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HISTORY OF COMPUTER (IN SUMMARY)

From a long period of time man has made several efforts to make life easier, more convenient and
simple. Man first made use of his body parts, animals, trees and stones for counting and recording his
wealth. He then, to this end has tried to evolved means of counting and calculation which progressed
from the use of ABACUS, printing Press, Mechanical Calculators to Information Technology (IT) and
Information and Communication Technology (ICT). Devices to aid Computation have evolved from
simple recording and counting device through the ABACUS, the Slide rule and more recent Electronic
Computers. ABACUS was the first counting device and calculating devices in about 5000BC. The
Egyptians and Chinese Merchant were the first to develop a Scientific way of counting known as ABACUS
whích was made on board with grooves in which pebbles could slide or iron rod with beat sliding on the
rod and divided into two by a bar. After the ABACUS, many other inventors came with more of their
work which advances from the previous.

John Napier in 1614 Invented the logarithm for solving mathematical problems while in 1620 William
Oughtrad invented the Slide rule which uses the principles of Logarithm too. Blaise Pascal invented the
first mechanical that could Add and Subtract, in 1642 (He also invented the popular computer programs
Language that bears His name Pascal line or Pascal) Then Gohigied Von Leibniz later worked and
improve on the work of Blaise Pascal in 1671 by adding two other mathematical function like Division
and Multiplication of numbers. In 1801 John Jacquard a French Textile Manufacturer developed a
machine called Jacquard Loom in which the pattern being woven was controlled by Punched Cards. Also
in 1833 Charles Babbage moved on from developing his Difference Engine to developing a more
complete design, the Analytical Engine which would draw directly on Jacquard Loom Punched Cards for
its program. The Analytical Engine which is regarded as the forerunner of a modern computer base on
the component units like, the Input and Output Units, Arithmetic Unit, Storage Unit and the Control
Unit. With this development, Charles Babbage was recognized as the FATHER of Computer.

Ada Lovelace, between "1816-1852" contributed to the development of the Analytical Engine. Then she
was a student of Charles Babbage and wrote the world first programming Language (ADA) George Boole
in 1854 develops a mąchine representing and manipulating logical expressions.

GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS

Early modern computers are typically grouped into five "generations" Each generation is marked by
improvements in basic technology. These improvements in technology have been extraordinary and
each advance has resulted in computers of lower cost, higher speed, greater memory capacity and
smaller size. The reader should not interpret these dates as strict historical boundaries. However, these
generations of computers are based on their capabilities in terms of speed and memory capačity. These
generations are:

FIRST GENERATION COMPUTER (1951-1958)

This is characterized by vacuum tube system. It consumes a lot of electricity, slow, and very large. The
Vacuum Tube was invented in 1906 by an electrician named Lee De Forest (1873- 1961). During the first
half of the twentieth century, it was the fundamental technology that was used to construct radios,
televisions, radar X-ray machines, and a wide variety of other electronics devices. It is also the primary
technology associated with the first generation of computing machines. which described and mark the
History base on the improvement in basic technologicaldevelopment.

First generation computers were introduced in 1940 with the development of vacuum tubes. Compared
to today's circuits these tubes were far larger, making a single computer takes up rooms' worth of space,
very expensive and gave off a lot of heat, enough to cause a computer to malfunction. The types of
computers development during this period include: Pascal Mechanical Calculator, Babbage Diffierence
Engine and Analytical Engine, Jacquard Punched Card Loom, The first program by Lady Lovelace,
Machine Code, Hollerith Punched Card, Harvard Mark Von Neumann Stored Program, ENIAC, EDSAC,
EDVAC, integrated Circuit and Shockley Transistor.

2ND GENERATION COMPUTER (1959-1964)

As commercial interest in computer technology intensified during the late 1950s and 1960s, the 2nd
generation of computer technology was introduced based not on vacuum tubes but on transistors.
Second generation computers were introduced with the development of the transistor. This was a great
improvement over the previous technology of vacuum tubes. Transistor was also a common name for a
1960s era handheld transistor radio

3RD GENERATION COMPUTERS (1965-1971)

The third generation of computer technology was based on integrated circuit technology and extended
from approximately 1964- 1970. Jack Kilby (1923) of Texas Instruments and Robert Noyce (1927-1990)
of Fairchild Semiconductor were the first to develop the idea of the Integrated Circuit in 1959, The
integrated circuit is a single device that contains many transistors. Third Generation computers were
introduced with the development of the Integrated Circuit. This was a semiconductor in the form ofa
silicon chip, on which numerous transistors could be placed. A semiconductor is a material with an
electrical conductivity that is intermediate between that of an insulator and a conductor. Third
Generation Computers use Integrated Cireuit. It is the period of operating system where minicomputers
came into the market. Those systems introduced during this period include; Operating Systems in 1960,
Integrated Circuit in 1964, IBM 360 Series in 1954, ICL 1900 series in 1965, Show and Baker time sharing
in 1964-66. Commercial Minicomputers appeared in 1966, others include Large-scale integrated circuits
in 1969, Read Only Memory in 1970, 1IBM 370 Series in 1970, Intel 4004 chịp in 1971, and Pocket
calculators using chips in 1974.

FOURTH GENERATIONCOMPUTERS (1972-1982)

The fourth generation of computèr technology is based on the microprocessor. Microprocessors employ
Large Scale Integration (LS) and Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) techniques to pack thousands or
millions of transistors on a single chip. Fourth Generation computers were introduced with the
development of the microprocessor. This was a silicon chip, one of the first being the Intel 4004, on
which numerous integrated circuits could be built. A Microprocessor is a digital electronic component
with miniaturized transistors on a single Semiconductor Integrated Circuit (IC). One or more
microprocessors typical serve as a Central Processing Unit (CPU) in a computer system or handheld
device. This generation of computer uses Large Scale Integrated Circuit (LSI) it is the period of Micro
computer and capabilities of integration between hardware provided by various manufacturers. Kilby J.S
and Noyce R. developed the LSI in 1972. Real-time input/output control system developed in 1972.
Microcomputers introduced in 1973. Bill Gates developed the first high-level language for a
microprocessor in 1974, Computerized games emerged using TV screen in 1976. Large-Scale Databases
introduced in 1978. TV broadcasting network emerged in 1978; VisiCale for microcomputer emerged in
1978; first Apple built in 1978; View data system introduced in 1979, IBM and ICL introduce Word
processors in 1979. This is also known as 4GL as well as very high level languages. Apple II computer
desktop developed; IBM PC released in 1981. Bill Gates version of BASIC became the standard
programming for Personal Computer. Gates and Allen founded the Microsoft Corporation today. The
richest people in the world are computers specialist. Gates is one of them because of his development
of operation and application software and hardware systems. This generation uses a lot of
Microcomputers and Micro processors which enable the development of Super Computer.

