UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION, WINNEBA

DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY EDUCATION

NAME: RICHARD OPOKU FRIMPONG

INDEX NO: 220013607

RESEARCH TOPIC
IMPACTS OF LITHIUM MINING ON LAND USE LAND COVER CHANGE IN
MFANTSEMAN MUNICIPALITY

8TH July, 2025

 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1. Background of the Study

The accelerating global transition to renewable energy and electric vehicles has dramatically
increased the demand for lithium, a key component in lithium-ion batteries (International
Energy Agency, 2024). As a result, lithium has been designated a “critical mineral” essential
for the world’s energy future, with global demand projected to rise more than fortyfold by 2040
(Liu et al., 2019). As countries and industries race to secure lithium supplies, new mining
projects are emerging in previously untouched regions, raising concerns about their
environmental and social impacts (Flexer, Baspineiro, & Galli, 2018). Ghana’s Ewoyaa lithium
deposit, located in the Mfantseman Municipality, has become a focal point for international
investment, as it is set to become Africa’s third-largest lithium mine and one of the world’s top
ten spodumene concentrate producers (Atlantic Lithium, 2023; [Link], 2023). The project
is expected to produce 350,000 tonnes of concentrate annually over a 12-year mine life,
transforming a predominantly agrarian and coastal landscape of approximately 612 km². This
rapid industrialization brings with it urgent questions about how mining activities will reshape
the region’s land use and land cover (LULC), and its potential of affecting local livelihoods,
food security, and ecosystem services (Gbedzi et al., 2022).

While mining can bring employment and infrastructure, it often disrupts traditional livelihoods,
displaces populations, and creates new vulnerabilities, especially for smallholder farmers and
resource-dependent households (Abdulai, Kuusaana, & Yeboah, 2021; Adjei, 2025; Gbedzi et
al., 2023). Therefore, critics warn of the risk of replicating the “resource curse” patterns
observed in Ghana’s gold and bauxite sectors, including environmental degradation, social
displacement, and inequitable benefit sharing (Baafi, 2024). Economic studies suggest that
while domestic lithium processing could boost national revenue, significant challenges remain,
such as limited feedstock, high operational costs, and potential revenue losses (Scurfield &
Adjei, 2025). Environmental research from Chile, Australia, and China has documented severe
vegetation loss, water contamination, and altered hydrology associated with lithium extraction
(Liu et al., 2019; Flexer et al., 2018; Odoh et al., 2024). Despite these insights, empirical studies
from West Africa remain scarce, with most Ghanaian research focusing on gold and bauxite
rather than lithium (Gbedzi et al., 2023; Abdulai et al., 2021).

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In Ewoyaa and its environs, concerns have been raised about land acquisition, compensation,
and the long-term sustainability of local livelihoods as mining progresses from exploration to
full-scale operations (Dialogue Earth, 2024). Yet, systematic assessments of these impacts,
particularly during the early phases of mining, remain scarce in the literature.

Given these challenges, there is a growing recognition of the need to develop and promote
sustainable livelihood initiatives in mining-affected communities (Hilson & Garforth, 2012).
Such initiatives may include alternative income-generating activities, skills training, and
community-based resource management, all aimed at ensuring that the benefits of mining are
equitably shared and that adverse impacts are mitigated (Hilson, 2016). However, for these
interventions to be effective, they must be grounded in robust evidence about both the
environmental and socio-economic changes occurring on the ground.

Despite the global attention on lithium and its role in the energy transition, research on the
spatial and socio-economic impacts of lithium mining in Ghana is still in its infancy. Most
existing studies focus on gold and bauxite, with little attention to the specific dynamics of
lithium extraction and its implications for land, people, and sustainability in coastal agro-
ecological zones (Gbedzi et al., 2023; Abdulai et al., 2021). There is also a notable gap in the
use of high-resolution, multi-temporal LULC mapping and integrated socio-economic
assessments for the Ewoyaa project.

In response to these gaps, this study aims to systematically map land use and land cover
changes within the Ewoyaa Lithium Project’s area of influence across pre-mining,
construction, and early operational periods; assess the socio-economic and livelihood impacts
on the Ewoyaa community; and develop evidence-based initiatives for sustainable livelihoods.
By combining geospatial analysis with participatory socio-economic research, this work will
provide a comprehensive foundation for informed decision-making and sustainable
development in the face of rapid mining expansion.

1.1. Problem Statement

Studies on mining-induced land use and land cover (LULC) change consistently highlights that
mining activities are a major driver of environmental transformation, especially in developing
countries (Sonter et al., 2014; Gbedzi et al., 2022). Mining leads to the direct conversion of
forests, farmlands, and wetlands into pits, waste dumps, and settlements, often resulting in
habitat loss, biodiversity decline, and disruption of ecosystem services (Potapov et al., 2015;
Abdulai et al., 2021). Additionally, numerous studies have documented that mining can cause

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significant socio-economic impacts, including displacement of local populations, loss of
agricultural livelihoods, and increased vulnerability of rural communities (Hilson, 2016;
Gbedzi et al., 2023). While some research points to the potential for mining to create jobs and
infrastructure, the negative effects on land, water, and community well-being often outweigh
short-term economic gains unless comprehensive mitigation and livelihood programs are
implemented (Kumi-Boateng et al., 2022; Flexer et al., 2018; Hilson & Garforth, 2012).

Despite these insights, there are notable gaps in the literature regarding the spatial and temporal
dynamics of LULC change specifically associated with lithium mining in West Africa. Most
empirical studies have focused on gold and bauxite mining, with little attention paid to lithium,
which has unique extraction processes and environmental footprints (Djaba & Djaba, 2023;
Gbedzi et al., 2023; Abdulai et al., 2021; Flexer et al., 2018). Furthermore, while some global
studies have used remote sensing to map LULC change, few have integrated these spatial
analyses with in-depth assessments of socio-economic and livelihood impacts on directly
affected communities (Liu et al., 2019; Flexer et al., 2018). There is also a lack of research on
the effectiveness of sustainable livelihood initiatives in lithium mining-impacted areas, vis-à-
vis the regulatory framework for environmental protection and mining in Ghana, including a
structured EIA process (EIA, 2019; Arkoh, 2024). For instance, while Atlantic Lithium
Company claims enthusiastic support from local communities, independent reports and
community voices contradict this, expressing uncertainty and distress over delayed
compensation and marked homes for demolition (Arkoh, 2024).

