PLANT DISEASES PATHOGEN HOST SYMPTOM CONTROL

Ralstonia The bacterium is spread rapid yellowing, wilting of Soil fumigants are the
solanacearum by anything that moves leaves, and eventually plant most common type of
Granville Wilt infested soil or water. death. pesticide used for
managing Granville wilt

Fire Blight Erwinia amylovora. Apple, flowering [Link], shriveled, or prune off infected
crabapple, pear, wilted leaves branches 1 foot below
ornamental pear, the diseased sections
firethorn, hawthorn, [Link] or sunken lesions and burn them to
cotoneaster, quince, prevent further
3. Dieback
mountain ash infection.
4. Flowers and fruit turn black

[Link] cankers

6. Yellowing or browning of
leaves.

Soft Rot Pectobacterium tubers, corms, bulbs, appears as small, tannish, Avoiding wet
carotovorum and rhizomes. water-soaked spots on the conditions.
 surface.

Blight Of Beans Xanthomonas field and snap watersoaked,greasy looking use disease-free seed.
axonopodis pv. beans,lima bean, Scarlet spots on pods and dead spots plant tolerant or
phaseoli Runner bean,hyacinth surrounded by a chlorotic halo resistant cultivars
bean, soy bean, mung on leaves.
bean,Tepary bean, urid
bean,moth bean,white
flowering,lupine,fenugr
eek(Trigonella)
Wild Fire Pseudomonas syringae 1. Tobacco (Nicotiana - Small, dark green spots on Early spraying of the
[Link] tabacum) leaves beds with a copper
fungicide
2. Tomato (Solanum - Yellowing or browning of
lycopersicum) leaves

3. Pepper (Capsicum - Premature defoliation

annuum)
- Reduced plant growth
4. Eggplant (Solanum
melongena) - Reduced yields

5. Potato (Solanum
tuberosum)

Citrus Stubborn Spiroplasma citri periwinkle (Vinca spp.), stunted growth and low fruit prevent Spiroplasma
Disease wild radish (Raphanus production. citri from reaching and
sativus), London rocket infecting young,
(Sisymbrium irio) and susceptible plants
many Brassica spp.

Black spot of rose Diplocarpon rosae It is caused by a fungus, black spot develop purple-black clear away any infected
Diplocarpon rosae. spots on leaves followed by a foliage and destroy it,
yellowing of the leaves. especially in autumn.
Black knot Apiosporina morbosa. Prunus species (plum black, tar-like swellings that Black knot can be
and cherry trees are develop on branches of the controlled by pruning
most susceptible; infected plant. infected parts during
peach, nectarine and the winter (knots on
apricot are less large limbs are cut
commonly infected). away, and the wound is
treated), destroying
nearby wild plums and
cherries that may be
affected, and spraying
vegetative buds with a
fungicide

Brown stem rot Phialophora gregata Soybean is the only host Split stems of infected plants Crop rotation with corn
for the brown stem rot reveal internal browning of the or small grains reduces
pathogen. pith and vascular tissue. brown stem rot. In
fields where the
disease has become
severe, two or three
years out of soybean
will be necessary to
 reduce the fungus
population to
manageable levels.

Fusarium wilt of Fusarium oxysporum f. pigweed, mallow and Fusarium often causes remove and destroy
tomatoes sp. lycopersici crabgrass. yellowing on one side of the diseased plants from
plant or leaf. the field or garden
when it is confirmed.

Anthracnose Colletotrichum A variety of deciduous Infected leaves are often Give plants plenty of
gloeosporioides trees are susceptible to distorted, cupped or curled. room and good air
anthracnose diseases, circulation, and avoid
including ash, overhead watering to
basswood, elm, maple, limit wet leaves and
oak, sycamore, and fruit.
walnut.

Powdery mildew Erysiphe, crop plants and White patches of fungal growth Milk can both treat and
Microsphaera, ornamentals develop on the lower surface of prevent powdery
Phyllactinia, the leaf. ... mildew. Simply create a
Podosphaera, spray bottle mixture of
Sphaerotheca, and Leaf edges curl upwards, milk and water, with a
Uncinula. exposing the white, powdery 40/60 ratio of milk to
fungal growth (Figure 1). water, and pour it into
 Purple to reddish blotches may the spray bottle to
also develop on leaves. spray on your plants.

