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Physics Notes

This document contains concise notes on key Physics topics including Mechanics, Thermodynamics, Waves, Optics, Electricity, Magnetism, and Modern Physics. It outlines fundamental principles such as Newton's Laws, conservation laws, and the behavior of waves and circuits. Additionally, it covers advanced topics like electromagnetic induction, the photoelectric effect, and semiconductor physics.

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17 views2 pages

Physics Notes

This document contains concise notes on key Physics topics including Mechanics, Thermodynamics, Waves, Optics, Electricity, Magnetism, and Modern Physics. It outlines fundamental principles such as Newton's Laws, conservation laws, and the behavior of waves and circuits. Additionally, it covers advanced topics like electromagnetic induction, the photoelectric effect, and semiconductor physics.

Uploaded by

rajput35779
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Physics Notes

This document provides concise notes on important Physics topics, covering Mechanics,
Thermodynamics, Waves, Optics, Electricity, Magnetism, and Modern Physics.

1. Mechanics: Motion in one dimension — equations of motion: v = u + at, s = ut + 1/2 at², v² -


u² = 2as.
2. Newton’s Laws: F = ma. Inertia is resistance to change in motion. Action-reaction pairs act
on different bodies.
3. Work, Power, Energy: Work = F·d cosθ, Power = Work/time, Kinetic Energy = 1/2 mv², Potential
Energy = mgh.
4. Laws of Conservation: Energy and linear momentum are conserved in isolated systems.
5. Gravitation: Universal law F = Gm■m■/r². Acceleration due to gravity g = 9.8 m/s² near
Earth’s surface.
6. Fluid Mechanics: Pressure = Force/Area. Pascal’s law → pressure is transmitted equally in
all directions.
7. Thermodynamics: Zeroth Law defines temperature. First Law: ∆U = Q - W. Second Law: Heat
flows from hot to cold.
8. Specific Heat: Q = mc∆T. Latent heat = energy absorbed or released during phase change.
9. Waves: Speed v = fλ. Sound waves are longitudinal, light waves are transverse.
10. Doppler Effect: Apparent frequency increases when source approaches, decreases when it
recedes.
11. Simple Harmonic Motion: x = A sin(ωt). Period T = 2π/ω. Restoring force F = -kx.
12. Optics: Reflection → angle of incidence = angle of reflection. Refraction → Snell’s law: n■
sinθ■ = n■ sinθ■.
13. Lenses: Convex lens → converging. Concave lens → diverging. Lens formula: 1/f = 1/v - 1/u.
14. Total Internal Reflection: Occurs when light travels from denser to rarer medium at angle >
critical angle.
15. Electricity: Ohm’s law V = IR. Resistance R = ρl/A. Power = VI.
16. Series vs Parallel Circuits: Series → current same, voltage divides. Parallel → voltage
same, current divides.
17. Kirchhoff’s Laws: Junction rule → ΣI(in) = ΣI(out). Loop rule → Σ∆V = 0 around a closed
loop.
18. Magnetism: Magnetic field B due to long straight conductor = µ■I/(2πr). Right-hand thumb
rule for direction.
19. Electromagnetic Induction: Faraday’s law: Induced emf = -dΦ/dt. Lenz’s law → induced
current opposes change.
20. Alternating Current: I = I■ sin(ωt). RMS current = I■/√2. Power factor = cosϕ.
21. Modern Physics: Photoelectric effect → E = hf - φ. Einstein’s equation explains threshold
frequency.
22. Atomic Model: Bohr model quantized angular momentum: mvr = nh/2π.
23. Nuclear Physics: Radioactive decay N = N■ e^(-λt). Half-life T½ = ln2/λ.
24. Semiconductors: n-type (electrons majority), p-type (holes majority). Diodes allow current
in one direction.
25. Communication Systems: Modulation is needed to transmit signals over long distances.

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