FIFTH GENERATION COMPUTERS (1982-DATE)

Fifth Generation Computer System Project (FGCS) was an initiative by Japan's Ministry of International
Trade and Industry, begun in 1982, to create a "Fifth Generation Computer" which was supposed to
perform much calculation initializing massive parallelism. It was to be the end result of a massive
government/industry research project in Japan during the 1980s. It aimed to create. an "e-porch making
computer" with Supercomputer-like performance and usable Artificial Intelligence capabilities. CPU, the
fifth generation, it was widely believed at the time, would instead turn to massive numbers of CPUs for
added performance. This is the era of interaction between computer and human beings. This is also
called Natural languages, artificial language, knowledge- based languages and Object oriented
languages.

DEFINITION OF COMPUTER

Computer is an electromechanical device which is under the control of stored program is capable of
accepting data through an input device process the data, give an output result that can be stored for
future reference.

DATA

Data is a rawfact that has no meaning

TYPES OF DATA

1. Verbal data
2. Pictorial data

3. Alphabetical data

4, Numerical data

ADVANTAGES OF COMPUTER

Personal and Educational Benefits

1. Improved learning: Computers provide access to a vast amount of educational resources, making
learning more engaging and effective.

2. Increased productivity: Computers enable users to complete tasks quickly and efficiently, freeing up
time for other activities.

3. Enhanced creativity: Computers offer a range of creative tools, such as graphic design software and
music editing programs.

Professional and Business Benefits

1. Automated tasks: Computers can automate repetitive tasks, reducing the workload and increasing
productivity.

2. Improved communication: Computers enable fast and efficient communication through email, video
conferencing, and instant messaging.

3. Data analysis and management: Computers can process and analyze large amounts of data, providing
valuable insights for businesses and organizations.

Social and Economic Benefits

1. Global connectivity: Computers enable people to connect with others around the world, fostering
global communication and collaboration.

2. E-commerce and online shopping: Computers provide a platform for online shopping, making it
possible for people to purchase goods and services from anywhere in the world.

3. Job creation and economic growth: The computer industry has created millions of jobs and
contributed significantly to economic growth.

Health and Medical Benefits

1. Medical research and diagnosis: Computers are used in medical research, diagnosis, and treatment,
improving healthcare outcomes and saving lives.

2. Telemedicine and remote healthcare: Computers enable remote healthcare services, making it
possible for people to access medical care from anywhere in the world.
3. Health monitoring and tracking: Computers can monitor and track health metrics, such as blood
pressure and blood glucose levels, helping people manage chronic conditions.

CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTER

CLASSIFICATION BY TYPE (INTERMS OF OPERATIONS)

i. ANALOG COMPUTER : These are computers that operates data on physical Quantities and represent or
convert them to numbers. These computers actually represents data in continues manner using physical
quantities such as temperature, pressure, speed, weight etc. they can be use for scientific and
engineering purpose. The analog computer is known as measuring device and their results are always on
approximation e.g. Thermometer, Speedometer, Barometer, and Scale etc.

ii. DIGITAL COMPUTER: These computers operate on data inform of representation of real numbers or
other characters coded numerically and the ability to handle alphabets. The actually represent data in a
discrete or discontinuous manner using binary system/method e.g.laptops, desktop computer etc

laptops, desktop computer etc

iii. HYBRID COMPUTER: This computer combines the capabilities of both analog and digital computers in
one system. The values of this computer can either be in the form of discrete to represent real numbers
or continuous value that measure physical quantities or combines the two together. This type of
computers is mostly used in Laboratory Analysis Equipment for solving scientific problems.laptops,
desktop computer etc

CLASSIFICATION BY SIZE (INTERMS OF SIZE)

i. SUPER COMPUTER: This is the largest, fastest and costly built computers and is built to the wall,
designed to handle mathematical operation involving large number of variable. And it is used for
weather forecasting at a very high speed. It can accommodate up to 1,000 users at a time and it is used
by wealthy organizations e.g. CRAY 1 and CRAY 2.

II MAIN FRAME COMPUTER: computer is next to super computer. It is also the This largest, fastest and
built to the wall it can conveniently accommodate up to 500 users at a time. It is very expensive, used by
wealth organization and institutions. But are less powerful than the super computers.

iii. MINI COMPUTER: This computer is the next to mainframe known as the medium sized than
computer. This type, it is faster microcomputers in term of speed, expensive but less expensive than the
mainframe.

iv. MICRO COMPUTER: This computer is the smallest general purpose digital computernknown as "Stand
Alone" or "Single User or "Personal computer" (PC), These computers has a lot of speed, are portable in
sizes such as Desktop, Laptop, Palmtop, Notebook, Handset and Organizer etc. They are single task
oriented computers which supports a very wide range of applications.

CLASSIFICATION BY PURPOSE (INTERMS OF PURPOSE)

L. SPECIAL PURPOSE COMPUTER: These computers are designed to do one particular type of job like
Ship Navigation, Air traffic Control, Thermometer, Scale and Calculator etc. And these kinds of
computers don't perform any function outside the ones they have been programmed to perform.

HARDWARE:

ii. GENERAL PURPOSE COMPUTERS: These computers are designed to solve variety of problems. They
can run several programs like those for Word Processing, Graphics Design, and Data Base Management,
Spread Sheets Analysis etc.

THE COMPUTER HARDWARE COMPONENTS

These are the physical components of the computer that can be seen, touch and feel. The physical
components of a computer, and the various accessory devices that can be added, are termed hardware.
Hardware includes any device that is connected to your computer and is controlled by your computer's
microprocessor. This includes equipment that was connected to your computer when it was
manufactured, as well as peripheral equipment that you added laterbThey include, monitor (Visual
Display Unit-VDU), Central Processing Unit (CPU), Mouse, Keyboard, Printer, Scanner.

THE SIMPLE INTERCONNECTTIVIY OF THE COMPUTER HARDWARE UNITS

INPUT UNIT:

This serve as the medium through which data are send into the computer for onward processing or
storage. It can be seen as the general name for devices use for sending data into the computer. E.g,
keyboard, mouse, scanner, light pen, joystick, etc.

MOUSE: the mouse is a small hand held device that is move on a flat surface. It has a mouse pointer that
moves in the same direction with the mouse. It is basically a pointing, selecting, clicking and dragging
device. It is used for selecting command or giving command from the menus. The mouse consists of the
Left and right buttons and a scroll key in-between. It is divided intobserial and optical. The serial mouse
make use of a roller under to detect the smooth movement of the mouse pointer, while the optical
mouse make use of the optical mouse sensor and are transparent in nature and expensive.

KEYBOARD: the keyboard is one of the major input device. The keyboard is the primary way of entering
text in a computer. The keyboard is made of two (2) kinds it include: Standard Keyboard and
Extended/Enhanced key board.