Tiny, round, black fungal

structures (cleistothecia) may
also be present on the
underside of the leaves.

Nectria canker Nectria cinnabarina apple, ash, birch, leaves and shoots of twigs and Prune out branch
and Nectria galligena. dogwood, elm, sweet branches wilt. cankers during dry
gum, holly, maple, pear, periods when
and walnut. conditions are
unfavorable for
infection.

Mosaic Plant RNA Viruses The primary infectious Mosaic symptoms are variable Field sanitation. Use of
sources of mosaic but commonly include irregular resistant cultivars.
mainly include infected leaf mottling (light and dark During transplanting,
plants of sugarcane and green or yellow patches or refrain from smoking
other Gramineae hosts. streaks). Leaves are commonly and must wash hands
stunted, curled, or puckered; thoroughly with soap
veins may be lighter than and water. Control
normal or banded with dark aphids and other plant
green or yellow. sucking insect pests
 that can spread the
disease.

Downy smut Perenospora fagopyri aster (Aster spp.), begin as small, water-soaked Good hygiene in the
coreopsis (Coreopsis spots. Lesions first appear garden including
spp.), rose (Rosa spp.), slightly chlorotic, with a yellow- removing dead and
rudbeckia (Rudbeckia green appearance and progress diseased foliage, can
spp.), snapdragon to a bright yellow on the upper halt or reduce downy
(Antirrhinum), leaf surface. mildew.
viburnum (Viburnum
spp.) and violets (Viola
spp.).

Dutch elm It is caused by two elm trees (Ulmus and Leaves on one or more early sanitation felling,
related fungi, Zelkova species). branches suddenly wilt, droop or removal of infected
Ophiostoma novo-ulmi and curl. trees and branches, can
and Ophiostoma ulmi. slow the spread of the
disease

White pine White pine blister rust White pine blister rust it may simply appear as small Planting white pine at
is caused by the fungus has a complex life cycle yellow or red spots on a few relatively close spacing
Cronartium ribicola. that requires two hosts, needles. (6 feet by 6 feet) helps
a white pine and, most reduce conditions that
commonly, a currant or
 gooseberry plant (Ribes favor the disease.
ssp.).

Aster yellow Aster yellows disease is ornamental plants Leaves are discolored from pale Completely remove
caused by Candidatus commonly infected are green to yellow or white. In infected plants from
Phytoplasma asteris. asters, marigolds, some plants, red to purple the garden.
coreopsis, sunflowers, discoloration of leaves occurs.
and purple coneflower.

Crown gall Agrobacterium it is found most stunting, yellowing, poor Discard and destroy
tumefaciens. commonly: Fruit: growth, and gradual dieback. In any planting material
Apples, cherries, addition, infected plants with visible galls or an
currants, gooseberries, become more sensitive to unhealthy appearance.
grapevines, environmental stresses,
blackberries, peaches, especially winter injury.
pears, plums and
quince. Vegetables:
Beetroot, courgettes,
runner beans and
swedes.
Beer curly top BCTV (Geminivirus). sugar beets (for which Plants are stunted and leaves deploying a physical
the disease was first are yellow. Later, leaves barrier over seedlings
named), tomatoes, become thick and brittle and can help protect
peppers, beans, may turn dark green. Few if any against beet
potatoes, spinach, pods develop, and plants drop leafhoppers.
cucurbits, cabbage, flowers and senesce early.
alfalfa, and many
ornamentals.

smut Utilago,Tilletia,Emtylo wheat, barley and oats. White, soft galls may form on smuts are effectively
ma and Urocystis all above ground parts of the controlled through the
plant including ears, tassels and regular use of
leaves. fungicidal seed
treatments.

