CLASS 10 SCIENCE CLASS NOTES
PHYSICS
Light: Reflection and Refraction
Key concepts:
• Reflection: Bouncing back of light from a surface. Laws of reflection: angle of
incidence = angle of reflection.
• Mirrors: Plane, concave, convex. Image formation rules. Mirror formula: 1/f =
1/v + 1/u. Magnification.
• Refraction: Bending of light as it passes from one medium to another. Laws
of refraction (Snell's Law).
• Lenses: Convex, concave. Image formation rules. Lens formula: 1/f = 1/v - 1/u.
Magnification. Power of a lens.
Electricity
Key concepts:
• Electric Current: Flow of electric charge. Measured in Amperes (A).
• Electric Potential & Potential Difference: Work done per unit charge.
Measured in Volts (V).
• Ohm's Law: V = IR, where R is resistance. Resistance depends on length, area,
and material.
• Series and Parallel Combinations of Resistors.
• Heating Effect of Electric Current: Power (P = VI = I^2R = V^2/R). Energy
dissipated.
CHEMISTRY
Chemical Reactions and Equations
Key concepts:
• Chemical Reaction: Process where substances change into new substances.
• Chemical Equation: Symbolic representation of a chemical reaction.
Balancing equations.
• Types of Reactions: Combination, Decomposition, Displacement, Double
Displacement, Oxidation-Reduction (Redox).
• Effect of Oxygen, Heat, Light, Electricity on chemical reactions.
• Corrosion and Rancidity.
Carbon and its Compounds
Key concepts:
• Carbon's properties: Tetravalency, catenation, forms covalent bonds.
Allotropes (diamond, graphite).
• Versatile nature of carbon.
• Hydrocarbons: Saturated (alkanes), Unsaturated (alkenes, alkynes). IUPAC
nomenclature.
• Functional groups: -OH (alcohol), -CHO (aldehyde), -COOH (carboxylic acid), -
CO- (ketone).
• Chemical properties of carbon compounds: Combustion, oxidation,
addition reactions, substitution reactions.
• Ethanol and Ethanoic acid. Soaps and detergents.
BIOLOGY
Life Processes
Key concepts:
• Nutrition: Autotrophic (photosynthesis), Heterotrophic (holozoic, saprophytic,
parasitic). Human digestive system.
• Respiration: Aerobic and Anaerobic. Role of mitochondria. Human respiratory
system.
• Transportation: Blood circulation, xylem and phloem in plants. Human
circulatory system.
• Excretion: Role of kidneys. Human excretory system. Plant excretion.
Heredity and Evolution
Key concepts:
• Heredity: Passing of traits from parents to offspring. Genes, DNA.
• Mendel's Experiments: Monohybrid and Dihybrid crosses. Dominant and
Recessive traits.
• Sex determination in humans.
• Evolution: Basic ideas. Natural selection.
