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ACTIVITY & DIAGRAMS-AS3 & AS5

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Aim : Action of calcium oxide with water (OR) Prove Exothermic or Chemical
combination reaction
with quick lime and water.
Apparatus : 100 ml beaker
Materials/Chemicals :
1) 1 gm of quick lime (CaO)
2) Water
Precautions : Reaction will be very fast & hot take care of your hands
While checking hottness.
Procedure
1) Take about 1 gm of quick lime (CaO) in a beaker
2) Add 100 ml of water to this
3) Touch the beaker with your finger
4) Dip the red litmus paper.
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Observation :
1) The beaker is hot
2) Red litmus changes into blue colour
Result : Its an exothermic reaction
Equation : CaO + H 2O →Ca (OH )2+ Δ Heat
Conclusion : CaO reacts with water and release heat energy
.

Aim : To observe what change occurs by mixing sodium

sulphate and Barium chloride
Apparatus : Two 100 ml beakers.
Materials/Chemicals :
1) Sodium sulphate (Na2SO4)
2) Barium chloride (BaCl2)
3) Water (H2O)
Procedure :
1) Take about 100 ml of water in a beaker
2) Dissolve small quantity of sodium sulphate (Na2SO4)
3) Take about 100 ml of water in another beaker
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4) Dissove small quantity of barium chloride (BaCl2) in

distilled water.
5) Add two solutions
Observation : A curdy white precipitate is formed
Result : formation of Barium sulphate precipitate
Equation :
Na2 SO4+ BaCl 2→ BaSO4 ↓ + 2NaCl
.

Aim : Formation of hydrogen gas by action of dilute HCl on

zinc and testing of H2 gas
Apparatus : Conical flask, Cork, Capillary tube, Match stick.
Materials/Chemicals :
1) Zinc granules
2) Dilute hydrochloric acid
Procedure :
1) Take a few zinc granules in a conical flask
2) Add about 5 ml of dil. Hydrochloric acid to the conical
flask
3) Observe the changes in the conical flask
4) Dip the red litmus paper in it
 .

Observation: Light of burning match stick

putoff with ‘POP’ sound
Result : ‘POP’ sound indicates the H2 gas
has been released in this reaction
Equation : Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl 2+ H 2↑
Conclusion : This reaction produces heat -
Exothermic reaction
Precautions : Becareful with fire
.

Aim : To prove that compounds such as alcohols and

glucose contain hydrogen but are not categorized as
acids
Required material :
1) A card board, Graphite rods 2) Two different colour
electrical wires3) 100 ml beaker 4) Glucose or Sucrose
or Alcohol5) dil.Hydrochloric acid 6) Electrical bulb with
a holder.
Precautions : 1) Graphite electrodes keep separately in
beaker (should not be touch with each other).
2) While conducting test with alcohol, glucose pure
substances should taken with distilled water.
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Procedure :
1) Take a cardboard. Drill two holes on it.
2) Introduce two different coloured electrical wires into two holes and keep it on a 100 ml
beaker.
3) Connect a wire to one terminal of an electrical plug and the other wire to a bulb holder
having
electrical bulb.
4) Complete the circuit connecting to a switch as shown in the figure.
Test - (i) : Pour dilute hydrochloric solution in the beaker and switch on the key.
Observation - (i) : The bulb glows.
Test - (ii) : Now pour glucose or alcohol solution into the beaker and perform same
experiment.
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Observation - (ii) : The bulb does not glow.

Test - (iii) : Pour dil.H2SO4 in beaker.
Observation - (iii) : Bulb glows brightly.
Test - (iv) : Pour dil.CH3COOH in beaker
Observation - (iv) : The bulb glows with less intensity
Note : Same observtion for strong base and weak base.
Test - (v) : Pour solid pellets of NaOH in beaker
Observation - (v) : The bulb does not glow (in solid state ions are not free to
conduct electricity)

Conclusion : The aqueous solution of an acid conduct electricity due to the presence
of charged
particles (H+) ions in it. Which are responsible for the acidic property of the acids.
Hydrogen containing
compounds like glucose and alcohol do not produce hydrogen ions (H+) in solution. So
due to absence
of ions glucose or alcohol solution do not conduct electricity.
Note : For Non-electrolytes bulb does not glow due to unavailabiltiy of free ions
 .

Aim : To verify the process of water of crystallization.

Required material :1) Copper sulphate 2) Water 3) Test tube 4) Burner
Precautions : 1) All ways hold the test tube with test tube
holder but not with bare hands.
2) Do not pour water on hot boiling test tube.
3) The test tube mouth kept away from your face.
Procedure :
i) Heat a few crystals of copper sulphate in a dry test tube.
ii) We will find water droplets on sides of the test tube.
iii) Then add 2 to 3 drops of water on the sample of copper
sulphate obtained after heating.
CuSO4 .5H2O ⎯Heat⎯→ CuSO4 +5H2O