Ergot Claviceps purpurea many cereals and a sweet, yellowish mucus is sowing a non-cereal
grasses, including, in exuded for a time, followed by crop or ploughing (to at
order of decreasing a loss of starch as the ear least 5 cm) to bury the
susceptibility, rye, ceases growth. ergot will reduce the
triticale, wheat and amount of inoculum
barley. available in the next
 cereal crop

Verticillium Verticillium albo-atrum Ash, catalpa, elm, sudden wilting of small remove the infected
wilt and V. dahliae. sumac, and maple branches, yellowing of foliage, plant with as much root
stunting of growth, and system as possible and
premature defoliation. destroy.

Leave blister fungi of the genus many woody plants and infected leaves become Treat large infestations
Taphrina. ferns swollen, crinkled, and distorted in early fall, before leaf
with yellow, red, purple, drop, when mites are
brown, whitish, or gray blisters. migrating from leaves
to buds.

Panama Fusarium oxysporum Nearly all varieties of yellowing of lower or older Use clean planting
disease forma specialis bananas, including the leaves, caused by the fungus material, such as tissue
cubense. main commercial blocking the water conducting culture plants. Avoid
variety, Cavendish. tissue within the banana plant sharing farm machinery
stem. lower leaves collapsing to and equipment with
form a 'skirt' around the plant. other growers.
cut open, the stem is
discoloured from yellow to red,
through to dark brown or black,
depending on how long the
 plant has been infected.

Spotted wilt tomato spotted wilt celery, cucumber, - Yellowing or bronzing of garden sanitation,
virus (TSWV). eggplant, lettuce, onion, leaves weed control and
peppermint, spinach, reflective mulch.
watermelon, many - Wilting or stunting of plants
legumes, many
- Black or brown spots on
ornamentals, and many
leaves and stems
weeds such as curly
dock, field bindweed, - Premature defoliation
and pigweed

Damping off Pythium species and - Wilting or yellowing of can be controll

Rhizoctonia solani. seedlings through cultural
practices, such as
- Soft, mushy, or water-soaked improving air
tissue circulation, reducing
watering, and using
- Collapse of seedlings
sterilized potting mix.
- Reduced plant growth Chemical controls, such
as fungicides, can also
be used to manage the
disease.
Bacteria wilt Ralstonia banana, eggplant, The first symptom is wilting of Rotate crops with
solanacearum geranium, peanut, a few leaves. This often goes pastures, cereals and
pepper, potato, tobacco un-noticed. Soon thereafter, non-solanaceous crops
and tomato. the entire plant wilts suddenly for periods of more
and dies. Such dramatic than 5 years.
symptoms occur when the
weather is hot (86-95 F), and
soil moisture is plentiful.

Scab Streptomyces scabies potatoes, beets, carrots, infected leaves show pale start your plantings
parsnips, radishes, green-gray, water-soaked with scab-resistant
rutabagas, and turnips. spots. Their fruits form small, varieties of seeds or
oozing, sunken spots often plants. Because these
mistaken for insect damage. diseases overwinter in
soil, always allow at
least two years before
planting the same plant
type in affected areas.

Shot hole Wilsonomyces almonds, Catalina and First appear as small red spots overhead watering
carpophilus. Japanese flowering on leaves which enlarge and should be avoided.
cherries, English laurel, become purple with a white remove and dispose of
ornamental plums, center. Spots then drop out of any infected buds,
 nectarines, peaches, the leaf to leave a BB-sized leaves, fruit and twigs.
and especially apricot “shothole.” Numerous holes in fall, fixed copper or
trees.2 May 2 result from severe infections, bordeaux mixture can
making leaves look tattered. be applied.

WRITTEN BY

ELEMI MERCY PIUS

20/151144016

DEPARTMENT OF PLANT AND ECOLOGICAL STUDIES

 FACULTY OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE

UNIVERSITY OF CALABAR

SUMMITED TO

MR EMMANUEL EPENYONG

COURSE LECTURE

DEPARTMENT OF PLANT AND ECOLOGICAL STUDIES

FACULTY OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE

UNIVERSITY OF CALABAR

IMPARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE COURSE REQUIREMENTS PLANT PATHOGENS AND PROTECTION
QUESTION:

IN A TABULAR FORM, WRITE ON 30 PLANT DISEASE, PATHOGEN, HOST, SYMPTOMS AND CONTROL.