Structure of Atom - JEE Mains + Advanced Short
Notes
1. Introduction
- Atom is the smallest particle retaining chemical properties.
- We study models, subatomic particles, isotopes, electronic configuration, quantum model.
2. Discovery of Subatomic Particles
- Electron (J.J. Thomson): mass = 9.1 × 10■³¹ kg, charge = -1.6 × 10■¹■ C
- Proton (Goldstein): mass ≈ 1836 × electron, charge = +1.6 × 10■¹■ C
- Neutron (Chadwick): neutral, mass ≈ proton
3. Atomic Models
- Thomson Model: Positive sphere with electrons (wrong).
- Rutherford: Nucleus at center, electrons revolve. Problem: collapse.
- Bohr: Electrons in quantized orbits. mvr = nh/2π. Explained H-spectrum.
4. Important Terms
- Atomic number (Z) = protons = electrons (neutral atom).
- Mass number (A) = protons + neutrons.
- Isotopes: same Z, different A.
- Isobars: same A, different Z.
- Isotones: same neutrons.
5. Electromagnetic Radiation
- Light shows wave-particle dual nature.
- Planck’s theory: E = hν.
- de Broglie wavelength: λ = h/mv.
6. Quantum Mechanical Model
- Heisenberg Uncertainty: ∆x·∆p ≥ h/4π.
- Schrödinger Equation → orbitals.
- Orbit = path, Orbital = region of probability.
7. Quantum Numbers
- Principal (n): shell
- Azimuthal (l): subshell (s=0, p=1, d=2, f=3)
- Magnetic (m): orientation
- Spin (s): +½, -½
8. Electronic Configuration Rules
- Aufbau: lowest energy first.
- Pauli: no 2e■ same 4 quantum numbers.
- Hund’s: maximum unpaired electrons.
9. Spectral Lines of Hydrogen
- ∆E = -2.18 × 10■¹■ (1/nf² - 1/ni²)
- Series: Lyman (UV), Balmer (Visible), Paschen, Brackett, Pfund (IR).
10. Key Points for JEE
- Numericals: de Broglie wavelength, photon energy, radius/velocity (Bohr).
- Concepts: quantum numbers, orbital shape, filling order.
- Hydrogen spectrum calculations.