This study seeks to address these gaps by systematically mapping land use and land cover
changes within the Ewoyaa Lithium Project’s area of influence in the Mfantseman
Municipality across pre-mining, construction, and early operational periods. It will also assess
the socio-economic and livelihood impacts on the Ewoyaa community and develop context-
specific initiatives for sustainable livelihoods. By combining high-resolution geospatial
analysis with participatory socio-economic research, this study aims to generate robust
empirical evidence to inform sustainable land management and community development
strategies for lithium mining regions in Ghana and beyond.

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1.2. Research Objectives
1.2.1. Main Research Objective

To examine the land use and land cover changes and their socio-economic and
livelihood impacts resulting from the Ewoyaa Lithium Project in the Mfantseman
Municipality, and to propose sustainable livelihood initiatives for the affected
community.

1.2.2. Specific Research Objectives

1. To map the land use and land cover types within the Ewoyaa Lithium Project’s area of
influence during pre-mining, construction, and early operational periods.

2. To assess the socio-economic and livelihood impacts of the Ewoyaa Lithium Project on
the Ewoyaa community.

3. To develop and recommend initiatives for sustainable livelihoods in the Ewoyaa

community.

1.3. Research Questions

1. What are the land use and land cover types within the Ewoyaa Lithium Project’s area
of influence during the pre-mining, construction, and early operational periods?

2. How has the Ewoyaa Lithium Project affected the socio-economic conditions and
livelihoods of the Ewoyaa community?

3. What initiatives can be developed to promote sustainable livelihoods for the Ewoyaa
community in the context of lithium mining?

1.4. Significance of the Study

This research will provide value to several specific groups. Local communities in Ewoyaa and
the wider Mfantseman Municipality will benefit directly from the identification of sustainable
livelihood options and clear evidence of how lithium mining affects their land and socio-
economic conditions, empowering them to advocate for fair compensation and development
support. District and regional policymakers, including the Mfantseman Municipal Assembly
and the Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources, will gain access to context-specific data to
guide land use planning, environmental regulation, and community resettlement policies.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Ghana and related regulatory bodies will benefit from

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high-resolution land use and land cover maps to enhance monitoring and enforcement of
environmental standards. Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and development agencies
working on rural livelihoods, environmental conservation, and social justice will be able to use
the study’s findings to design targeted interventions and advocacy campaigns. Finally,
researchers and academics in geography, environmental science, and development studies will
gain new empirical evidence and methodological approaches for understanding mining-
induced land system changes in West Africa, helping to fill a significant gap in the scholarly
literature. Collectively, these benefits will support more sustainable, equitable, and informed
management of lithium mining in Ghana and similar contexts.

1.5. Scope of the Study

This study is conceptually limited to examining the impacts of lithium mining on land use and
land cover (LULC) change and socio-economic conditions, with a particular focus on the
Ewoyaa Lithium Project in the Mfantseman Municipality. Methodologically, the research will
employ remote sensing and GIS techniques to map and analyze LULC changes, alongside
household surveys and interviews to assess socio-economic and livelihood impacts within the
affected communities. The study will specifically cover the pre-mining, construction, and early
operational periods of the Ewoyaa Lithium Project. Chronologically, the research will analyze
data from 2015 (prior to the commencement of mining activities) through to the present,
allowing for a comparative assessment of changes across different project phases. The study
will not address impacts beyond the defined project area or consider broader national or global
policy implications outside the immediate context of Mfantseman Municipality.

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 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

Introduction

The global transition to renewable energy and the proliferation of electric vehicles have
positioned lithium as a critical mineral, intensifying exploration and mining activities
worldwide (International Energy Agency, 2024; Flexer, Baspineiro, & Galli, 2018). Lithium’s
role in battery technology has led to a surge in mining projects in Latin America, Australia,
and, more recently, Africa. Ghana’s Ewoyaa Lithium Project, located in the Mfantseman
Municipality, marks the country’s entry into the global lithium supply chain and has significant
implications for land use, environmental sustainability, and local livelihoods (Atlantic Lithium,
2023; Baafi, 2024). While global narratives often celebrate lithium as a “green” mineral, there
is mounting evidence that its extraction can drive significant land use and land cover (LULC)
changes and socio-economic disruptions, especially in developing countries (Liu, Agusdinata,
& Myint, 2019; Odoh et al., 2024). This literature review critically examines the conceptual,
empirical, and theoretical foundations for understanding the impacts of lithium mining, with a
particular focus on Ghana and the West African region.

Conceptual Review

Land Use and Land Cover: Definitions and Distinctions

Land use and land cover (LULC) are foundational concepts in geography, environmental
science, and land management, yet they are often conflated in both academic and policy
discourse. Land cover refers to the physical and biological cover over the earth’s surface, such
as vegetation, water bodies, bare soil, and artificial structures (Foley et al., 2005). Land use, in
contrast, refers to the human purposes or functions assigned to land parcels, including
agriculture, forestry, settlement, mining, and conservation (Turner et al., 2007). The distinction
is critical: land cover is observable and mappable from remote sensing data, while land use
often requires interpretation of socio-economic data and ground verification (Lambin et al.,
2001).

In the context of mining, this distinction becomes especially important. Mining activities may
transform both the cover (e.g., clearing forests for open-pit mines) and the use (e.g., shifting
from agriculture to mineral extraction) of land. In Ghana, Gbedzi et al. (2022) and Abdulai et
al. (2021) highlight that gold and bauxite mining have led to the conversion of large tracts of

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agricultural land and forest into bare, degraded landscapes, affecting both ecological integrity
and food security. The Ewoyaa Lithium Project is expected to follow similar patterns, with the
potential for even more rapid and extensive LULC changes due to the scale and intensity of
lithium extraction.

Contemporary LULC research increasingly emphasizes the dynamic and interrelated nature of
land use and cover. Lambin and Geist (2006) argue that land cover change is often a proximate
indicator of deeper socio-economic processes, such as market integration, policy shifts, and
technological innovation. In mining regions, these processes are accelerated by global
commodity demand, foreign investment, and state-led development agendas (Sonter et al.,
2014). Thus, understanding LULC change requires both spatial analysis and socio-economic
contextualization—a dual approach that has been underutilized in much of the Ghanaian
literature.

