Advanced Java, LLD, and CS Fundamentals Roadmap
Advanced Java
1. Collections & Generics
- ArrayList, LinkedList, HashMap, HashSet, TreeMap, PriorityQueue
- HashMap internals (hashing, collisions, resizing)
- Iterators (fail-fast vs fail-safe)
- Concurrent collections (ConcurrentHashMap, CopyOnWriteArrayList)
- Generics basics, bounded wildcards
2. Functional Features
- Lambda expressions, method references
- Functional interfaces (Predicate, Consumer, Supplier, Function)
- Streams API (map, filter, reduce, collect)
- Parallel streams & performance
3. Multithreading & Concurrency
- Threads, Runnables, Callables
- Executors, thread pools, scheduled executor
- Synchronization, locks, volatile, atomic classes
- Deadlock, starvation, race conditions
- ForkJoinPool & parallelism
4. Exception Handling & I/O
- Checked vs unchecked exceptions, custom exceptions
- Try-with-resources
- Java I/O (streams, readers, writers, buffers)
- NIO (channels, selectors, buffers)
- Serialization / Deserialization
5. JVM Internals
- JVM architecture, ClassLoader, heap, stack
- Garbage collection (G1, CMS)
- JIT compilation
- Memory leaks, OutOfMemoryError scenarios
6. Design Patterns in Java
- Singleton, Factory, Builder, Prototype
- Adapter, Proxy, Decorator, Observer, Strategy
Low Level Design (LLD)
1. Principles & Basics
- OOP deep dive, SOLID principles
- DRY, KISS, YAGNI principles
- Composition vs inheritance
2. UML & Class Design
- UML diagrams (class, sequence, use case, activity)
- Translating requirements into classes/relationships
3. Design Patterns
- Singleton, Factory, Builder, Observer, Strategy, Proxy
- Repository, DAO patterns
4. Hands-on LLD Problems
- Parking Lot, Splitwise, BookMyShow, Elevator System
- Cache (LRU, LFU), Rate Limiter
- Logger System, Food Delivery, Chess/Tic Tac Toe
5. Clean Code Practices
- Interfaces vs abstract classes, dependency injection
- Exception handling in design
- Testing strategies (unit tests, mocks, stubs)
CS Fundamentals
1. Operating Systems
- Process vs Thread, PCB, context switching
- Scheduling algorithms (FCFS, SJF, RR, Priority)
- Deadlock, Semaphores, Monitors, Synchronization
- Memory management (paging, segmentation, virtual memory)
- File systems (inode, allocation methods)
2. Database Management Systems
- ER model, normalization (1NF, 2NF, 3NF, BCNF)
- SQL queries (joins, subqueries, group by)
- Indexing (B+ Trees, hash indexing)
- Transactions (ACID, isolation levels)
- Concurrency control (locks, 2PL, MVCC)
- CAP theorem
3. Computer Networks
- OSI vs TCP/IP layers
- TCP vs UDP, 3-way handshake
- IP addressing, subnetting, routing basics
- DNS, DHCP, ARP
- HTTP vs HTTPS, SSL/TLS, REST vs gRPC
- Sockets, client-server communication
- Congestion control (TCP Reno, slow start)
4. Miscellaneous
- Compiler basics: interpretation, linking, JIT
- Memory hierarchy (cache, RAM, disk)
- Basics of distributed systems (consistency vs availability)