The extended keyboard is made up of 106 keysband above, has light indicators for toggle keysnand
function keys are from F1-F12, it arrow cursor keys are separated with the numeric key pad while
Standard Keyboard have no light indicator for toggle keys. It has 80 keys andnfunction keys are from F1-
F10 with its arrow cursor keys join with the numeric key pad.

SOME KEYS ON THE EXTENDED KEYBOARD

1. Escape Key (ESC): Used to ignore some dialog boxes and options that are escapable when Working in
windows or any application window

2. Alphabetical Keys: Used for typing and editing text

3. Numerical Keys: Used for arithmetic and logical calculations.

4. Functional Keys Fl:F12: Used for execution of special commands Microsott

5. Backspace Key: Used for deleting text rom right to left of a document

6. Delete Key: This is use for deleting text from left to right a part and at times the whole doc.

7. Enter Key: Used for execution of commands entering old/new document and jumping to the next line
or page.

8. Shift Key: Used for activating the second function of those keys that carry double functions on the
keyboard.

9. Tab Key: Used for indentation or paragraphing

10. Caps Lock Key: Uscd to change typing letters from small to capital letter and vice-versa.

11. Space bar Key: Used for creating space in-betwcen texts, letter or words

12. Arrows Keys: Used for navigation through document, cither letter by letter i.e. moving left of right or
line by line i.e. moving up and down.

13. Control keys and Alternate Keys they are special keys that work with other keys to function.

15. Window keys: Used for starting up a window and carries a typical image of a window or starting
programs. These are special keys that work with the help of other keys to function.

CONTROL UNIT

This is the unit of the computer that coordinates and manages all data activities and other peripheral
devices connected to the computer. It consist of the main memory/primary storage facility( ROM and
RAM), Arithmetic and logical unit and the Auxiliary storage unit.

THE MAIN MEMORY UNIT: This unit holds data or instructions that are processed by the CPU
temporarily.

ARITHMETIC AND LOGIC UNIT: This unit operates on all the arithmetical and logical

operations.

AUXILIARY STORAGE UNIT: This unit is one of the most important unit of a computer, it store
information on a permanent bases tor future use or store it on a temporary base for immediate use. The
auxiliary storage unit is also known as the backup memory that supports the main storage. Some of
these back-up memories include C.D (Compact Disc), Floppy disk (Diskette), Zip disk, Flash disk, Hard
Disk, External Hard Disk, and Memory Cards etc.

OUT PUT UNIT

This is the mediunr through which the result of a task is produce either process or unprocessed e.g.
Monitor, Printer, Speaker, etc.

MONITOR

This is also called the VDU (Visual Display Unit). It is a medium by which processed or unprocessed data
are displayed to the out side world. The result of a task on the monitor is refer to as Soft copy. It is the
first most output device of a computer. The monitor is divided into two (2) types it includes,
Monochrome and Colored Monitors. Monochrome Monitor :Is the oldest type of monitor that was first
introduced. They are not common now because of the advancement in technology which brought about
the colored monitors been more attractive, interactive and clear vision. They include: black and white,
green and white and amber and white.

Colored Monito: These types of monitor offers crisp image and vivid color and they are more expensive
Component than monochrome. The colored monitors are made of the following types:

i. CGA (Colored Graphics Adapter)

ii. EGA (Enhanced Graphics Adapter)

ii. VGA (Video Graphics Adapter )

iv. SVGA ( Super Video Graphics Adapter)

v. XGA (Extended Graphic Adapter ). Others are: liquid erystal display(L.cD) and the Cathode Ray Tube
(CRT).

PRINTERS:

The printer is one of the output devices that produces the hardcopy of a document on a paper or any
hard material that can be use for printing. The printer is divided into two (2) types include, Impact
printers and Non-Inmpact printers. The Non-mpact is made up of (1) inkjet (ii) LaserJet (ii) plotters and
the impact printers include, daisy wheel, Trimble, thermal, etc.

II.

THE PRIMARY MEMORY

This is an internal memory where information and data are stored or retained between CPU

and rest of the system. It holds data and information before and after processing. You can read
from it and write into it randomly. It used to store data and programs temporarily during those

times when they are needed in main memory. It is known as

volatile because its contents are lost when the device switched

off.

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ii. ROM (Read Only Memory)

Pis memory is fixed and can't be altered with. It is non-volatile making its storage function

ory without lost of data, it is used to store vital data and program about the computer

onfiguration, which need to be hold up within the main storage at all times. It is non-volatile,

ouse information is written once by the manufacturer and it is permanent. It also contains

nrograms that begin the computer's start-up procedures,

The secondary storage facilities are the auxiliary storage facilities of the computer or external

storage facilities. They include, flopPy disk, compact disk, zip disk, hard disk ( internal and

external) and flash disk.

Floppy Disk:

This storage device holds data or programs in the form of magnetized spots on plastic platters. It

consists of plastic, coated with a magnetic covering and enclosed within a plastic case, it is an

external storage device. The floppy disk is also called diskette. The floppy disk is made up of

two sizes, include, 32 or 3.5 Floppy and 5'/4 Floppy.

34 Floppy has the capacity of 1.44MB, 5% Floppy: It has 1.22MB capacity.

Advantages of the Floppy

- They are common

They are portable in size

They cost less

They are

THE SECONDARY MEMORY

information.

Disadvantages of Floppy Disk

The are small in capacity

standardizing means of storing

oT

- They are slow when accessing information from it

- They are vulnerable to dust or at risk to dust.

- Can easily be damaged by magnetic aliment

- They are delicate and fragile.

HARD DISK

because they have magnetic mechahism

Figure 28: Floppy Disk

Is a storage facility found inside the CPU (Central Processing Unit) for storage of data, it

cannot be carried easily like the floppy disk and it stores information and has more space than

the floppy disk. It has a large capacity capable of stoing information ranging 880MB to 40GB

and above. Hard Disk are both internal and external.

Disk

to find

Fieure 29: 1: Internal Hnrd Disk I extermal Hard Disk

Zip Disk

CD-ROM (Compact Disk-Ran On Memory)

This is an external storage device that was launched in 1982.

It has the advantage of storing data in digital form allowing

music, graphs and sound to be stored. It has a very high

storage capacity of about 650MB- 700MB and can contain

more than 2million-pages of text or 88minutes or high

quantity music.

DVD: (Digital Versatile Disk)

This device became popular in 1997. It is similar to CD

(compaet Disk). Ir offers extreme high storage capacity of about 47GB-10GB. Accessing data

on DVD is fast at very high speed.

Steps to Format a Disk

This is a portable storage device with large capacity than the floppy. The zip disk has a larger

capacity capable of storing 100MB of data or more. It is portable and faster than the floppy disk

árive. They are slow when compared to hard disk drive.

FORMATTING DISK

This is a way of preparing a disk ready for use (in terms of a new disk), while cleaning of a disk

for use (for an already used disk that you want to use as empty disk).

