THREE ASPECT OF HUMAN/PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT

1. Physical development covers the growth of the body and the brain, motor and sensory skills and physical health.
2. Cognitive development covers our capacity to learn, to speak, to understand, to reason and to create.
3. Psychosocial development includes our social interactions with other people, emotions, attitudes, self-identity, and
personality, beliefs and values.

Factors that Affect Human/Personal Development

Heredity or the inborn traits passed on by the generations of offspring’s from both sides of biological parent’s families.
Environment is the world outside of ourselves and the experiences that result from our contact and interaction with this
external world.
Maturation is the natural progression of the brain and the body.

Personal means belonging or relating to a particular person. Made or designed to be used by one person. Someone
whose jobs involves working for or helping a particular person.

Personal Development is the process in which persons reflect upon themselves, understand who they are, accept what
they discover about themselves, learn new sets of values, attitudes, behavior and thinking skills to reach their fullest
potentials as human beings.

SELF - Is the totality of individual, it consists of our characteristics, attributes, consciousness, unconsciousness, mental
and physical

SELF-IMAGE / ACTUAL SELF Is the one that you actually see. It is the self that has characteristics that you were nurtured
or, in some cases, born to have.

IDEAL SELF - Is the self that you aspire to be. It is the one that you hope will possess characteristics similar to that of a
mentor or some other worldly figure.

THREE DIMENSION OF SELF

1. Physical dimension – revolves around the physical body of human being, functions, mechanisms and
characteristics.
2. Psychological dimension – which contains the concept of stress, cognition, behavior, attributes, emotions and
ultimately personality.
3. Spiritual dimension – allow us to view ourselves in spiritual level – as a spiritual being.

DEVELOPMENTAL TASKS
is a specific skill, responsibility, or behavior that a person is expected to learn or master at a certain stage of life
as part of normal growth and development

What is Adolescence?
A Time of Transition: Adolescence is the period between childhood and adulthood. It's a time of big changes,
both physically and in how a young person sees the world. It's the time when you transition from childhood to
adulthood.
It's a time of lots of changes in your body and brain.
The Stages of Adolescence
 Early Adolescence (Ages 12-14): This is when puberty starts, and there's a lot of physical growth.
 Middle Adolescence (Ages 15-17): This stage is about exploring who you are, figuring out your values,
and becoming more independent. It's also a time when teens start to think about romantic
relationships.
 Late Adolescence (Ages 18-21... and beyond!): This is when most people finish growing physically. It's a
time for focusing on education, careers, and building long-term relationships.
Key Skills for Each Stage
•Middle Adolescence:
1. Identity Exploration: Figuring out who you are, what you believe in, and what you want to do with your life.
2. Peer Relationships: Learning to navigate friendships, romantic relationships, and groups.
3. Emotional Regulation: Developing the ability to manage and express your emotions in healthy ways.
4. Decision-Making Skills: Learning to make good choices about things like school, relationships, and personal
behavior.
5. Independence: Becoming more independent from your parents and relying more on yourself and your
friends.
6. Cognitive Development: Improving your thinking skills, like problem-solving and critical thinking.
•Late Adolescence:
1. Career and Educational Planning: Making decisions about your education and career path.
2. Long-Term Relationships: Building strong, lasting relationships with others.
3. Financial Responsibility: Learning to manage money, budget, and save.
4. Social Responsibility: Developing a sense of responsibility for your community and the world around you.
5. Identity Consolidation: Solidifying your identity, including your personal values, social skills, and career goals.
6. Preparation for Adult Roles: Taking on more adult-like responsibilities, like part-time jobs, internships, and
living independently.
How to Become a Responsible Adolescent?
1. Set Clear Goals: Think about what you want to achieve in the short term and long term, like your education,
career, and personal growth.
2. Manage Your Time: Learn to prioritize your tasks, manage your time effectively, and balance school, work, and
social life.
3. Develop Communication Skills: Practice communicating clearly, listening actively, and resolving conflicts.
4. Build Healthy Relationships: Nurture positive relationships with friends, family, and mentors. Learn to set
boundaries and take responsibility for your actions.
5. Engage in Community Service: Volunteer to help others and develop a sense of social responsibility.
6. Explore Career Options: Research different career paths and get experience through internships or part-time
jobs.
7. Learn Financial Literacy: Understand basic financial concepts like budgeting, saving, and managing expenses.
8. Practice Self-Care: Prioritize your mental and physical health by exercising, eating well, sleeping enough, and
managing stress.
9. Seek Guidance: Don't be afraid to ask for advice from trusted adults, mentors, or counselors when you need
help.
10. Stay Informed: Keep up with current events, social issues, and developments in areas that interest you.