If we moistened the crystals then they gain water, the blue colour reappears.
Conclusion : Five water molecules are present in one formula unit of copper sulphate.
Water of
crystallization proves that the crystals contain a fixed quantity of water in them.
When we keep burning matchstick near to the hydrogen gas bubbles the burning
matchstick putoff
with pop sound.
Aim : To show the reaction of acids with metals.
Required Materials :
1) Test tube 2) Delivery tube 3) Glass trough 4) Candle
5) Soap water 6) Dil. HCl 7) Zinc granules
Procedure :
1) Take about 10 ml of dilute HCl in a test tube and add a few zinc granules to it.
2) We will observe the formation of gas bubbles on the surface of zinc granules.
3) Pass the gas being evolved through the soap water.
4) Gas filled bubbles are formed in the soap solution which rise into the air.
Observation : The gas present in a soap bubble burns with a ‘pop’ sound.
Conclusion : ‘Hydrogen’ gas burns making a ‘pop’ sound.
Precautions : For testing hydrogen gas don’t collect large amount because hydrogen
is a fuel.
Don’t immerse delivery tube into the acid.
Chemical reaction : Acid + Metal Salt + Hydrogen
2HCl(aq)+ Zn(s)ZnCl2(aq)+ H2(g)↑
Additional Experiment : Repeat the above experiment with H2SO4 and HNO3.
Conclusion : From the above activity we can conclude that when acid reacts with
metal, H2 gas is evolved.
Aim : To show that all metal carbonates and
hydrogen carbonates react with acids to give a
corresponding salt and produce CO2 gas.
Required Materials :
1) Two test tubes 2) Sodium Carbonate (Na2CO3)
3) Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate (NaHCO3) 4) Two
holed rubber stopper
5) Thistle funnel 6) Stand
7) Dilute hydrochloric acid 8) Delivery tube
9) Calcium hydroxide (in a test tube)
Procedure :
1) Take a test tube A with 0.5 gm of sodium carbonate.
2) Close the test tube A with two holed rubber stopper.
3) Insert a thistle funnel through one hole and insert a
delivery tube through the other hole.
4) Pour 2 ml of dilute HCl to the test tube A.
5) Do the same as above with test tube B with sodium
hydrogen carbonateObservation : Carbon dioxide is
released from test tube A and B and the corresponding
salts also
formed
Precautions : Don’t immerse delivery tube into the acid.
Thistle funnel must be immersed in dil.HCl.
While transfering acids try to ware gloves.
Chemical reaction :
Na2CO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) → 2 NaCl(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
Metal Carbonate + Acid → Salt + Carbon dioxide + Water
NaHCO3(s) + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
Metal Hydrogen Carbonate + Acid → Salt + Carbon dioxide + Water
Conclusion : All metal carbonates and hydrogen carbonates react with
acids to give a corresponding salt.
Aim : To test the change of colour in the solution when a acid
react with base. (or)
To prove the neutralization reaction of an acid with a base.
Required Materials :
1) 2 ml of dilute NaOH (Sodium Hydroxide) solution.
2) Phenolphthalein indicator solution.
3) dilute HCl (Hydrochloric) solution.
Precautions : While diluting concentrated acids and bases try to
ware gloves.
Try to catch test tubes with test tube holders.
Procedure :
1) Take about 2 ml of dilute NaOH solution in a test tube. 2) Add
two drops of phenolphthalein indicator solution.
Observation (i) : 1) It turns to red or pink colour.
2) It shows that NaOH is a base.
Experiment : Add dilute HCl solution to the above solution drop by drop.
Observation (ii) : Pink colour disappears due to the reaction of NaOH (base) with HCl
(acid).
Experiment : Now add one or two drops of NaOH to the above mixture.
Observation (iii) : Pink colour reappears on adding NaOH.
Chemical Reacion : NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O
base + acid → salt + water

Conclusion :
i) The pink colour of the solution is changed to colourless due to
acid base reaction.
ii) This reaction is called a neutralization reaction
Corrosion : The phenomenon of destruction or the eating up of metals by the action of air and
moisture on the surface is called corrosion. The corrosion of iron ore is called rusting. Iron when
exposed to moist air for a long time acquires a coating of a brown flaky substance called rust.
Note : Tarnishing of silver (silver sulphide) and development of green coating on copper (CuCO3)
are also examples of corrosion.
Aim : Investigating the conditions under which iron rusts. (or) To find the conditions under
which a
metals corrode. (or) How water and oxygen with helped in the rusting of iron
Apparatus : Three test tubes, a few polished nails, water, oil, anhydrous calcium chloride,
corks,
Boiled water.
Precautions : i) See that iron nails in test tube A should be in contact with both Air and water.
And iron nails in test tube C free from air and moisture
ii) Try to conduct activity with fresh iron nails.
Procedure : Take three test tubes and place clean iron nails in each of them. Label these test
tubes as A, B and C. In test tube A, pour some water and cork it. In test tube B, Pour some
boiled distilled water and add about 1mL of oil and cork it. In test tube C. Put some anhydrous
calcium chloride and cork it. Leave the Iron nails in their respective test tubes for few days

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Observation : The nails in the test tube A affected by rust. The nails in the
test tube B and C werenot affected by rust.
Explanation : The boiled distilled water in the test tube B did not have any
oxygen and the layer of oil also prevented oxygen which being dissolved
in the water. Since there was no oxygen and the nail
was not affected rust. The anhydrous calcium chloride in the test tube C
absorbed moisture from the air in the test tube and therefore the nails
were not affected by rust. In the test tube A, the nails are
exposed to both air and water and therefore the nails got coated with
reddish-brown rust.
Conclusion : From the above experiment we can conclude that both air
and water are necessary for
rusting of iron.
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