Mining-Induced Displacement and Resettlement (MIDR)

Mining-induced displacement and resettlement (MIDR) is a recurring phenomenon in

resource-rich regions, with profound implications for land tenure, livelihoods, and social
cohesion (Owen & Kemp, 2015). MIDR occurs when mining projects require the acquisition
of land occupied or used by local communities, resulting in forced relocation, loss of homes,
and disruption of social networks. In Ghana, MIDR has been extensively documented in gold
mining areas such as Tarkwa, Obuasi, and Prestea, where large-scale concessions have
displaced thousands of smallholder farmers and artisanal miners (Abdulai et al., 2021; Hilson
& Garforth, 2012).

The literature distinguishes between physical displacement (loss of residence) and economic
displacement (loss of access to land, resources, or income streams) (World Bank, 2004). Both
forms are prevalent in Ghana’s mining regions, often with inadequate compensation or
restoration of pre-mining living standards (Asubonteng, Appiah-Opoku, & Luginaah, 2014).
Compensation schemes are frequently criticized for being delayed, poorly targeted, or
insufficient to enable sustainable resettlement (Ocansey, 2013). Women, youth, and
marginalized groups are particularly vulnerable, as they are less likely to hold formal land titles
or participate in compensation negotiations (Hilson, 2016).

MIDR is not merely a technical or logistical challenge; it is a deeply political and ethical issue.
Scholars such as Bebbington et al. (2018) and Agyeman (2016) argue that MIDR often reflects
broader power asymmetries between mining companies, the state, and local communities. In

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Ghana, regulatory frameworks for resettlement are often weakly enforced, and community
participation in decision-making is limited (Hilson & Garforth, 2012). The result is a persistent
pattern of social dislocation, impoverishment, and resistance, with long-term consequences for
community cohesion and rural development

Sustainable Livelihoods and Livelihood Diversification

The sustainable livelihoods framework (SLF) is a widely used analytical tool for understanding
how households and communities construct and maintain their means of living in the face of
environmental, economic, and social change (Scoones, 1998; Chambers & Conway, 1992).
The SLF emphasizes five key asset categories: natural, physical, human, social, and financial
capital and the strategies households use to combine these assets to achieve livelihood security.

In mining-affected regions, the loss of land, environmental degradation, and social disruption
often erode these capitals, forcing households to adapt through livelihood
diversification (Hilson, 2016; Gbedzi et al., 2023). Diversification may involve shifting from
agriculture to petty trading, artisanal mining, wage labor, or migration. While such strategies
can enhance resilience, they are not always voluntary or beneficial. Many alternative
livelihoods are insecure, poorly remunerated, or environmentally unsustainable, and may
expose households to new risks and vulnerabilities (Hilson & Garforth, 2012).

In Ghana, empirical studies have shown that mining-induced land loss and environmental
degradation have forced rural households to diversify into informal mining, small-scale trading,
and seasonal migration, often with mixed outcomes for income, food security, and well-being
(Gbedzi et al., 2022; Abdulai et al., 2021). Women and youth are particularly vulnerable, as
they face barriers to accessing formal employment and alternative livelihood opportunities
(Hilson & Garforth, 2012).

The literature also highlights the importance of institutional support from government, NGOs,
and mining companies in facilitating sustainable livelihood transitions. Successful
interventions typically combine skills training, access to credit, market linkages, and
community-driven planning (Hilson, 2016). However, in Ghana, most livelihood initiatives are
donor-driven, short-term, and poorly coordinated with local realities, limiting their
effectiveness and sustainability (Hilson, 2016; Gbedzi et al., 2023)

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Environmental Justice

Environmental justice is a multidimensional concept encompassing distributive justice (fair

distribution of environmental benefits and burdens), procedural justice (fairness in decision-
making processes), and recognition justice (respect for diverse identities and values)
(Schlosberg, 2007; Walker, 2012). In the context of mining, environmental justice concerns
arise when local communities bear the brunt of environmental degradation, health risks, and
social disruption, while benefits accrue to external actors (Agyeman, 2016; Baafi, 2024).

In Ghana, environmental justice issues are well documented in mining regions. Studies by
Ocansey (2013), Asubonteng et al. (2014), and Abdulai et al. (2021) have shown that mining-
induced land loss, water pollution, and air contamination disproportionately affect poor and
marginalized groups. Procedural injustices—such as lack of consultation, limited access to
information, and exclusion from decision-making—compound distributive inequities (Hilson
& Garforth, 2012). The emergence of the Ewoyaa Lithium Project raises new questions about
environmental justice, as lithium is globally promoted as a “green” mineral, yet its extraction
may reproduce or intensify local injustices.

Recent scholarship calls for a more explicit integration of environmental justice principles into
mining governance, including participatory environmental assessment, transparent
compensation mechanisms, and community-driven development planning (Agyeman, 2016;
Walker, 2012). In Ghana, however, progress remains slow, and the regulatory framework for
environmental justice in mining is still evolving (Baafi, 2024).

Interconnectedness of Concepts

The intersection of LULC change, livelihoods, and justice is particularly acute in mining
contexts. Land conversion for mining disrupts agricultural and ecological systems, undermines
livelihoods, and generates new vulnerabilities and inequalities (Gbedzi et al., 2022; Abdulai et
al., 2021). Where compensation and resettlement are inadequate, affected communities
experience environmental injustice and social dislocation (Hilson, 2016; Agyeman, 2016).
These dynamics are shaped by broader political, economic, and institutional factors, including
global commodity markets, state policies, and local power relations (Sonter et al., 2014;
Bebbington et al., 2018).

In Ghana, these interconnections are well documented. For instance, Gbedzi et al. (2022, 2023)
found that gold mining in the Asutifi North District led to a 45% reduction in farmland,

9
significant forest loss, and water quality deterioration, with knock-on effects for food security
and household incomes. Abdulai et al. (2021) reported that mining-induced displacement in
Tarkwa and Obuasi triggered rural-urban migration, disrupted social networks, and increased
vulnerability among women and youth. Ocansey (2013) highlighted the failure of
compensation schemes to restore pre-mining living standards, leading to persistent poverty and
social conflict. This dynamic is evident in Ghana’s mining regions, where weak regulatory
oversight and limited community participation exacerbate social and environmental harms
(Hilson & Garforth, 2012; Ocansey, 2013). These studies underscore the need for integrated,
multi-scalar approaches to understanding and addressing the impacts of mining on land,
livelihoods, and justice.