ODV

-Open My Computer window on the desktop (or

explore it in windows explorer)

Select the drive yorwant to format (B.g 3 floppy)

make sure you've inserted/slot in the floppy disk jn-tfhe

drive on the CPU.

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Click on file on the menu bar (or Right-Click on the floppy drive)

Cick on format on the file's menu (or on the drop-down menu if you right-click)

In the format dialog box that appeared, give

the required options you e.g. quick, full, erase,

label disk etc.

Click on start button,

LClick close button after the format processing is

finish.

Note: Once you click on start, there will be a

warning option box that will warm of the action

you are about doing. If you are sure of it, click

ok for the formatting to start.

DONOT COPY

-Are machincd that can read a disk which information can be storcd

location which data are sent for permanent storage on the computer Drives are iderit

lctter and a colone.

A:3 %Floppy Disk drive

B: 5use the same drive with 3/2

C: Hard Disk Drive

D: Compact Disk drive

DRIVES

COMPUTER STORAGE SPACE AND CAPACITY

The space of a computer is measured in Bits, Bytes, Kilobytes, megabytes, Gigabytes and

Terabytes.

Bits: Are unit of measurement that are use in counting the capacity of a computer storage
devices space. The bits serve as the smallest unit of information recognized by the computer. 1

bit =1 character.

Byte: This ís a storage space that a computer uses to store information by combining eight (8)

bits/ characters which formed a byte.

Perrnanee by a

Kilobyte: This is also a storage space that combines 1024 bytes. That is, it represents thousand

bytes.

Megabyte: This storage space represents 1024 kilobytes which is also measured as million of

bytes in a computer.

Terabytes: represent trillion gigabytes.

Gigabytes: It represents a billion of bytes in a computers storages space. That is, 1024

megabytes.

RIK

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C'

TERM: F

SUBJEC

These are programs of the computer which instruct the computer to perform certain operations

dhat you can see but cannot touch nor feel. Some computer software controls the operation of the

computer generally.

TYPES OF SOFTWARE

System Software (Operating System Software - OS)

i. Application Software
SOFTWARE

SYSTEMS SOFTWARE (OPERATING SYSTEM SOFTWARE)

This type of software is which manage and coordinates all the computers' hardware to function

nroperly e.g. Windows, DOS, and Linux etc (The common Operating System Software used in

Nigeria is Windows e.g. Windows 95, 98, 2000, XP, Vista).

DOS

WINDOWS

TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEM SOFTWARE

DOS (DISK OPERATING SYSTEM)

WINDOWs

This software initializes the inbuilt instructions that are in a computer to enable you to boot your

system sucoessfully

ODV

These are graphical interface in a computer that interact with the user inform of pictures These

are graphical interface in a computer that interact with the user inform of pictures. They are a

designed programs or organized information on a Personal Computer (PC) which can run several

programs in separate areas of a computer's screen inform of pictures or graphics.

FUNCTIONS OF OPERATION SYSTEM

Booting-By the use of DOS, it initializes the starting of a computer successfully.

- Users interface-It allows you to communicated with the computer inform of pictures/graphics

- Managing computer resources-like primary and secondary memories CPU (Central

Processing Unit), Printers Drives.

- Managing files-This is done by naming, renaming, deleting, copying, moving, removing,

erasing of files from disk.

- Managing task-It involves storing, printing and task as executing more than one program
concurrently by one user etc.

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Check/scan for viruses on all foreign diskettes or any external storage device.

Make periodic backups and place them in a secure place so you can replace any infected files

with unaffected copies.

Include a virus guard or virus stop into your computer. This will stops the virus from affecting

other files until you disinfect the ile.

Obtain regular updates of antivirus toolkits.

ANTI VIRUS TOOLKITs

Some of the antivirus programs are:

-MacAfee Anti-Vius

-Norton Anti-Virus

-Tread PC Cillin Anti-Virus

-Avast Anti-Virus

-Dr. Solomon Anti-Virus

-AVG Ati-Virus etc.

ANTIVIRUS OVERVIEW

We strongly recommend that you help protect your computer from víruses by installing and

ung an antisirs progran The Intertet is full of fun placesandyast amants of informatict.

but also some dangers. Your computer can be damaged by a computer virus sent through e-mai

of through program downloaded from the Web. If you do not use antívirus soffware. you run

the risk ofpassingiruses along to other computers as well. If you administer a retwork without

virus protection software, all

A worm is a program that makes copies of itself and can spread outside your operating system; it

can copy itself from one computer to another by using e-mail or another transport mechanism.
Worms can damage computer data and security in much the same ways as viruses, but are

different from viruses in that they copy themselves from system to system.

What is a Trojan horse?

A Trojan horse is a harmless-looking program designed to trick you into thinking it is something

you want, but which performs harmful acts when it runs. It is typically received through

downloads from the Internet. Trojan horses do not spread by themselves like viruses and worms.

Most virus protection programs only detect a limited number of Trojan horses. A good way to

heip protect your computer from Trojan horses is to visit only Web sites you trust, and avoid

downloading things unless you trust the source as well.

BOOTING

Is the process or period that your computer is been ON to initialize the starting-up of your

system by checking the computer hardware and sofware configuration if they are in good

condition for it to be used and if the booting is successful it shows the desktop.

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of thc computers on your network

might be vulnerable.

What is a worm?

nLocate source of power and turn it On

nLocate On button on the UPS (Uninterrupted Power Supply) and turn ít On (and if you have

stabilizer switch it on first before the UPS)

DLocate On button on the CPU (Central Processing Unit i.e. the system base unit) and turn it

On.

STARTING UPA COMPUTER (BOOTING)

nLocate On button on the Monitor (VDU-Visual Display Unit) and turn it On.

nWait for some minutes for the booting process to complete

Note: When the booting is complete, desktop will appear with its features

TASKBAR

Is the first environment that the computer display after a successful booting. Some of the features

on a computer desktop include; taskbar ( date and time, and the running program name) lcons

(My computer, My Document, and Recycle bin etc) Start Button, Mouse Pointer, Desktop

Background.

ICONS

DESKTOP

This feature is found at the button of the desktop that always

gives the task of any running

SOME FEATURES OF DESKTOPS

This is the feature that is found on the left side on the taskbar

that gives access

They are pictures or graphics that represent programs on a computer's desktop. Some of icons

found on desktop after booting are; My Computer, My Document, Recycle Bin etc

DESKTOP BACKGROUND

MOUSE POINTER

This is the background which the desktop/screen has, it can be inform of images that are

attractive or on color base which beautifies the desktop.

It is communicating device pointer that is used in windows to select, point, drag and click

commands on computer's desktop either icons, menus and pictures etc.

