to complete a task (Example: HTTP uses TCP, which uses IP, and
Ethernet).
Importance of Protocols:
- Without protocols, devices can't communicate.
- Protocols standardize communication.
- They ensure security, reliability, and efficiency.
Real Life Example:
Think of a protocol like a language. If two people (devices) speak the same language (protocol),
they can communicate.
Summary:
Definition: Set of rules for communication
Functions: Data sending, receiving, error handling
Examples: HTTP, TCP, IP, Ethernet
Importance: Devices communicate properly
Types of Protocols - Full Explanation
1. Communication Protocols
Examples: HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, SMTP, POP3, IMAP, Telnet, DNS
Purpose: For sending and receiving data/messages.
2. Transport Layer Protocols
Examples: TCP, UDP
Purpose: Control correct delivery of data packets.
3. Network Layer Protocols
Examples: IP, ICMP, ARP, IGMP
Purpose: Addressing and routing data properly.
4. Data Link Layer Protocols
Examples: Ethernet, PPP, HDLC
Purpose: Sending data across local physical networks.
5. Network Security Protocols
Examples: HTTPS, SSL/TLS, IPSec, SSH
Purpose: Securing communication.
6. Routing Protocols
Examples: RIP, OSPF, BGP
Purpose: Finding best paths for data delivery.
Summary Table:
Type | Example | Purpose
-----|---------|---------
Communication | HTTP, FTP, SMTP | Sending and receiving data
Transport | TCP, UDP | Reliable or fast delivery
Network | IP, ICMP, ARP | Routing and addressing
Data Link | Ethernet, PPP | Sending data physically
Security | HTTPS, SSL, IPSec | Secure communication
Routing | RIP, OSPF, BGP | Finding best data paths