Empirical Review

Mining-Induced Land Use and Land Cover Changes

Global Evidence

Mining is widely recognized as a major driver of land use and land cover (LULC) change
globally, with significant environmental and socio-economic consequences (Sonter et al.,
2014; Potapov et al., 2015). In Latin America, gold, copper, and lithium mining have caused
extensive deforestation, soil erosion, and landscape fragmentation, particularly in the Amazon
and Andean regions (Sonter et al., 2014; Liu et al., 2019). In Chile’s Atacama Desert, lithium
brine extraction has led to a 30% reduction in natural vegetation, groundwater depletion, and
ecosystem disruption (Liu et al., 2019; Flexer et al., 2018). In Australia, hard-rock lithium
mining has caused habitat loss and increased waste generation (Odoh et al., 2024).

Remote sensing and GIS have revolutionized the study of LULC change in mining regions.
Techniques such as Landsat and Sentinel imagery, NDVI analysis, and supervised
classification algorithms allow for the detection and quantification of land cover transitions
over time (Mohammed et al., 2020; Gbedzi et al., 2023). In Tanzania, Mohammed et al. (2020)
used multi-temporal satellite data to map gold mining-induced land cover change, highlighting
the utility of these methods for environmental monitoring. In Ghana, Gbedzi et al. (2022, 2023)
used Landsat imagery and field surveys to track changes from 1986 to 2020 in the Asutifi North
District, documenting a 45% reduction in farmland and significant forest loss due to gold
mining. Studies consistently show that the most dramatic LULC changes occur during the
construction and operational phases of mining, with exploratory clearing and infrastructure
development preceding large-scale land conversion (Sonter et al., 2014; Potapov et al., 2015).

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Post-mining rehabilitation is rarely effective in restoring original land cover, especially in
tropical and arid environments (Flexer et al., 2018; Asubonteng et al., 2014)

Despite these insights, there is a dearth of studies on lithium mining’s specific LULC impacts
in Ghana, making the Ewoyaa project a novel and important case. The few available studies
suggest that lithium mining may involve different technologies, regulatory frameworks, and
socio-ecological dynamics compared to gold and bauxite mining (Flexer et al., 2018; Odoh et
al., 2024). For example, lithium extraction is often more water-intensive and may have different
spatial footprints, with implications for land and water management in coastal and agrarian
landscapes.

Studies consistently show that the most dramatic LULC changes occur during the construction
and operational phases of mining, with exploratory clearing and infrastructure development
preceding large-scale land conversion (Sonter et al., 2014; Potapov et al., 2015). Post-mining
rehabilitation is rarely effective in restoring original land cover, especially in tropical and arid
environments (Flexer et al., 2018; Asubonteng et al., 2014). In Ghana, Asubonteng et al. (2014)
documented the failure of reclamation efforts in the Wassa West District, where post-mining
landscapes remained degraded and unsuitable for agriculture.

Socio-Economic and Livelihood Impacts of Mining

Mining can generate jobs, infrastructure, and fiscal revenues, but these benefits are often
unevenly distributed and short-lived (Hilson, 2016; Baafi, 2024). In Ghana, mining has
contributed to GDP growth but also exacerbated regional disparities and environmental
degradation (Hilson, 2016; Baafi, 2024). MIDR is a recurring theme in Ghana’s mining
regions. Abdulai et al. (2021) documented widespread displacement and declining agricultural
productivity in Tarkwa, Obuasi, and Prestea. Gbedzi et al. (2022, 2023) found that loss of
farmland and water pollution forced households to diversify into informal mining or migrate.
Ocansey (2013) and Asubonteng et al. (2014) highlighted the inadequacy of compensation and
the failure of resettlement schemes to restore pre-mining living standards.

Women and youth are particularly vulnerable to mining-induced livelihood disruption. Hilson
& Garforth (2012) found that women in Ghana’s mining communities are more dependent on
land for subsistence farming and less likely to secure formal employment in mining. Youth
often migrate to urban areas or engage in artisanal mining, with mixed outcomes for well-being
and social cohesion. Compensation schemes in Ghana are frequently criticized for being
inadequate, delayed, or poorly targeted (Abdulai et al., 2021; Ocansey, 2013). Resettlement

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frameworks rarely restore pre-mining living standards, and community participation in
decision-making is limited (Hilson, 2016). Asubonteng et al. (2014) noted that reclamation
efforts often fail to provide viable alternatives for displaced farmers.

Comparative studies across Ghana, Mali, and Tanzania highlight the importance of
participatory approaches, flexible funding, and integration with broader rural development
strategies (Hilson & Garforth, 2012). Hilson (2016) found that mining-induced land loss in
Ghana’s gold belt led to increased food insecurity, social conflict, and migration. Gbedzi et al.
(2022, 2023) documented the link between LULC change and declining agricultural output in
Asutifi North. Abdulai et al. (2021) highlighted the inadequacy of compensation and the failure
of resettlement schemes in Tarkwa and Obuasi.

African and Ghanaian Case Studies

In Africa, large-scale mining has been linked to widespread forest loss, water pollution, and
soil degradation (Abdulai et al., 2021; Gbedzi et al., 2022). Gbedzi et al. (2022) documented
the link between LULC change and declining agricultural output in Asutifi North. In Ghana,
several studies have used remote sensing to document the impacts of gold and bauxite mining
on LULC. Abdulai et al. (2021) found that mining concessions in Tarkwa and Obuasi displaced
thousands of farmers, converted forest and farmland to bare land, and triggered rural-urban
migration. Ocansey (2013) and Asubonteng et al. (2014) highlighted the inadequacy of
reclamation efforts, with post-mining landscapes remaining degraded and unsuitable for
agriculture. For instance, Ocansey (2013) found out that, in the Western Region, mining-
induced land degradation and water pollution were found to undermine food security and
health, with women and children disproportionately affected. Whiles on the other hand,
Asubonteng et al. (2014) documented the failure of reclamation efforts in the Wassa West
District, where post-mining landscapes remained degraded and unsuitable for agriculture.
Despite these insights, there is a dearth of studies on lithium mining’s specific LULC impacts
in Ghana. The Ewoyaa project represents a novel context, with potential for both direct land
conversion and indirect effects on surrounding agricultural and coastal ecosystems..

Sustainable Livelihoods in Mining Communities

Efforts to promote alternative livelihoods such as agro-processing, small-scale trading, and

skills training have met with mixed success in Ghana (Hilson & Garforth, 2012; Hilson, 2016).
Most initiatives are donor-driven, lack long-term sustainability, and often fail to match local
needs or market realities (Hilson, 2016). Government agencies, NGOs, and mining companies

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all play roles in livelihood support, but coordination is often weak and interventions fragmented
(Hilson, 2016). Corporate social responsibility (CSR) programs may provide short-term relief
but rarely address underlying structural vulnerabilities (Hilson & Garforth, 2012).