SHUTTING DOWN/RESTARTING YOUR COMPUTER

1. Click on start button on the taskbar

2. Choose Shut down\Turn off Computer by clicking on it from start menu. Log Off

(allows to switch user if there is more than one Login User)

3. In the shut down\turn off computer dialog box, click on shut down\turn off option (to

shut down your computer) or Click on Restart option (to restart your computer) or stand

by (to hibernate your computer)

4. Click on Ok (Yes) when you have chosen the option desired. Note: The PC shuts down

immediately if you choose shut down while it restarts when the selected option is restarts.

Also make sure that all windows are closed before you shut down your computer.

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program and it comprises date

and time, quick

lunch icons and the start button,

START BUTTON

to start a program.

It has menus. Some menus under the start button include: Shut down/Turn off Computer, Log

off, Run, Search, and All Programs etc

[Standby] is an option that keeps your computer in a low power.

[Turn of this option shut down windows so that you can safely turn off the computer.

|Restart] shuts down windows and start windows again automatically.

[Cancel] to stop the whole process from happening.

Double-click on the icon you want to open, it will open

Or Right-click on the icon you want to open and Clhck on open on the right-click drop-down

menu or select the icon you want to open and press enter on the keyboard.

Note: these procedures are applicable to all icons of the computer.

OPENING AN JCON

Folders are storage location created by a user for the storage of files.

Creating a folder on the desktop

VRight-click on a blank space in the window you want to create a folder

Point onnew from the quick menu

Click on folder on the nevw menu.

click on file on the menu bar

FOLDER

Backspace and type in a new name for the folder for easy identification,

Renaming a folder

Right click on the folder you want to rename.

Tom the qủick men, click on rename

Backspace and type a new name for the folde.

OR

sclect the folder you want to rename

type in the new name

from the drop-down menu, click on rename

Point on arrange icons

ARRANGING ICONS

Right-click on a blank space in an opened window or desktop

Or Click on view on the menu bar

Click on the desired option of arranging your icons i.e. you either arrange by name, type,

modified, size, auto arrange

Point on arrange icons

Click your desired option to arrange

CHANGING ICONS VIEWS/SIZE

Right-click on a blank space in window

Point on Víew from the drop-down menu.

OPY

Click on the desired view you want i.e. list/ thumbnail/tiles/details

21

Or Click on view on the menu bar, Click on either thumbnail/list/details/tiles and can use

also views option on the toolbar to choose any of your desired views.

> Select the file you want to delete

> Click file on the menu bar

DELETING FILE/FOLDER/DOCUMENT

> Click on delete on the file's menu

> In the prompt dialog box click on Yes

OR

Select the file you want to delete and press delete on the keyboard, in the prompt dialog

box click on Yes, you can right-click on the file you want to delete,

> Click on delete from the drop-down menu and in the prompt dialog box, click on Yes.

> Right-click on a blank area on the desktop

CHANGING DESKTOP BACKGROUND

Click on properties from the drop-down menu

> In the display properties dialog box choose background/desktop on the menu choose

any background you

Click on Apply button

Click on Ok button

> Right-click on a blank arca on the desktop

Click on properties from the drop-down menu.

In the display prosperities dialog box, click screen saver on the menu, choose the type of
Click on Apply button

screen saver you desired, give the waiting time before it displays etc

> Click on Ok button

CHANGING SCREEN SAVER

Note: You can click on start button, Click on control panel on the start menu and in the

control panel window; you can open Display Icon to get the Display Properties Dialog box to

change Adjusting date & time Desktop Background or Sereen Saver.

Click on Ok

COPY

Click on Apply button

Double-click time on Taskbar or Right-click on the Date & Time and click on adjust

date and time

In the Date & Time dialog box click on Date & Time on the menu. Set the calendar and

the time in the properties dialog box to your desired settings

Click on Ok

ADJUSTING DATE & TIME

Note: You can click on start button, open control panel on the start menu, in the control panel

window open Date &Timne icon, in the Date & Time dialog box click on Date & Time on the

menu. Set the calendar and the time in the properties dialog box to your desired settings,

Click on apply button and

22

desired to apply

CHANGING THE TASKBAR POSITION

Right-click on the taskbar

Click on properties from the drop down menu

In the taskbar and start menu properties dialog box, choose the option to change your

taskbar tab menu of the opened dialog box.

Note: Just check the option box base on your own desired way to position the taskbar.

Click on apply button

Click on Ok

DO NOT COPY

Micro

Softwora

24

Micro soft word is one of the application programs under the word processing packages of the

nnuter. It is basically use for documentation i.e. typing, editing and the bcautification of the

document (formatting). Thus, it is also known as the office application package. It comes in

diferent versions which the latest are the upgrade of the previous. E.g. micro soft word 2005,

2003, 2007 and 2010 e.t.c.

HOW TO START UP MICRO SOFET WORD

MICRO SOFTWORD

1. Click on start on the task bar.

2. From the menu tray, point to all programs.

3. From the fly out menu, click on micro soft word or click on the folder with name micro

soft offiçe and then click on micro soft word.

4. Allow the program to open.

THE MICRO SOFT WORD ENVIRONMENT

Title bar: the menu bar display

2. Menu bar: it display the various menus or command use in achieving different kind of
gperation on the micro sofi

3. Standard tool bar: this bar display shortcut tools use in achieving different

operation.

Note: most on the icon or tools of the standard toolbar can also be found on the menu

bar.

4. Formatting tool bar: the fomatting tool bar also display shorteut icons for the

beautification of document (formatting).

Note; all tools on the formatting tool bar can also be found on the menu bar.

5. Ruler bar: the ruler bar is use to set the indent and margin of the printable page or

cditing page and it is divided into vertical and horizontal ruler bars. The horizontal ruler

bar takes care of the left and right margin and the vertical, the top and bottom margin.

6. The vertical and horizontal seroll bar: they are use to view hidden potion of a

full page document left and right, up and down.

7. The edíting area or page: this is the white area that is use for the typing and editing

of documents.

8. The drawing tool bar; it also displays tools that are use for minu graphics on the

micro soft word program

Note; the tools on the drawing tool bar can also be access on the menu bar.

9. Task bar: it is located at the bottom on the environment and it displays the start button,

date and time and also the current program running.

25

the name. on the program the user is currently operating

or the current

page. Itis located at the top of the environment.

word. The comnands includes, file, edit, insert, view, format

c.t.o

10 Control box or buttons: they are four (4) in number. Minimize, maximize, restore

down and closc.

Minimize: is use to hide the current page that is running onto the taskbar. So, when a

page is minimized that does not mean that the user has close the program Note!

Maximize: it is use to magnify or zoom out a page when at a start, it appears small.

Restore down: it use to reduce the size of a page. It does the opposite function of the

maximize button.

Close: use to terminate a program.

The two types of save are "save as" and "save". "Save as" is a command use for the saving on

document for the first time, while save saves your document continuonsly as you type or make

any changes to document.

PROCEDURE:

HOW TO SAVE A DOCUMENT

Click on file on the menu bar.

