Hospital Infection Control
Q1. Define healthcare-associated infection.
A:
1. An infection acquired during hospital stay, not present or incubating at admission.
2. Manifests 48 hours or more after admission.
3. Also called nosocomial infections.
Q2. Mention 3 common types of HAIs.
A:
1. Catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CA-UTI)
2. Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP)
3. Central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI)
Q3. Write 3 risk factors for HAIs.
A:
1. Prolonged hospital stay
2. Use of invasive devices (e.g., catheters, ventilators)
3. Immunocompromised patients
Q4. Name any 3 types of hospital-acquired infections.
A:
1. Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection (CAUTI) – Escherichia coli
2. Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infection (CLABSI) – Staphylococcus aureus
3. Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP) – Pseudomonas aeruginosa
4. Surgical Site Infection (SSI) – Staphylococcus aureus
5. Hospital-Acquired Diarrhea (HAD) – Clostridioides difficile
Q5. List 3 common organisms causing catheter-associated UTI.
A:
1. Escherichia coli
2. Klebsiella pneumoniae
3. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Q6. Mention 3 infections commonly associated with ventilators.
A:
1. Ventilator-associated pneumonia
2. Sinusitis
3. Tracheobronchitis
Q7. Define disinfection. Give 2 examples.
A:
1. Disinfection is the elimination of most pathogenic microorganisms (except spores) on
inanimate objects.
2. Example: Alcohol-based solutions
3. Example: Phenol
Q8. List 3 methods of sterilization with one example each.
A:
1. Moist heat – Autoclaving surgical instruments
2. Dry heat – Hot air oven for glassware
3. Gas sterilization – Ethylene oxide for plastic items
Q9. Name any 3 disinfectants used in hospitals.
A:
1. Sodium hypochlorite
2. Glutaraldehyde
3. Isopropyl alcohol
Q10. Color coding in BMW – mention 3 bins and what goes in them.
A:
1. Yellow – Human anatomical waste, soiled waste
2. Red – Contaminated plastic items like syringes without needles
3. White – Sharps like needles and blades
Q11. Mention 3 categories of biomedical waste.
A:
1. Infectious waste
2. Sharps waste
3. Pathological waste
Q12. Write about needle disposal in 3 points.
A:
1. Do not recap used needles
2. Dispose in puncture-proof white containers
3. Use needle cutters immediately after use
Q13. What is needle stick injury? Mention 2 risks.
A:
1. Accidental puncture by a used needle
2. Risk of HIV transmission
3. Risk of Hepatitis B and C
Q14. Write 3 steps to follow after a needle stick injury.
A:
1. Wash the area with soap and water
2. Report to hospital infection control officer
3. Start post-exposure prophylaxis if needed
Q15. Mention 3 infections transmitted by needle stick injuries.
A:
1. Hepatitis B
2. Hepatitis C
3. HIV
Q16. What is antimicrobial stewardship?
A:
1. Coordinated efforts to optimize antibiotic use
2. Reduces resistance, side effects, and costs
3. Promotes evidence-based antibiotic prescribing
Q17. Mention 3 goals of antimicrobial stewardship.
A:
1. Improve patient outcomes
2. Reduce antimicrobial resistance
3. Ensure cost-effective therapy
Q18. Write 3 components of a stewardship program.
A:
1. Formulary restriction and pre-authorization
2. Prospective audit with feedback
3. Education and guideline implementation
Q19. Mention 3 methods of air sampling in hospitals.
A:
1. Settle plate method
2. Slit air sampler
3. Impingement in liquid
Q20. List 3 tests done for water quality in hospitals.
A:
1. Most Probable Number (MPN) test
2. Membrane filtration technique
3. Presence of coliforms (E. coli)
Q21. Write 3 ways to prevent surface contamination in OT.
A:
1. Regular cleaning with disinfectants
2. Use of sterile drapes and covers
3. Laminar air flow and minimal staff movement
Bloodstream and Cardiovascular System Infections
General Infections
Q1. Name 3 cardiovascular system infections.