Skills development programs often fail to match local needs or market realities, and funding is
typically insufficient for scaling successful models (Hilson, 2016). Long-term sustainability
remains elusive, with many communities reverting to informal mining or subsistence farming
after project completion. Comparative studies across Ghana, Mali, and Tanzania highlight the
importance of participatory approaches, flexible funding, and integration with broader rural
development strategies (Hilson & Garforth, 2012).

Theoretical Review

Political Ecology Theory

Political ecology provides a critical lens for analyzing the power relations and global-local
dynamics that shape resource extraction (Robbins, 2012). It emphasizes how mining projects
are embedded in broader political and economic structures, often privileging corporate and
state interests over local needs (Agyeman, 2016). Political ecology will guide the study in
unpacking the structural drivers of LULC change and socio-economic impacts, beyond
technical or ecological explanations. It will be useful in identifying whose interests are
prioritized or marginalized in decision-making about land and resource use. It will also guide
in interpreting conflicts, resistance, and negotiation processes surrounding the Ewoyaa Lithium
Project.

Environmental Justice Theory

Environmental justice theory focuses on distributive and procedural fairness in environmental

decision-making (Schlosberg, 2007; Walker, 2012). It is particularly relevant to mining-
affected communities, where questions of who benefits, who bears costs, and who participates
in governance are central. Environmental justice theory will enable the study to analyze
compensation, resettlement, and participation frameworks in the Ewoyaa area. In addition, the
theory will help highlight procedural gaps and distributive inequities in how impacts and
benefits are allocated as well as guide to recommend a more just and inclusive approaches to
mining governance in Ghana.

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Resource Curse Theory

Resource curse theory posits that countries rich in natural resources often experience slower
economic growth, greater inequality, and more social conflict than resource-poor countries
(Auty, 1993; Baafi, 2024). In Ghana, evidence for the resource curse is mixed: while mining
has contributed to GDP growth, it has also exacerbated regional disparities and environmental
degradation (Hilson, 2016). This theory will help the study assess whether the emergence of
lithium mining in Ewoyaa is likely to replicate patterns seen in Ghana’s gold and bauxite
sectors, such as environmental degradation, social displacement, and limited local
development. It will also help the study to frame the analysis of socio-economic impacts in
terms of long-term sustainability versus short-term economic gains. It will as well inform
policy recommendations to avoid negative resource curse outcomes by emphasizing value
addition, transparency, and equitable benefit-sharing

Sustainable Development Theory

Sustainable development theory provides criteria for evaluating mining’s contributions to long-
term community well-being, emphasizing the need to balance economic, social, and
environmental objectives (WCED, 1987; Hilson, 2016). It underpins calls for integrated
approaches to mining governance that prioritize local participation and intergenerational
equity. In this study, sustainable development theory will guide the assessment of whether
lithium mining in Ewoyaa supports or hinders the achievement of sustainable livelihoods,
environmental conservation, and social equity.

Theoretical/ Conceptual Framework

This study integrates political ecology, environmental justice, sustainable livelihoods, and
LULC change theories to analyze the impacts of lithium mining in Ewoyaa. The framework
posits that mining-induced LULC change is mediated by power relations, regulatory structures,
and community agency, with outcomes for livelihoods and justice shaped by both material and
discursive factors. Key constructs include land use/land cover types, livelihood assets,
displacement, participation, and compensation. The framework will guide data collection and
analysis, ensuring that both spatial and socio-economic dimensions are systematically
addressed.

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Description of the Conceptual Framework

The conceptual framework visually illustrates the pathways and relationships through which
lithium mining activities, specifically at the Ewoyaa Lithium Project, impact land use and land
cover (LULC) as well as socio-economic and livelihood conditions in Mfantseman
Municipality.

At the center of the framework are the Ewoyaa Lithium Project Activities, which are divided
into three key phases, pre-mining, construction, and operational. These phases represent the
chronological progression of mining operations and serve as the main drivers of change in the
area. From the central mining activities, two primary impact pathways emerge, Land Use and
Land Cover (LULC) Change and Socio-Economic and Livelihood Impacts. Mining activities

15
lead to significant alterations in the landscape, affecting agricultural land, forest cover, water
bodies, urban areas, and barren land. The framework emphasizes mapping these changes across
the different project phases to capture the full extent and dynamics of environmental
transformation. The project also brings about substantial socio-economic effects, including
changes in local livelihoods, displacement of people, creation of new employment
opportunities, and shifts in the overall quality of life for the Ewoyaa community. These impacts
are assessed to understand both the positive and negative consequences of mining on the local
population.

Both LULC changes and socio-economic impacts inform the development of Sustainable
Livelihood Initiatives. These initiatives include skill development programs, alternative
income-generating activities, and community-based enterprise support, all aimed at mitigating
negative impacts and enhancing community resilience. The framework also
incorporates Resource Management & Restoration Programs, which provide feedback and
adaptation mechanisms, ensuring that lessons learned and community responses are integrated
back into ongoing livelihood strategies.

Overall, the conceptual framework provides a holistic structure for the study, linking mining
operations to environmental and social changes and then to potential solutions. It guides the
research in mapping, analysing, and proposing interventions that can support sustainable
development and community well-being in the context of large-scale lithium mining.

16
 CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

Introduction

This study adopts a mixed-methods approach to provide a comprehensive assessment of the

impacts of the Ewoyaa Lithium Project on land use/land cover (LULC) and socio-economic
and livelihood conditions in Mfantseman Municipality. The methodological design is directly
guided by the study’s research objectives and is structured by the conceptual framework, which
clarifies the relationships between mining activities, environmental transformation, and
community well-being. By combining quantitative spatial analysis with qualitative community
engagement, the research is equipped to capture the complex, multi-phase interactions and
feedbacks depicted in the framework diagram. This integrated approach ensures that both
measurable changes in land use and the lived experiences of affected communities are
systematically examined, enabling the study to address its objectives in a rigorous and holistic
manner (Creswell & Creswell, 2018; Patton, 2015).

Research Paradigm

The research is anchored in a pragmatic paradigm, which supports the use of both quantitative
and qualitative data to address real-world problems (Creswell & Plano Clark, 2018).
Pragmatism is especially suitable for this study because it allows for the triangulation of
geospatial evidence (capturing LULC changes) and lived experiences (capturing socio-
economic and livelihood impacts), thereby reflecting the interconnected pathways in the
framework.