ERIK ERIKSON'S
Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development outlines eight stages that span from infancy to adulthood. Each stage
presents a crisis or conflict that individuals must resolve to develop healthy psychological qualities.
Trust vs. Mistrust (Birth to 18 months)
Key task: Develop trust when caregivers provide reliability, care, and affection. A lack of this leads to mistrust.
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (18 months to 3 years)
Key task: Develop a sense of personal control over physical skills and a sense of independence. Failure results in
feelings of shame and doubt.
Initiative vs. Guilt (3 to 5 years)
Key task: Begin to assert control and power over the environment. Success leads to a sense of initiative, while
failure results in guilt.
Industry vs. Inferiority (6 to 12 years)
Key task: Cope with new social and academic demands. Success leads to a sense of competence, while failure
results in feelings of inferiority.
Identity vs. Role Confusion (12 to 18 years)
Key task: Develop a sense of self and personal identity. Success leads to an ability to stay true to oneself, while
failure results in role confusion.
Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young adulthood: 18 to 40 years)
 Key task: Form intimate, loving relationships with others. Failure leads to loneliness and isolation.
Generativity vs. Stagnation (Middle adulthood: 40 to 65 years)
Key task: Create or nurture things that will outlast oneself (e.g., children, work). Success leads to feelings of
usefulness and accomplishment, while failure results in shallow involvement in the world.
Integrity vs. Despair (Late adulthood: 65+ years)
Key task: Reflect on life and feel a sense of fulfillment. Success leads to feelings of wisdom, while failure results
in regret and despair.

ROBERT HAVIGHURST
Robert Havighurst’s theory of development identifies six major stages of life, each with specific developmental tasks that
people must navigate to lead successful and fulfilling lives. These tasks are based on physical, cognitive, emotional, and
social changes.
1. Infancy and Early Childhood (Birth to 2 years) It is a crucial period where a child experiences rapid physical,
emotional, and cognitive growth. This stage lays the foundation for all future development.
Key tasks: Learning to walk, talk, and control bodily functions; developing basic emotional and social concepts
like trust and independence.
2. Childhood (6 to 12 years) It is a critical period for shaping a child’s Character, Habits Learning abilities, Social skills,
Sense of identity.
Key tasks: Learning physical skills for games, developing self-concept, building relationships with peers,
achieving personal independence, and forming basic academic skills.
3. Adolescence (12 to 18 years) It is a time of rapid physical, emotional, mental, and social changes as individuals
transition into adulthood.
Key tasks: Achieving a stable sense of identity, developing mature relationships with peers, gaining emotional
independence from parents, and preparing for adult roles in work and relationships.
4. Early Adulthood (18 to 30 years)
Key tasks: Selecting a mate, starting a family, managing a home, beginning a career, and establishing a social
network.
5. Middle Adulthood (30 to 60 years)
Key tasks: Achieving success in a career, maintaining a fulfilling marriage and family life, contributing to society,
and managing the demands of aging parents.
6. Late Adulthood (60 years and older)
Key tasks: Adjusting to retirement and reduced income, coping with the death of loved ones, ADULTHOOD - This
stage is marked by full physical maturity and increasing responsibility in personal, social, and professional areas.
Maintaining social relationships, and dealing with declining physical health.