From

3. Select the location where you want to save the document.

4. On the save as dialog box, type in the file name and click on save.

THE DIFFERENC BETWEEN SAVE AND SAVE AS

Save as is a command use in saving document for the first time while save is use in saving

continuously (CTRL+ S).

FORMATTING A DOCUMENT

PY

This simply means the process of beautifying a document on the micro soft word environment by
increasing it alphabetical size, alphabetical color and underlining e.t.c. The following are use to

format a document;

1. Font: this displays the different types of write up or calligraphy. The default font on the

micro soft word is times new roman.

2. Font size: it displays the different sizes of font and the normal font size is 12 but at least

14 and 16 for headings.

3. Font type: displays other options like bold, italic regular and bold italic. The default font

type is regular.

4, Font color: it displays the color pallet which is use to give fonts color. The normal font

color is automatic.

5. Underline style and color: displays different underline styles and colors.

6. Strikethrough and double strikethrough: these are effect use in giving a text double or

single line horizontally across.

26

the pull down menu,

click ón "save as

7 Super script and sub script: they help in raising text or characters above and bclow the

normal line of typing (X* and X).

PROCEDURE:

1. Sclect the document you want to format.

2. Click on format on the menu bar.

3. From the pull down menu, click on font.

4.

5.

On the font dialog box, make your selection.

Click on ok.

PROCEDURE:

1. Type in a capital letter N"

CREATING THE NAIRA SIGN

2. Select the character and click on format on the menu bar.

3. From the pull down menu, click on font.

4. From the font dialog box, click on double strike through.

5. Click on ok,

PROCEDUREs:

SUPERSCRIPT AND SUBSCRIPT (X and X,)

GTEOPY

To super seript do the following:

1. Select the character you want to superscript.

2. Click on format on the menu bar.

3. From the pull down menu, click on font.

4. From the font dialog box, mark superscript and click on ok.

To sub script do the following:

1. Select the character you want to subscript.

PROCEDURE:

2. Click on format on the menu bar.

3. From the pull down menu, click on font.

4. From the font dialog box, mark subscript and click on ok.

PAGE ORIENTATION

This helps in setting the printable page for printing on different orientations which can either be

landscape or portrait.
1. Click on file on the menu bar.

27

Erom the pull down mcnu, click on page setup.

On the page setup dialog box, under orientation, make your selection and click on ok.

This helps you to check for spelling and grammatical errors.

PROCEDURE:

1. Select the document you want to check.

SPELLING AND GRAMMAR

2 Click on tools on the menu bar.

3. Fromn the pull down menu, click on spelling and grammar

4, Make your selection and click on ok.

THESAURUS (SYNONYMS)

These help to check for words thať are similar in meaning.

PROCEDURE:

DONGL COPY

Select the word you want to check for the meaning.

2. Click on tool on the menu bar.

visible.

3. From the pull down menu, point to language.

This is a command that help in inserting space in bolween lines of your work to make it more

PRODURES:

LINE SPACING

1. Select the document you want to space.

2. Click on format on the menu bar.

3. From the pull down menu, click on paragraph.

4. From the paragraph dialog box, under line spacing, make your selection and click on ok.

PROCEDURE:

TEXT ALIGNMENT

It helps us to position our text or characters from one particular position or the other, from left to

the center or right or justify

1. Select the text or character you want to align.

2. Click on format on the menu bar.

28

From the pull down menu, click on paragraph.

On the paragraph dialog box, under alignment, make your selection and lick on,ok

This is a command that helps in arTanging document in a pillar format for fast reading.

PROCEDURE:

1. Select the document.

). Click on format on the menu bar.

3. From the pull down menu, click on column.

COLUMNS

4. On the column dialog box, select the preset you want.

5. Click on line between if you want line in between the column and elick on ok.

4.

This is a commhd that helps a user lay emphasis on a particular text or character.

PROCEDURE

1. Seleot the character you want to drop.

2. Click on format on the nenu bar.

DONOICOPY

DROP CAP
3. rom the pull down menu click on drop cap.

Clicks on dropped and then click on ok.

Procedure:

This is a command that helps a user to add and beautify the edges of his or her document.

BORDERS AND SHADING

1. Click on format on the menu bar.

2. From the pull down menu, click on borders and shading.

3. On the borders and shading dialog box, click on page border.

4. Make your selection under"art" or.

Procedures:

5. Sclect a line style and give it color and click on ok.

PAGE NUMBER

This helps in the numbering the pages of your document on Microsoft word.

1. Click on insert on the menu bar,

2. From the pull down menu, click on page number,

29

2 Fromn the page number dialog box, select the alignment and position either top or

bottom.

4. Click on ok.

This helps in inserting real pictures or animated pictures in your document (olip art).

Procedure:

1. Place the mouse pointer where you want the picture to appear.

2. Click on insert on the menu bar.

INSERTING PICTURES

3. From the pull down menu, point to picture.

4, From the fly out menu, click on clip art.

5. On the insert clip art dialog box, type in the name of the picture you want under search

text and click on search.

6. Click on the desired picture.

To. cdit clip art do the following:

1. Select the picture by clicking on it.

2. Click on draw on the drawing tool bar

3. From the pull out menu, poin to text wrapping.

4. From the fly out menu, click on tight.

They are use for typing captions

Procedure:

INSERTING TEXT BOX

1. Place the insertion pointer where you want the box to appear.

2. Click on insert on the menu bar.

3. Fromn the pull down menu, click on txt box.

1. Click on table on the menu bar.

ICOPY

This is the arrangement of vertical and horizontal lines in a tabular format use for the entering of

data. Procedure:

TABLE

2. From the pull down menu, point to insert.

5. Click on ok

3. From the fly out menu, click on table.

4. On the insert table dialog, indicate the number of rows and columns you want

30

SERTING EXTRA ROW OR COLUMN

1. Click on table on the menu bar

Point to insert from the pull down menu.

Then click on row or column depending on the one you want to insert.

4, Indicate the number you want and click on ok.

DELETING EXTRA ROWS OR COLUMN

1. Select the potion that you want to delete.

2. Click on table on the menu bar.

3. From the pull down menu, point to delete.

4. Make your selection.

MARGIN CELLS

This simply means the process on joining two or more cells to become one.

Procedure:

1. Select the cells you want to Marge.

2. Click on table on the mnenu bart

3. From the pull down menu, click on Marge cells and click out.

SPLIT CELL

The process of dividing a cell in to smaller cells.

Procedure:

1. Select the cell you want to split.

2. Click on table on the menu bar.

EOP

3. From the pull down menu, click on split cell.

4. Indicate the number on cells you want to split and click on ok.

INTERNET

INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET AND E-MAILNG

BRIEF HISTORY OF THE INTERNET

Many marvelled at how the Internet starts and works. The Internet started in 1969 by the

Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPANET), an agency of the United States Department

of Defense. Ever since, the Internet has been privatized and commercialized and has grown to

millions of users all over the world. No one owns the Internet. It is made up of thousands of

different organizations, who contribute their own information to the mix. The Advanced

Research Projects Agency (ARPANET), an agency of the US Department of Defense, was

commissioned to begin ARPANET, intended to research computer networks. Universities

connected are UCLA, Standford, UC Santa Barbara, and University of Uttah in 1969.