A:
1. Infective Endocarditis – Streptococcus viridans, Staphylococcus aureus
2. Pericarditis – Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Coxsackie B virus
3. Myocarditis – Coxsackie B virus, Trypanosoma cruzi
Q2. Name 3 bloodstream infections.
A:
1. Bacteremia – Staphylococcus aureus
2. Septicemia – Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae
3. Viremia – Dengue virus, HIV
Q3. Name 3 bloodstream infections causing anemia.
A:
1. Malaria – Plasmodium falciparum
2. Leishmaniasis – Leishmania donovani
3. Bartonellosis – Bartonella bacilliformis
Bacterial Infections
Q4. Name 3 bacterial bloodstream infections.
A:
1. Enteric fever – Salmonella typhi
2. Brucellosis – Brucella melitensis
3. Leptospirosis – Leptospira interrogans
Q5. Name 3 organisms causing enteric fever.
A:
1. Salmonella typhi
2. Salmonella paratyphi A
3. Salmonella paratyphi B
Q6. Name 3 organisms causing Rickettsial infections.
A:
1. Rickettsia rickettsii – Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
2. Orientia tsutsugamushi – Scrub Typhus
3. Rickettsia prowazekii – Epidemic Typhus
Q7. Name 3 miscellaneous bacterial causes of bloodstream infections.
A:
1. Neisseria meningitidis
2. Haemophilus influenzae
3. Yersinia pestis
Q8. Name 3 organisms that cause brucellosis.
A:
1. Brucella melitensis
2. Brucella abortus
3. Brucella suis
Q9. Name 3 organisms that cause leptospirosis.
A:
1. Leptospira interrogans serovar icterohaemorrhagiae
2. Leptospira kirschneri
3. Leptospira borgpetersenii
Q10. Name 3 organisms that cause borreliosis.
A:
1. Borrelia burgdorferi – Lyme disease
2. Borrelia recurrentis – Relapsing fever
3. Borrelia hermsii – Tick-borne relapsing fever
Viral Infections
Q11. Name 3 viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHF).
A:
1. Dengue – Dengue virus
2. Ebola – Ebola virus
3. Lassa fever – Lassa virus
Q12. Name 3 arboviral causes of viral hemorrhagic fever.
A:
1. Dengue – Dengue virus
2. Yellow Fever – Yellow fever virus
3. Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever – CCHFV (a Nairovirus)
Q13. Name 3 filoviral causes of viral hemorrhagic fever.
A:
1. Ebola – Ebola virus
2. Marburg – Marburg virus
3. Sudan virus – Sudan ebolavirus
Q14. Name 3 other agents of viral hemorrhagic fever.
A:
1. Lassa fever – Lassa virus
2. Hantavirus – Hantaan virus
3. Rift Valley Fever – Rift Valley fever virus
Parasitic Infections
Q15. Name 3 parasites causing malaria and babesiosis.
A:
1. Plasmodium falciparum – Malaria
2. Plasmodium vivax – Malaria
3. Babesia microti – Babesiosis
Q16. Name 3 parasites causing visceral leishmaniasis and trypanosomiasis.
A:
1. Leishmania donovani – Kala-azar
2. Trypanosoma brucei gambiense – African sleeping sickness
3. Trypanosoma cruzi – Chagas disease
Q17. Name 3 parasites that cause lymphatic filariasis.
A:
1. Wuchereria bancrofti
2. Brugia malayi
3. Brugia timori
Fungal Infections
Q18. Name 3 fungi that cause systemic candidiasis.
A:
1. Candida albicans
2. Candida glabrata
3. Candida tropicalis
Q19. Name 3 fungi that cause systemic mycoses.
A:
1. Histoplasma capsulatum – Histoplasmosis
2. Blastomyces dermatitidis – Blastomycosis
3. Coccidioides immitis – Coccidioidomycosis
Hepatobiliary System Infections
Q1. Name 3 infective syndromes of the hepatobiliary system and abdomen.