Research Approach

A mixed-methods approach will be employed, combining spatial analysis (quantitative) with

in-depth stakeholder engagement (qualitative). This is justified because LULC changes are best
captured through quantitative geospatial data, while socio-economic and livelihood impacts
require qualitative insights from affected communities (Tashakkori & Teddlie, 2010)

Research Design

The study will use a convergent parallel design, where quantitative and qualitative data are
collected and analyzed separately but integrated during interpretation (Creswell & Creswell,
2017). This design ensures that both environmental and social dimensions are given equal

17
weight and can be compared for consistency and complementarity. Quantitative methods
(remote sensing, GIS) will map and quantify LULC changes across the three mining phases
(pre-mining, construction, operational), while qualitative methods (interviews, focus groups)
will explore the socio-economic and livelihood impacts, as well as the effectiveness and
community perceptions of sustainable livelihood initiatives and restoration programs
(Tashakkori & Teddlie, 2010). This dual approach mirrors the dual branches of the conceptual
framework; environmental and social impacts and their convergence in community sustainable
livelihoods.

In addition, the research adopts a case study design focused on the Ewoyaa Lithium Project
area. This design is justified because it enables an in-depth, context-specific examination of
how mining activities drive both LULC changes and socio-economic outcomes, as well as how
communities respond through livelihood initiatives and feedback mechanisms (Yin, 2018). The
design is structured to follow the mining project’s phases to enable the study to capture
temporal dynamics and feedbacks.

Study Population and Unit of Analysis

The study population comprises households, farmers, local leaders, displaced persons, and
other stakeholders in Ewoyaa, Krofu, Krampakrom, and Anokyi. The units of analysis are both
land parcels (for LULC assessment) and households/communities (for socio-economic and
livelihood analysis), reflecting the dual focus of the conceptual framework (Gbedzi et al.,
2022).

Sample and Sampling Techniques

For the quantitative (spatial) component, purposive sampling of satellite imagery specifically
Landsat and Sentinel datasets will be conducted to cover the Ewoyaa project area and the four
focal communities (Ewoyaa, Krofu, Krampakrom, and Anokyi) across all major mining phases.
Imagery will be selected for the years 2015 (pre-mining baseline), 2021 (onset of construction),
and 2025 (operational phase). This temporal selection is designed to capture land use and land
cover (LULC) changes before, during, and after the commencement of major mining activities,
providing a basis for detecting and analyzing trends attributable to the project (Gbedzi et al.,
2022; Mohammed et al., 2020).

For the qualitative component, stratified purposive sampling will be used to select interview
participants from Ewoyaa, Krofu, Krampakrom, and Anokyi. The sample will ensure

18
representation from all key affected groups, including displaced persons, farmers, women,
youth, local leaders, and NGO representatives. This strategy is intended to maximize the
diversity and relevance of perspectives, enabling the study to capture the full range of socio-
economic and livelihood impacts associated with the different phases of the mining project
(Patton, 2015; Guest, Bunce, & Johnson, 2006).

Sample Size Determination

For the quantitative (spatial) component, a census approach will be used. All available high-
resolution satellite images from the Landsat 8 and Sentinel-2 missions will be analyzed for the
Ewoyaa project area and the 4 focal communities; Ewoyaa, Krofu, Krampakrom, and Anokyi
across three key time points: 2015 (pre-mining baseline), 2021 (construction phase), and 2025
(operational phase). This results in a total of 12 images (three time points for each of the four
communities), ensuring comprehensive coverage for detecting and analyzing land use and land
cover changes associated with mining activities. This approach aligns with best practices in
remote sensing research, where the use of all available, relevant imagery is recommended to
maximize the reliability of land cover change detection (Gbedzi et al., 2022; Mohammed et al.,
2020; Rawat & Kumar, 2015).

For the qualitative component, purposive sampling will be employed to select participants who
can provide rich and relevant insights into the socio-economic and livelihood impacts of the
Ewoyaa Lithium Project. In total, 24 semi-structured interviews will be conducted with
community members (six per community). Participants will be selected to reflect diversity in
gender, age, occupation (such as farmers, traders, youth, displaced persons, and women
household heads), and degree of impact. This sample size is manageable within a limited
timeframe and is sufficient to capture a range of community perspectives.

Additionally, 8 key informant interviews will be carried out, with two (2) in each community.
Key informants will include one (1) community leader (such as a chief, elder, or assembly
member) and one (1) representative from a local NGO, women’s group, or community-based
organization. These individuals are selected for their specialized knowledge and leadership
roles, which are critical for understanding broader community impacts and responses.

In total, the qualitative component will comprise 32 interviews (24 community respondents
and 8 key informants). This sample size aligns with qualitative research standards, which
indicate that 20–40 interviews are typically sufficient to achieve data saturation in focused
studies with multiple sites and diverse populations (Guest, Bunce, & Johnson, 2006; Creswell

19
& Poth, 2018; Mason, 2010). Guest et al. (2006) found that saturation often occurs within the
first twelve interviews, with basic themes present as early as six interviews, and Creswell and
Poth (2018) recommend 20–30 interviews for studies seeking in-depth understanding across
several groups or locations.

Sources of Data

This study will employ a combination of primary and secondary data sources to address the
research objectives concerning the environmental and socio-economic impacts of the Ewoyaa
Lithium Project in Mfantseman Municipality. The selection of these data sources is guided by
established methodological principles in mixed-methods research and impact assessment
studies.

Primary data will be collected directly from the field to ensure the research captures current
and context-specific information. For the environmental analysis, ground-truthing will be
conducted using GPS-enabled smartphone to collect accurate ground control points within the
project area and surrounding communities. This approach aligns with best practices in remote
sensing validation, as emphasized by Foody (2015), who notes that field-based reference data
are essential for assessing the accuracy of land cover classifications. For the socio-economic
component, structured community surveys and semi-structured interviews will be administered
to selected respondents in Ewoyaa, Krofu, Krampakrom, and Anokyi. The use of mixed
qualitative methods is supported by Hilson (2002) and Bebbington et al. (2008), who
demonstrate that understanding mining impacts requires capturing diverse community
perspectives through multiple data collection approaches. Qualitative data will be collected
through audio-recorded interviews and focus group discussions with community members and
key informants. This digital approach to field data collection has been validated by Brunette et
al. (2017), who found that mobile data collection improves data quality and reduces processing
time compared to paper-based methods.