In 1971, Ray Tomlinson of ARPANET invents e-mail that can be sent across a network and in

1972 the first ever computer chat takes place at the UCLA. 1973 ARPANET expands

internationally to University College, London, UK, and the Royal Radar Establishment in

Norway. Telnet, the first commercial version of ARPANET, is begun in 1974. Later in 1980

ARPANET is devastated by an accidental computer virus. Then comes the beginning of this term

called the Internet, this term Internet first used in 1982. In 1987 overseeing the responsibility for

the Internet is transferred fom the Departient af Defense to the National Science Fouidatiof.

Inmmediately

after the shift to National

Science Foundation in 198ss an nternet worm shuts down

6,000 Internet users, and the Computer Emergency Response Team is formed. Nigeria joins
INMARSAT, a mobile satellite service provider. And ARPANET is officially decommissioned

in 1990 and the first commercial dial-up seryice begins. 1991 was the year World Wide Web, a

navigation tool that allows users to point and click with a mouse, is launched. It allows users to

hear sound and see color, video, and graphical representations of information. With this

improvement the first graphics-based Web browser is released in 1993. In 1995 the National

Science Foundation turns the management of the Internet over to commercial organizations.

Nigeria (ng) domain name was registered. The first VSAT license is issued by the Nigerian

Communication Commission (NCC). Today the Internet has become the backbone of every

business on earth. Without the Internet now, imagine the number of businesses that will close

The Need for Internet E-Mails

Do you have business contacts, friends, or family in another Part of the world? Do you want to

know weather report of a city? Do you want to read and watch news? This can be done via the

Internet. The world of vast land mass has become a global village within the reach of anyone

that is interested to utilize the uses of the Internet. You can communicate with them in seconds

by using e-mail. You can send and receive messages immediately, and you don't have to look for

an envelop or stamp! You can even chat, or have electronic conversation in real time" with

someone on the other side of the world,

33

and that of unemployment. Yes! The Internet is the happening place to enjoy almost all aspects

of live. When it comes to communication, it serves uniquely. The area of business, the area of

findings and so on the list can go on base on individuals demands, it serves at it best.

Perhaps you're wondering how the internet might help you. Do you want to plan a trip?

Checkout sports scores? Shop on-line for books, clothes, or even Cars? Read on-line
newspapers and magazines from around the world? All this is on the internet. If you can't find

what you are looking for, you can search for all kinds of in formnation by using search services.

See example of Information Search on page 16. After you connect to the internet, you can learn

more from the web browser tour. Just click the link on your home page (the page you see when

you start Internet Explorer or any web browser).

What's on the internet?

Categories of networks

Is a group of computers connected so they can communicate with each other and share

information. This Networking can be the connection -of two or more computers to share

information within their area.

NETWORK

1. Local Area Networking (LAN): These are privately owned Networks within a single

building or campùs of up to a few kilometers. (Most example the ones in Hospitals, hotels.

corporate offices etc.)

2. Wide Area Network (WAN): These are network on a wide geographical scale often a

country, or continent. They are larger than LANS with more terminals and computers linked to

the network

How the Network Works

3. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN): These are larger version ofLAN and uses similar

Technology. It covers a group nearby corporate offices or city and might be private or public

owned.

The secret of the Net is a Network protocol called TCP/IP that is, a kind of coding system that let

computers electronically described data, like the contents of this module to cach other over the

Network. TCP: Transport or Transmission Control Protocol IP: Internet Protocol.

Protocol: Is a layer of software that lets different system communicate with each other on the
network.

TCP (Transport/Transmission Control Protocol)

The TCP breaks down every piece of data, such as on e-mail messages or instructions into

chunks called packets. And also it is responsible for the integrity of the information as it is move

along the internet, It checks for errors and re-transmitted if there are errors or missing part.

IP (nternet Protocol)

The I P figures out how the data is supposed to get from the sender to the recipient. This lP is

responsible for the delivery of the information to the correct destination.

POSSIBILITIES ONTHE INTERNET

Some of the things you can do on the internet are: Do and transact business; Study online, Seek

34

7Ginah

Employment, you can communicate with other people using e-mail, Shop online, you can have

on-line publication, you can fill forms, view web pages & browse sites, you can download

upload files, read News, watch videos and listen to music ctc.

E-Commerce

E-commerce is the ability to perform transactions online, that is, on the Internet. It is true that

most people know the wob as a storage place for information, however, not many know that the

web is also a shopping outlet filled with millions of products for the internet users to buy. This

services payment can be rendered when you subscribe to a site and pay whatever you are

purchasing and it will be delivered to you. With this online shopping, you are able to purchase

various items online using credit card or master cards or any digital transaction card that is

accepted in stores around the world and have your purchased items shipped directly to you.

E-mail (Electronic Mails)

E-mail is a system of sending messages over the internet between two users who have an email
account. Electronic Mail allows computer users locally and World-Wide to exchange message.

Each user of an email has a mail box address to which messages are sent Messages sent through

e-mail

E- Mail Addresses

Is a location ora box to which electronic mails can be sent to or received e.g.

[email protected]: Every E-mail address must be unique and consist the following

components;

1. The user's name identification

This is a name that a user/person chooses to represent his/her electronic mail box, it actually

identifies the owner of the address, it is not restricted to individuals but could be owned or used

by organization, groups, institutions and industries etc e.g the underlined words are examples,

[email protected], [email protected], [email protected].

2. The at symbol (@)

This sign identifies a user at a server (i.e. large computer) it indicates user as a subject of that

domain (server location) and it is a necessary component of e-mail address. It is also constant,

e.g. The at sign that is underlined, [email protected].

3. The domain name:

Every computer on the internet has an address, thus the domain name is the Internet Address of

the computer or the mail server responsible for the user's electronic mail box. They are donated

either in letters or figures called IP address e.g. yahoo, hisent, hotmail ete

4. Extension:

This usually comes after the domain name. It categories the server (i.e. domain) according to the

kind or services it offers and also helps to give us information about its meaning e.g. -gov-

Governmental ministries & agencies, .co-Company, .net-Network sites, .com-Commercial

35
can arrive

within a matter of seconds. E-mail can also be defined as the use of computer

to generate and sent mails electronically using

electronic mail program software.

sites, .org-Organization sites, .edu-Education sites, ng- Nigeria, .ca-Canada, za-South

Africa, .Uk-United Kingdom etc.

1. Browse- Navigate

To browse or navigate the internet refers to moving around the internet searching

information. This could refer to as "SURFING." To do this you require a software called

a Browser e.g. Netscape Navigator, Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Opera etc.