A:
1. Amoebic Liver Abscess – Entamoeba histolytica
2. Pyogenic Liver Abscess – Klebsiella pneumoniae, E. coli
3. Cholangitis – E. coli, Enterococcus faecalis
Q2. Name 3 viruses causing hepatitis.
A:
1. Hepatitis B – Hepatitis B virus
2. Hepatitis C – Hepatitis C virus
3. Yellow Fever – Yellow fever virus
Q3. Name 3 parasitic infections of the hepatobiliary system.
A:
1. Amoebic Liver Abscess – Entamoeba histolytica
2. Hydatid Disease – Echinococcus granulosus
3. Fascioliasis – Fasciola hepatica
Skin, Soft Tissue and Musculoskeletal System Infections
Q4. Name 3 infective syndromes of skin, soft tissue and musculoskeletal
systems.
A:
1. Cellulitis – Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus
2. Necrotizing Fasciitis – Streptococcus pyogenes
3. Myositis/Myonecrosis – Clostridium perfringens
Q5. Name 3 staphylococcal skin infections.
A:
1. Boils (Furuncles) – Staphylococcus aureus
2. Impetigo (non-bullous) – Staphylococcus aureus
3. Carbuncle – Staphylococcus aureus
Q6. Name 3 beta-hemolytic streptococcal infections.
A:
1. Erysipelas – Streptococcus pyogenes
2. Cellulitis – Streptococcus pyogenes
3. Impetigo (non-bullous) – Streptococcus pyogenes
Q7. Name 3 organisms causing gas gangrene.
A:
1. Clostridium perfringens
2. Clostridium novyi
3. Clostridium septicum
Q8. Name 3 types of leprosy caused by Mycobacterium leprae.
A:
1. Tuberculoid Leprosy
2. Lepromatous Leprosy
3. Borderline Leprosy
Q9. Name 3 miscellaneous bacterial infections of skin and soft tissues.
A:
1. Anthrax (cutaneous) – Bacillus anthracis
2. Actinomycosis – Actinomyces israelii
3. Nocardiosis – Nocardia asteroides
Q10. Name 3 viral exanthems (skin rashes).
A:
1. Measles – Measles virus
2. Varicella (Chickenpox) – Varicella-zoster virus (VZV)
3. Rubella – Rubella virus
Q11. Name 3 other viral infections of skin.
A:
1. Herpes Simplex – HSV-1, HSV-2
2. Molluscum Contagiosum – Molluscum contagiosum virus
3. Warts – Human papilloma virus (HPV)
Q12. Name 3 parasitic infections of the skin.
A:
1. Cutaneous Leishmaniasis – Leishmania tropica
2. Scabies – Sarcoptes scabiei
3. Larva Migrans – Ancylostoma braziliense
Q13. Name 3 parasitic infections of soft tissues.
A:
1. Filariasis – Wuchereria bancrofti
2. Cysticercosis (subcutaneous) – Taenia solium (larvae)
3. Hydatid cyst in soft tissue – Echinococcus granulosus
Q14. Name 3 parasitic infections of musculoskeletal system.
A:
1. Trichinellosis (myositis) – Trichinella spiralis
2. Toxoplasmosis (myositis) – Toxoplasma gondii
3. Muscle Cysticercosis – Taenia solium (larva)
Q15. Name 3 fungal infections of the skin (superficial).
A:
1. Tinea corporis – Trichophyton rubrum
2. Tinea capitis – Microsporum canis
3. Tinea pedis – Epidermophyton floccosum
Q16. Name 3 fungal infections of soft tissues (subcutaneous).
A:
1. Sporotrichosis – Sporothrix schenckii
2. Mycetoma – Madurella mycetomatis
3. Chromoblastomycosis – Phialophora verrucosa
Q17. Name 3 fungal infections of musculoskeletal system.
A:
1. Mycetoma (bone involvement) – Madurella spp.
2. Cryptococcosis (rare muscle/bone involvement) – Cryptococcus neoformans
3. Candidiasis (rare bone/joint infection) – Candida albicans