Secondary data will be used to supplement and contextualize primary findings. For the
environmental aspect, high-resolution satellite imagery from Landsat 8 and Landsat 9, accessed
via the United States Geological Survey (USGS) Earth Explorer platform, will serve as the
main secondary data source. The use of multi-temporal satellite imagery for monitoring
mining-induced land cover changes is well-established in the literature (Sonter et al., 2014;
Agyemang et al., 2012). These images, covering the years 2015, 2021, and 2025, will be
processed and analyzed using established geospatial software to detect and map LULC changes

20
over time, following methodologies validated by Lu et al. (2004) and Mohammed et al. (2020).
For the socio-economic analysis, secondary data will include official government publications,
project documents from Atlantic Lithium, reports from non-governmental organizations, and
relevant municipal records. The importance of triangulating primary field data with
documentary evidence in mining impact studies has been emphasized by Kitula (2006) and
Hilson and Yakovleva (2007), who argue that comprehensive understanding requires
examining both community perspectives and institutional documentation.

By integrating these diverse primary and secondary data sources, the study will ensure a
triangulated approach to understanding both the physical transformations of the landscape and
the lived experiences of affected communities. This comprehensive sourcing strategy aligns
with what Creswell and Plano Clark (2018) describe as a convergent mixed-methods design,
where different data types are collected to provide complementary insights into complex
phenomena. As Bebbington et al. (2018) argue, such methodological pluralism is particularly
important when studying the multifaceted impacts of extractive industries on local
communities and environments.

Data Collection Techniques and Instruments

This study will employ a combination of primary and secondary data sources to
comprehensively address the research objectives concerning the environmental and socio-
economic impacts of the Ewoyaa Lithium Project in Mfantseman Municipality. The selection
of these data sources is guided by established methodological principles in mixed-methods
research and impact assessment studies.

Primary data will be collected directly from the field and through digital survey platforms,
thereby capturing current and context-specific information. For the environmental aspect of the
research, ground-truthing activities will be conducted using a GPS-enabled smartphone. This
approach aligns with best practices in remote sensing validation, as emphasized by Foody
(2015), who notes that field-based reference data are essential for assessing the accuracy of
land cover classifications. For the socio-economic dimension, primary data will be gathered
through the administration of structured questionnaires and semi-structured interviews with
selected community members in Ewoyaa, Krofu, Krampakrom, and Anokyi. The data
collection process will be facilitated by KoboToolbox, a free and user-friendly digital platform
that allows for efficient and secure survey administration on smartphones and tablets, even in
areas with limited internet connectivity (DeWitt et al., 2018). Where appropriate, interviews

21
with key informants such as community leaders and local officials will be conducted either in
person or by phone, with responses recorded using handwritten notes or a smartphone audio
recorder.

In addition to primary data, the study will draw extensively on secondary data sources to
provide context and background for both environmental and socio-economic analyses. For the
environmental component, freely available satellite imagery from Landsat 8 and Landsat 9 will
be accessed through the USGS Earth Explorer platform and processed using Google Earth
Engine (GEE) and ERDAS IMAGINE (v16.8.2). GEE is a cloud-based geospatial analysis
platform that enables efficient processing and analysis of large satellite datasets (Gorelick et
al., 2017; Amani et al., 2020). The selected imagery will cover the years 2015, 2021, and 2025
to facilitate the analysis of LULC changes over time. For the socio-economic aspect, secondary
data will include official government publications, project documents from Atlantic Lithium,
reports from non-governmental organizations, and relevant municipal records. These
documents will provide essential information on land use policies, community development
initiatives, and socio-economic conditions within the study area.

By integrating these primary and secondary data sources, the research will ensure at and
triangulated approach, thereby enhancing the validity and reliability of the study’s findings.

Data Processing and Analysis

For the environmental component, satellite imagery from Landsat 8 and Landsat 9 will be
accessed and processed using Google Earth Engine (GEE), a cloud-based platform that enables
efficient handling and analysis of large-scale geospatial data (Gorelick et al., 2017; Amani et
al., 2020). Initially, the appropriate images for the years 2015, 2021, and 2025 covering the
Ewoyaa project area and its environs will be selected. Pre-processing steps will be carried out
within QGIS, including cloud masking, correcting atmospheric distortions, geometric errors,
and to remove cloud cover, following best practices outlined by Gorelick et al. (2017).
Supervised classification techniques, such as the Random Forest algorithm, will then be applied
to categorize the landscape into major land use and land cover (LULC) classes, such as forest,
agriculture, settlements, water bodies, and bare land. The classification process will be guided
by training samples derived from both visual interpretation and ground-truth points collected
with a GPS-enabled smartphone during field visits. This is a technique supported by Dube and
Mutanga (2015) and Foody (2015).

22
Change detection analysis will then be performed in GEE by comparing the classified images
from different years to quantify and map changes in land cover over time. The results, including
LULC maps, change maps, and summary statistics, will be exported for further visualization
and interpretation using QGIS. QGIS is widely recognized for its accessibility and versatility
in academic research (Graser & Olaya, 2015; Singh et al., 2021). Spatial overlay and buffer
analyses will be used to assess the proximity of mining operations to sensitive environmental
and social receptors, a method widely recognized for environmental impact assessments (EPA,
1998; Shahriar & Bascetin, 2011). Environmental impact modeling will further quantify the
intensity and distribution of mining effects on ecological components, drawing on established
frameworks in environmental geospatial analysis (PMC, 2021).

For the socio-economic data, responses collected through KoboToolbox will be downloaded
in spreadsheet format. KoboToolbox is a free and open-source platform designed for digital
data collection in the field, including areas with limited internet connectivity (DeWitt et al.,
2018; van den Broeck et al., 2021). KoboToolbox enables efficient, accurate, and secure data
entry using smartphones or tablets. The quantitative data from the structured questionnaires
will be cleaned and checked for completeness and consistency in Microsoft Excel or Google
Sheets. Descriptive statistical analyses, such as frequencies and percentages, means, and
standard deviations will be conducted to summarize key variables, including demographic
characteristics, livelihood activities, and community perceptions of mining impacts (Creswell
& Creswell, 2018).

