Principles of Medical Laboratory Science 1

THE PROFESSION OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE

Medical Technology - Have passed the prescribed

- Also known as laboratory medicine, clinical course, Bachelor of Science in Medical
laboratory science, and medical laboratory Technology or Bachelor of Science in
science Hygiene (nowadays Bachelor of Science in
Public Health)
Definitions of Medical Technology - Have passed the Board
Examinations for Medical Technologists
- Fagelson (1961)
▪ Branch of medicine concerned with the Pathologists (as defined in R.A. 5527)
performance of laboratory determinations - A duly registered physician who is
and analyses used in the diagnosis and specially trained in methods of laboratory
treatment of disease and the maintenance of medicine, or the gross and microscopic study
health and interpretation of tissues, secretions, and
excretions of the human body and its
- Walters (1966) functions in order to diagnose disease, follow
▪ The health profession concerned with its course, determine the effectivity of
performing laboratory analyses in view of treatment, ascertain cause of death and
obtaining information necessary in the advance medicine by means of research.
diagnosis and treatment of diseases as well
as in the maintenance of good health Medical Laboratory Technician (as defined in
R.A. 5527)
- Heinemann (1963) - A person certified and registered
▪ Application of the principles of natural, with the Board of Medical Technology as
physical, and biological sciences in qualified to assist a medical technologist
laboratory procedures to aid in the diagnosis and/or qualified pathologist in the practice of
and treatment of diseases medical technology.

- R.A. 5527 (The Philippine Medical

Phlebotomist
Technology Act of 1969):
- An individual trained to draw blood
▪ Auxiliary branch of medicine which deals
either for laboratory tests or for blood
with examinations using various chemical,
donations.
microscopic, bacteriologic, and other
- In the Philippines, a medical
medical laboratory procedures or techniques
technologist is required to be skilled in
that will aid the physician in the diagnosis,
phlebotomy. Nowadays, phlebotomy is a skill
study, and treatment of disease and in the
confined not only to medical technologists
promotion of health in general
but also to other health care practitioners as
well, provided that they were given
The Medical Technologists and Other
certification by a reputed certifying or training
Allied Health Professionals
body.
Medical Technologist (as defined in R.A.
Blood Bank Technologists
5527)
- Medical technologists who are
- A person who engages in the work
specialized in the process of testing and
of medical technology under the supervision
preparing of blood for transfusion
of a pathologist (or licensed physician
authorized by the Department of Health in
places where there is no pathologist)
Cytotechnologist ➢ He associated the four humors to
- Laboratory practitioners certain human behaviours and
specialized in the preparation of cell slides further concluded that all diseases
for microscopic study and detection of were due to imbalance of these four
cellular abnormalities. humors.

Histotechnologists Four humors:

- Medical technologists who are Blood (sanguis)
specialized in preparation of solid tissue o Sanguine: Courageous, hopeful,
samples for examination under the playful, carefree
microscope Yellow bile (khole)
o Choleric: Ambitious, leader-like,
HISTORY OF THE MEDICAL restless, easily angered
TECHNOLOGY PROFESSION Black bile (melaina khole)
o Melancholic: Despondent, quiet,
Early Beginnings analytical, serious
Phlegm (phlegma)
Vivian Herrick traces the beginning o Phlegmatic: Calm, thoughtful,
of medical technology to as early as 1550 BC patient, peaceful
when the first documented records of
parasites and parasitic infections were d. Galen (180 AD)
made. ➢ Described diabetes as “diarrhea of
a. Ebers papyrus (1500 BC) urine” and established the
➢ The oldest preserved Egyptian relationship between fluid intake
compilation of medical texts. and urine volume.
➢ Contains the first accounted records
of intestinal parasitic infection Ruth Williams believe that medical
caused by Ascaris lumbricoides and technology began from the medieval period.
Taenia species e. Medieval Period (1098-1438)
➢ Diagnosis by ‘water casting’
b. Sushruta (600 BC) (uroscopy) was widely practiced.
➢ A Hindu physician who described ➢ Urinalysis became commonplace
diabetes as characterized by and was a practice that was
passage of large amount of urine. followed with exaggerated zeal.
➢ He further noted that the Patients submitted their urine
madhumeha (‘honey urine’) from specimen in decorative flasks.
diabetes patients is sweet in taste ➢ Physicians who failed to examine
and can attract black ants. the urine samples were subjected to
public beatings.
c. Hippocrates (300 BC)
➢ A Greek physician considered as Anna Fagelson prefers to date the
the “father of medicine” and author beginnings of medical technology in the 14th
of the Hippocratic oath century
➢ Described four humors (body fluids) f. Alessandra Gillani (14th century)
in the human body ➢ Was hired at the University of
➢ Concluded that the appearance of Bologna by Mondino de’ Liuzzi, an
bubbles, blood, and pus in urine Italian doctor, to perform some tests
indicated kidney disease and and other tasks in the laboratory
chronic illnesses ➢ Unfortunately, Gillani died from a
➢ Adopted a triad of drugs, surgery, laboratory-acquired disease in 1326
and bloodletting in treating diseases
and infection
Onset of Modern Medical Technology microscopist and the hospital
chemist.
a. Marcello Malphigi ▪ 1855: Dr. Calvin Ellis became the
➢ Described as the ‘greatest’ of the hospital microscopist. He is the first
early microscopists in the hospital to significantly utilize
➢ Became renowned for his the microscope in examination of
exploration of embryology and specimens leading to a diagnosis.
physiology of the glands and the
viscera. b. Dr. William Welch
➢ Regarded as the founding father of ▪ 1878: Opened a teaching laboratory
modern anatomic pathology. at Bellevue Medical College (New
York University Medical School)
b. Rudolf Virchow after studying several German
➢ Recognized as the father of laboratories.
microscopic pathology and is ▪ He gave the first laboratory course
credited to have established the in pathology offered in an American
world’s first pathology laboratory Medical School
➢ Was the first scientist/ physician of ▪ Became the first physician recruited
the time who emphasized the study to be a professor at the Johns
of the manifestation of diseases and Hopkins University in 1886
infections, which are visible at the
cellular level by means of a c. William Pepper Laboratory of Clinical
microscope. Medicine (1895)
▪ Established by the Hospital of the
c. Von Ziemssen (1886) University of Pennsylvania
➢ Established the first hospital- ▪ Considered by many as the first
attached clinical laboratory in legitimate clinical science
Munich, Germany laboratory in the United States
➢ The clinical laboratory he
established was described to be d. University of Michigan Hospital
well-conceived with a chemical, a ▪ Opened the first well-equipped
physical, and a bacteriological chemical laboratory related to
department, a working library, and medicine, where Dr. Douglas
rooms for practical courses and the (unspecified) was the first to give
examination of patients. laboratory instructions.
*Note: Cardona et al. (2015) reports this
Medical Technology in its Modern Onset laboratory as the first clinical laboratory set-
in the United States up in the U.S.