THE CHALLENGES OF MIDDLE AND LATE ADOLESCENCE

What is a Challenge?
A challenge is a task or situation that tests your abilities.
WHAT ARE THESE CHALLENGES?
1. Attitude and Behavior:
How we Think: Your attitude is a mix of your feelings, beliefs, and how you judge things.
How we Act: Your behavior is what you actually do.
The Connection: Your attitude often influences your behavior.
2. Sexual Relationships:
Emotional Challenges: It's tough to deal with feelings about sex, especially if you don't have good
information.
Parental Influence: Strong family ties can make it hard for teens to make big commitments to relationships.
3. Peer Adjustment:
The Peer Group: Your friends become really important during this time. They help you learn how to act like
an adult.
Social Skills: Being able to get along with people is key to fitting in and feeling good about yourself.
Struggling to Connect: If you have trouble making friends, you might feel inadequate or left out.
4. Intellectual Maturation:
 Developing Your Mind: Your way of thinking changes a lot during adolescence.
Two Paths: You can either develop good problem-solving skills, be curious about learning, and have a wide
range of interests... or you can develop narrow viewpoints, habits that aren't helpful, and a limited understanding of
things.
5. Vocational Choice:
Choosing a Path: It's important to think about what you want to do for a career, but many teens don't plan
for this.
Easy Choices: They might take easy or required classes instead of ones that will be useful in the future.
6. Emotional Maturity:
Controlling Your Feelings: Growing up emotionally means learning to manage your feelings and act in ways
that are helpful and respectful.
Taking Responsibility: You need to be accountable for your actions and not blame others.
7. Puberty:
Physical Changes: Puberty is the time when your body changes so that you can have children.
Hormones: Hormones cause these changes in both boys and girls.
8. Academic Concern:
School Stress: Schoolwork can be stressful, especially for girls.
Other Expectations: Teens might also be stressed by things outside of school, like family or friends.
9. Health and Nutrition:
What We Eat: What you eat is important for your health.
A Balanced Life: Eating well and exercising regularly are key to staying healthy.
10. Group Belongingness:
The Need to Belong: Feeling like you are part of a group is a basic human need, just like needing food and
shelter.
Finding Your Place: Belonging helps you feel good about yourself and cope with difficult feelings.
11. Developing/Regaining Self-Esteem:
Feeling Good About Yourself: Self-esteem is about feeling good about who you are.
Taking Control: It's about taking control of your life and not letting others put you down.
12. Roles:
Who We Are: The roles you play in life are part of your identity.
Accountability: You are responsible for doing your best in each role.
13. Parents Working Abroad:
Difficult Times: When parents move away, it can be really hard on children.
Challenges: They might miss their parents, have trouble understanding gender roles, be vulnerable to
abuse, or develop unhealthy attitudes about money.
14. Depression:
A Serious Condition: Depression is a mental illness that can make you feel very sad and hopeless.
Symptoms: It can also cause a lack of energy, changes in appetite and sleep, and feelings of guilt.
15. Self-Identity:
Knowing Yourself: Self-identity is about understanding your potential and your strengths as a person.
Social Context: It's also about how you see yourself in relation to other people.
16. Defining Responsibilities:
Being Accountable: Being responsible means being accountable for your actions and decisions.
Control and Management: It's about having the power to make choices and manage your life.
17. Time Management:
Using Time Wisely: Time management is about using your time effectively and productively.

TOPIC 3. COPING WITH STRESS IN MIDDLE AND LATE ADOLESCENCE

What is Stress?
Stress is a natural human response to difficult situations. It can be a state of worry or mental tension.

Types of Stress
 Eustress or Beneficial Stress: Small, sporadic stress can actually be helpful. It can motivate you and help you
achieve goals.
Distress or Destructive Stress: Too much stress, especially if it lasts for a long time, can be harmful to both your
physical and mental health.