Qualitative data from semi-structured interviews and open-ended survey responses will be
transcribed manually. The transcripts will be carefully reviewed, and key statements or ideas
relevant to the research questions will be highlighted and coded. These codes will then be
grouped into broader themes, such as livelihood changes, displacement, community concerns,
and perceived benefits of the mining project. Thematic analysis will be used to draw out the
main narratives and insights from the participants, supported by illustrative quotes. In addition,
qualitative data collected from interviews and open-ended survey responses, this study will
employ NVivo software to enable systematic identification of patterns and themes related to
community perceptions and livelihood adaptations (Bazeley & Jackson, 2013; Woolf & Silver,
2018). The use of NVivo will enhance the rigor and transparency of the thematic analysis,
supporting a robust examination of community perceptions, livelihood impacts, and responses
to mining activities (Bazeley & Jackson, 2013).

23
Validity and Reliability

Ensuring validity and reliability is fundamental to the credibility and usefulness of this
research. As this study employs both quantitative and qualitative methods to assess the
environmental and socio-economic impacts of mining, multiple strategies have been adopted
to maximize the accuracy and consistency of the findings.

Validity will be promoted by designing the questionnaires and interview guides based on a
review of relevant literature and with guidance from my supervisor. Before the main data
collection, I will pilot test the questionnaire with a small group similar to my target population.
This will help identify any unclear or confusing questions, which will then be revised to ensure
that the instruments accurately measure what they are intended to measure. For the
environmental data, the accuracy of satellite image classification will be checked by comparing
the results with a few ground-truth points collected using a GPS-enabled smartphone during
field visits.

Reliability will be addressed by using the same data collection procedures and instruments for
all participants to ensure consistency. I will also carefully check all data entries for errors or
inconsistencies. Where possible, I will ask my supervisor to review my data collection process
and results to help ensure that the findings are consistent and dependable.

Ethical Considerations

Ethical considerations in research refer to the set of moral principles and standards that guide
researchers to conduct their work responsibly, ensuring the protection, dignity, and rights of
participants while maintaining the integrity and transparency of the research process
(Knottnerus & Tugwell, 2018; Bryman & Bell, 2007). These principles are essential to
safeguard participants from harm, guarantee voluntary and informed participation, maintain
confidentiality, and promote honest and unbiased reporting of findings.

In this study, which examines the environmental and socio-economic impacts of the Ewoyaa
Lithium Mine in Ghana, ethical considerations are particularly important due to the
involvement of human participants through surveys and interviews, as well as the use of
environmental data. The research will adhere strictly to these principles to ensure respect for
individuals and communities, minimize harm, and uphold scientific integrity.

To protect participant autonomy, informed consent will be obtained from all respondents prior
to data collection. Participants will be fully informed about the purpose of the study, the nature

24
of their involvement, and their right to withdraw at any time without penalty (Knottnerus &
Tugwell, 2018; Bryman & Bell, 2007). This process is vital for fostering trust and ensuring
voluntary participation, especially within the local cultural context.

Confidentiality and privacy will be rigorously maintained. Personal identifiers will be

anonymized, and all data will be securely stored using digital platforms with strong data
protection measures, such as KoboToolbox, which aligns with international data protection
standards (DeWitt et al., 2018). This approach protects participants’ identities and complies
with ethical guidelines on data security.

The study will also prioritize non-maleficence and beneficence by minimizing any potential
physical, psychological, or social harm to participants. Fieldwork will be conducted sensitively
to avoid disturbing local land use or cultural sites, and socio-economic data will be collected
using respectful and non-intrusive methods (Bryman & Bell, 2007). The use of remote sensing
tools like Google Earth Engine and QGIS reduces environmental disturbance, demonstrating
ethical responsibility toward environmental sustainability (EPA, 1998; Samuel & Richie,
2023).

Special attention will be given to vulnerable groups within the mining-affected communities,
such as women, youth, and marginalized populations, ensuring their inclusion is ethical and
respectful (Bryman & Bell, 2007).

Prior to data collection, ethical approval will be sought from the University of Education,
Winneba’s research ethics committee to ensure compliance with institutional and national
ethical standards (UCC School of Education, 2021). This approval process confirms that the
study meets rigorous ethical criteria.

Throughout the research, principles of honesty, transparency, and accountability will guide all
stages of data collection, analysis, and reporting. Findings will be communicated truthfully to
contribute meaningful knowledge that supports sustainable mining practices and community
well-being (NIH, 2025).

In summary, this study is committed to conducting research that is ethically sound, culturally
sensitive, and environmentally responsible. By rigorously applying these principles, the
research will protect participant rights, maintain public trust, and contribute positively to
understanding the impacts of the Ewoyaa Lithium Mine.

25
Study Setting

The study is located in the Ewoyaa Lithium Project area in Ghana’s Central Region, a site of
significant geological and economic interest as Ghana’s first lithium-producing mine. The
project is situated near the town of Saltpond within the Mfantseman Municipality and covers
multiple deposits including Ewoyaa, Okwesi, Anokyi, and others (Mantey et al., 2024; Owusu
et al., 2023). The region lies within the Birimian Supergroup, a Proterozoic volcano-
sedimentary basin known for its rich mineral deposits, particularly lithium-bearing spodumene
pegmatites, which are amenable to open-pit mining (Amponsah et al., 2023).

The Ewoyaa project is strategically positioned with access to established infrastructure,

including the sealed N1 highway connecting Accra to Cape Coast and Takoradi, facilitating
transport logistics. The proximity to major ports such as Takoradi enhances export potential,
which is critical given the global demand for lithium driven by the electric vehicle and battery
industries (Mensah & Adjei, 2024). The project’s Definitive Feasibility Study (DFS) confirms
a mineral resource estimate of approximately 36.8 million tonnes at 1.24% Li₂O, with an
expected production of 3.6 million tonnes of spodumene concentrate over a 12-year mine life
(Antwi et al., 2024).

This setting is important not only for its geological attributes but also for its socio-economic
context. The surrounding communities are directly affected by mining activities, which have
implications for land use, livelihoods, and environmental quality (Badu et al., 2023). The

Ghanaian government’s recent Green Minerals Policy and investment by the Minerals Income
Investment Fund (MIIF) demonstrate national commitment to sustainable mineral resource
development, positioning the Ewoyaa project as a flagship initiative in Ghana’s emerging
lithium sector (Owusu et al., 2023; Mensah & Adjei, 2024).

In summary, the Ewoyaa Lithium Project area provides a unique and dynamic setting for
investigating the environmental and socio-economic impacts of lithium mining, combining rich
mineral resources, critical infrastructure, and evolving policy frameworks within Ghana’s
mineral-rich Central Region.

26
27
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