Fundamentals
Delivery → Correct destination
Accuracy → Error-free
Timeliness → On time
Jitter → Variation in packet arrival
Components of Data Communication (MSRTP)
Message, Sender, Receiver, Transmission Medium, Protocol
Data Representation
Binary (0/1), Numbers (Bin/Dec/Oct/Hex), Characters (ASCII/Unicode), Text, Images (Pixels, RGB), Audio, Video
Data Flow (SHF)
Simplex → One-way
Half-Duplex → Both, one at a time
Full-Duplex → Both simultaneously
Network Devices & Criteria (PRS)
Devices: Router, Switch, Hub, Modem
Performance → Bandwidth, Throughput, Latency
Reliability → Fault tolerance, Availability, Recovery
Security → Confidentiality, Integrity, Authentication, Access Control
Network Topologies (BSRM)
Bus → Single backbone, cheap
Star → Central hub, easy manage
Ring → Circular, no collision
Mesh → Fully connected, reliable, expensive
Network Types
PAN → Personal (Bluetooth)
LAN → Local (Wi-Fi)
MAN → City-wide
WAN → Internet, banks
OSI Model (PDNTSPA)
Physical → Bits, cables
Data Link → Frames, MAC
Network → IP, Routing
Transport → TCP/UDP
Session → Manage sessions
Presentation → Format, encryption
Application → HTTP, FTP
TCP/IP Model (NITA)
Network Access → Ethernet, Wi-Fi
Internet → IP, ICMP
Transport → TCP/UDP
Application → HTTP, FTP, DNS
Transmission Media
Guided: Twisted Pair, Coaxial, Fiber Optic
Unguided: Radio, Microwave, Infrared
Structured Cabling
CAT5/CAT5e → LAN
RS-232 → Serial comm. (modems, printers)
Switching
Circuit → Dedicated path
Packet → Split packets (Datagram/Virtual)
Message → Whole msg hop-by-hop, Store & Forward