2. Download

This refers to transferring or copying a file/document from an internet location into your

own storage device such as your hard disk or floppy.

3. Upload

SOME INTERNET TERMINOLOGIEs

Uploading data or information refers to your putting information into the internet that can

be viewed by other computers.

4. Online/ Ofline

Online is when you are connected to the internet. Offline is when you are not connected

to the internet or when you

5. Homc

This is the main page saved on your computer as the page that will appear when you open

your web browser or when you launch Internet Explorer. Every web site on the internet

has its home page ie. it the main page of website as soon as you are connected to website

the home page of the site is displayed; however homepage may vary from one another.
6. HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)

An internet protocol that transfers HTML documents over the internet that is, it allows you to

view, download and upload web pages from various computers on the internet.

7. HTML (Hypertext Mark-Up Language)

This is a programming language that is used in the coding and creation of web pages; with this

language coded information on web can be created and read through special software called a

browser.

8. Hyperlink

This is an icon, a text or even a picture that allows you to navigate to another (i.e. it point to

another) and are used in web pages to link point/connect to another page on the website. A

hyperlink is simply a bit of text or picture that points to another web page and it can be access by

simply pointing it and clicking it whenever the mouse pointer changes to a hand shape.

9. URL (Universal/Uniform Resource Locator)

The URL is an addressing format on the internet which identifies a particular or specific internet

resource. The URL is just a website address in whole

36

get disconnected from it.

page

1. Password

Is a secret code, key or phrase usually a word that validate the identity of a user for Seoue

program it appears as a asterisk in computer (e.g.***** represent Letters)

2. Login ID

Is a user's identification not an e-mail address usually used to open a private e-mail bank (e.g

Amno) while logout is leaving as session from an online account.

3. E-mail address
E-MAIL TERMINOLOGIES

Is a box which people can send and receive their messages. It contains the user's name, the "@

sign and the domain name (post office) e.g. [email protected]

4. Sign Up Now/Sign Up

Is a phrase use to open or register an e-mail address with an ISP (e.g. yahoo, g-mail etc)

Therefore click on it, fill the form and submit it.

5. Sign In/ Sign out

Sign in Usually is a button used to open an e-mail box after key in your ID and the password

Traditionally, after the whole service, such as checking the incoming and outgoing mails in

private e-mail box, it is important

1. Computer

CONNECTING TO THE INTERNET

Connecting to the internet involves MODEM a phone line and an internet services provider

(SP). An ISP is a company that provides you with internet connection service through your

phone line. Youll fnd a wide range of ISPs that provide dhfferent serviees, sugh as, email or

your own web page, and pricing levels. If you want, you can choose one line the internet

connection Wizard.

Requirement For Internet Connectivity

3. Phone lines

The computer that will be used for connection to the internet must have at least a 486 processor

or higher and running an appropriate operating system and software that is compatible with dial-

up networking. However, it must have at least 3.2GB Hard Disk space and 32 MB of memory.

Because the larger the RAM the more the speed and efficient will be realized on line.

2. MODEM (Modular & Demodulator)

DV
This second requirement is very vital. Is a piece of equipment that is plug into a computer

connects with telephone line that will allow it to dial-up to an lSP that connects you to the

Internet. This device transfer computer binary codes into telephone digital code that can be

transferred over phone lines into ánd off the internet. MODEM could be internal or extermal, by

external it means the MODEM is attached to the computer system externally (outside), while the

internal MODEM is connected to the computer system right inside the casing.

37

Write s

to click on sign out at the top of e-mail box. But if the reverse

is the càse someone else.

One other very important device necessary for getting connected to the internet is a telephoe

line (Digital). It is so important because it is the important medium through which information o

data comes to/leaves your computer system.

4. ISP (internet Service provider)

This requirement for connectivity to the internet is subscription to a good and sufficient ISP. The

ISP is the server that actually connects your dial-up network to the intemet, Some ISP in Nigeria

are; Nitel, Alphlinkserve, info-web, skymet, Afrione, mtn, Multilinks, Zain, Glo etc.

Launching Internet Explorer

Click on Start Button on the taskbar

Note: You click on quick launch Mozilla firefox icon on the taskbar.

Go to AII Programs and click on Mozilla firefox or Double-Click on Mozilla firefox

icon on the Desktop

Go to www.yahoomail.com by typing it on the address bar or type Yahoo! Website i.e.

www.yahoo.com. After it launch, click on mail.

How to Create an E-mail Account

Click on a Mail to take you to yahoomail Page

Click "sign up" link on yahoomail page or in Home page to you can click 'sign up

A form will appear. Fill the form's required information

Click on submit or create my account at the bottom part of the form

You will be congratulated for having a hew mail account by the Yahoo! Engine.

To Open Your Mail Box

Launch the website that is responsible of your mail account. That is, www.yahoo.com for yahoo

users, www.google.com for g-mail users etc.

Click on Mails link when you are in yahoo site Homepage (yahoo)

Type your E-mail lD and Password in the ID and Password strings respectively.

DV

Click on Sign In or press enter on the keyboard. This will take you to your e-mail box

Click on Mail or Check Mail link in your mail box for your mails. Then, if you want to

check you mails click on Inbox, otherwise, click on Compose or New link to send new

message

Click on Sign Out or Log Out when you are through with your mail box.

Sending E-Mail Message

In your mail box, click on compose or New. A page is display.

In the To bar, type the email address e.g. ezebok(@yahoo.com: of the Recipient.

38

If needed in the CC (Carbon Copy) box t type the address of each of the recipient of the
mail and separate them with a comma () or semi colon () e.g. rose@yahoo. con,

vick(@hotmail.com

Note: a CC box is used only if you want any other recipicnt or person apart from the main

recipient to receive the same copy of the message. But if only directed to one person, leave he

CC box blank/empty. The BCC (Blind Carbon Copy) do the same thing as the CC box.

In the subject string type the subject of your message e.g. Greeting, Invitation, Meeting

etc.

• Type you message

Note: If you want to spell-check your message click on spell-check to correct it as you want.

Click on send button at the top of your message box or at the bottom.

Receiving Messages or Reading your Mails

After you Sign In your Account or mail address

In your E-mail box, click on Inbox.

To read any of your message, click on the subject of the message in the Inbox message

list

To Open a Webpage/Website

•Once you launched Mozilla firefox

•Go to the Address bar and type the wcbsite address you want e.g. www.chn.com.

On the left. Click on Go or press enter on the keyboard.

DV

To Search for In formation

3. Click on Search Tab.

1. First make sure you are on a search website like, www.google.com, www.ask. com,

www.alvista.com, www.yaho0.com etc.

2. In the search string, type what you are looking for or type the word or group of word
you are seeking information about.

4. A list of Sites will appear that match the information you typed in the search string

5. Open any of the page to view more of the details. If the information is helpful, you can

either save it or print it.