Understanding Stress
 Stress as a Stimulus: Stress is caused by things that happen in your life (stressors) that can be life-threatening or
life-changing.
 Stress as a Response: Stress is how your body reacts to challenging situations. Teens often have a faster physical
response to stress than adults.
 Stress as Relational: Stress is about how you assess a situation. You weigh whether it's important or not.
Stressors in Middle and Late Adolescence
External Stressors: These come from outside of you, like situations or people.
Internal Stressors: These come from inside you, like your thoughts, fears, and beliefs.
Common Sources of Stress in Adolescence
 Academic and Performance Pressure: Stress from schoolwork, tests, homework, and the pressure to meet high
expectations from both teachers and family.
• Social and Peer Relationships: Challenges in dealing with peer pressure, friendships, and conflicts with friends
or peers.
• Identity and Self-Esteem Issues: Struggles with developing a sense of self, managing body image concerns, and
handling negative thoughts about oneself.
• Family-Related Stress: Tension caused by family expectations, separation or divorce, family conflicts, or the
loss of a loved one.
• Body Changes and Puberty: Anxiety and stress related to the physical changes of adolescence.
• Transition to Independence: Fear and uncertainty about becoming more independent and managing
responsibilities.
• Environmental Stress: Living in unsafe or unstable environments, or adjusting to changes such as moving to a
new school or place.
• Overcommitment: Feeling overwhelmed by taking on too many activities or responsibilities.
How Your Body Responds to Stress
•Emotional: Feeling anxious, angry, sad, or overwhelmed.
•Physical: Having headaches, stomachaches, or trouble sleeping.
•Behavioral: Acting out, withdrawing from others, or using drugs or alcohol.
•Cognitive: Having trouble concentrating, making decisions, or remembering things.
Coping With Stress
•Healthy Habits: Exercise regularly, eat a healthy diet, avoid too much caffeine and Don't use drugs, alcohol, or
tobacco.
•Relaxation Techniques: Learn relaxation exercises like deep breathing or muscle relaxation.
•Assertiveness: Develop assertiveness skills to stand up for yourself in a healthy way.
•Rehearsal: Practice dealing with stressful situations.
•Problem-Solving: Learn practical coping skills to break down big problems into smaller, manageable steps.
•Positive Self-Talk: Challenge negative thoughts with more positive or neutral thoughts.
•Good Enough is Okay: Accept that you can't be perfect all the time.
•Take a Break: Step away from stressful situations when you need to.

Stress Responses in Adolescence:

1. Emotional: Feeling anxious, angry, sad, or overwhelmed.
2. Physical: Having headaches, stomachaches, or trouble sleeping.
3. Behavioral: Acting out, withdrawing from others, or using drugs or alcohol.
4. Cognitive: Having trouble concentrating, making decisions, or remembering things.
Coping Strategies for Healthful Living:
1. Emotional Regulation: Learning to manage your emotions effectively.
2. Physical Activity: Exercising regularly to relieve stress.
 3. Healthy Lifestyle Choices: Eating well, getting enough sleep, and avoiding drugs and alcohol.
4. Relaxation Techniques: Using deep breathing, meditation, or other relaxation techniques.
5. Time Management: Organizing your time to reduce stress.
6. Problem-Solving: Developing skills to solve problems effectively.
7. Social Support: Building strong relationships with people who can support you.
8. Hobbies and Creative Outlets: Engaging in activities that you enjoy.
9. Mindfulness Practices: Focusing on the present moment to reduce stress.
10. Positive Self-Talk: Challenging negative thoughts with positive ones.
11. Setting Boundaries: Learning to say no to things that are causing you stress.
12. Seeking Professional Help: Talking to a therapist or counselor if you need help managing stress.

TOPIC 4 - THE POWERS OF THE MIND

The Whole Brain Theory(Robert Ornstein and Roger Sperry): This theory explains how the two sides of your
brain work differently and how they affect your personality, thinking, and behavior.
Two Sides, Two Styles:
1. Linear (Left-Brain Dominant): This side is more logical, organized, and detail oriented. People who are more left-
brained might prefer:
• Sequencing • Linear thinking
• Math • Thinking in words
• Setting goals • Interpreting information
• Tidy rooms • Answering questions quickly
• Following directions • Reading directions
2. Artistic (Right-Brain Dominant): This side is more creative, intuitive, and enjoys taking risks. People who are
more right-brained might prefer:
• Imagination • Holistic thinking (seeing the big picture)
• Rhythm • Feelings
• Visualization • Daydreaming
• Adventure • Writing
• Fantasies • Expression
How Your Brain Works
• Left Side: Controls the right side of your body. It helps you with reasoning, communication, and problem-solving.
• Right Side: Controls the left side of your body. It helps you with creativity and aesthetic things.
Strategies to Improve Learning
• Mind Mapping and Visual Aids: Combine words and pictures to help you remember information.
• Storytelling and Data: Use stories to make data and concepts more interesting and easier to understand.
• Reflective Journals: Write about your learning experiences to process what you've learned.
• Music and Rhythm: Use music to help you learn and remember things.
• Problem-Based Learning: Solve real-world problems that require both analytical and creative thinking.
Parts of the Brain:
o Cerebrum: The largest part of your brain. It controls your muscles, speech, thoughts, emotions, reading, writing,
and learning.
o Cerebellum: Located at the back of your head. It helps you with balance and coordination.
o Brain Stem: Connects your brain to the rest of your body. It controls vital functions like breathing,
consciousness, and heart rate.