a. Massachusetts General Hospital e. Johns Hopkins Hospital

(MassGen, Training hospital of Harvard ▪ Opened its clinical laboratory in
Medical School) 1896
▪ 1847: Established the position of ▪ 1898: Dr. William Osler, a Canadian
“Chemist-Microscopist” whose physician and professor,
duties included assisting at established ward laboratories at the
autopsies Johns Hopkins Hospital where
▪ 1854: John Bacon Jr. was employed routine tests were performed by
as the Chemist- Microscopist. attending physicians.
However, he later suggested to
separate the duties of the hospital
f. Rockefeller Institute (1903) Despite the training of many technicians by
the Army during the war and the laboratory
▪ Located in New York; Established
courses offered by several medical
its own clinical laboratory headed by schools, the demand for reliable, well-
Dr. Simon Flexner trained technicians greatly exceeded their
availability.
g. James Campbell Todd (1908)
▪ Wrote a book entitled Clinical l. R.B.H Gradwohl (1920)
Diagnosis: A Manual of Laboratory ▪ Proposed the establishment of
Methods, which described the schools for the proper training of
techniques and procedures of the laboratory technicians and for the
laboratory tests available then organization of a laboratory
examining board to pass on their
h. John Bernard Henry qualifications for employment
▪ Edited the book authored by Todd.
The said book was later named as m. American Society for Clinical Pathology
Henry’s Clinical Diagnosis and ▪ Founded in 1922 with the objective
Management by Laboratory of encouraging the maintenance of
Methods. This book then became status of clinical pathologists
the fundamental source in the ▪ Also established the code of ethics
practice of laboratory medicine. for technicians and technologists
stating that these allied health
i. Pennsylvania State Legislature (1915) professionals should work under the
▪ Passed a law requiring all hospitals supervision of a physician and
and institutions to have complete refrain from making oral or written
laboratory facilities with full-time diagnosis and advising physicians
technicians, which gave laboratory on how patients should be treated.
services a chance to be fully ▪ American Society for Clinical
recognized and widely utilized. Laboratory Science: Originally
formed as a subgroup of ASCP,
j. World War I (1914-1918) helped in the recognition of
▪ Produced a great demand for nonphysician clinical laboratory
technicians. scientists as autonomous
▪ Physicians with knowledge on professionals.
laboratory works began to teach
their assistants to do some tests for n. University of Minnesota
them. ▪ Was the first to offer a degree
▪ Faced with reductions in medical program on medical technology in
staff because of America’s entry into 1923
World War I, hospitals started hiring
and training women to become o. 1950’s
laboratory technicians. ▪ Medical technologists in the United
States sought professional
k. John Kolmer (1918) recognition from the government of
▪ Called for the development of a their educational qualifications
method that would certify medical through licensure laws.
technologists on a national scale
▪ Published The Demand for and
Training of Laboratory Technicians
that included a description of the
first formal training course in
Medical Technology
 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY IN THE trainees and the duration of the
PHILIPPINES training was not set.
• Dr. de Roda recognized the
a. 1944 problems and instructed Dr. Sta.
• During the onslaught of World War Ana to prepare a formal syllabus
II, U.S. bases were set up in Leyte.
• Members of the U.S. healthcare d. Dr. de Roda, Dr. Sta. Ana, and Dr. Tirso
team were brought to the country to Briones (1954)
serve their wounded soldiers and • Conducted a six-month training
civilians. course with certification. (However,
• 26th Medical Laboratory of the the project did not last long since
6th Infantry of the US Army formal education began in the same
• The first clinical laboratory in the year).
Philippines; Established on
Quiricada Street, Sta. Cruz, Manila. Formal Medical Technology Education
• Now known as Manila Public Health in The Philippines
Laboratory.
• By February 1944, it provided a one- a. Philippine Union College (now the
year training program to high school Adventist University of the Philippines) and
graduated to work as laboratory Manila Sanitarium Hospital (now the Manila
technicians. Adventist Medical Center)
• 1954: Offered the first four-year
b. June 1945 Bachelor of Science in Medical
Technology program in the
• Staff of the 6th US Army left the
facility after endorsing the newly Philippines
established clinical laboratory to the • Founders credited for development
National Department of Health. of the first Medical Technology
However, the laboratory facilities program include:
were not fully utilized and was later
non-operational. - Dr. Willa Hilgert Hedrick:
“Founder of medical technology
c. Dr. Pio de Roda education in the Philippines”
• Filipino doctor who was a former
staff of the 26th Medical Laboratory ▪ With the help of Mrs.
and a well-known bacteriologist Antoinette McKelvey,
prepared the course
• Preserved the remains of the
curriculum and established
laboratory with the help of Dr.
the first complete
Mariano Icasiano, who was the first
laboratory in microbiology,
City Health Officer of Manila
parasitology, and
• October 1, 1945: Dr. de Roda, with
histopathology at the
the help of Dr. Prudencio Sta. Ana,
Manila Sanitarium Hospital
formally re-established the
laboratory
- Dr. Reuben Magsaysay: The
• 1947: Dr. de Roda and Dr. Sta. Ana then president of the Philippine
offered a training program to high Union College
school and paramedical graduates
who were interested in working as
- Rev. Warren: President of the
medical technicians
North Philippine Mission of
• The training program was initially
Seventh Day Adventist and
unsuccessful because no
certificates were issued to the
 director of the Bureau of 2. Perform special procedures
Education 3. Ensure accuracy and precision of results
4. Be honest in practice
• Dr. Jesse Umali 5. Ensure timely delivery of results
- First student to graduate Medical 6. Demonstrate professionalism
Technology from the Philippine
7. Uphold confidentiality
Union College in 1956
8. Collaborate with other health care
- Later pursued a career in medicine
professionals
(OB-Gyne)
9. Conduct research
b. University of Santo Tomas 10. Involvement in health promotion
programs
• 1957: Started offering medical
technology as an elective subject to
In the Philippines, a licensed medical technologist’s
pharmacy students.
roles, responsibilities, and expected conduct are
• 1961: Medical technology was governed by the Medical Technology Code of
recognized as an official program in Ethics.
UST with the first three years as a
three-year academic course and the
Medical Technology Code of Ethics
fourth year as an internship
program. As I enter into the practice of Medical
Technology, I shall accept the
c. Centro Escolar University responsibilities inherent to being a
• 1960: Began offering the medical professional; I shall uphold the law and shall
technology program, which was not engage in illegal work nor cooperate with
anyone so engaged; I shall avoid associating
later granted a recognition permit by
or being identified with any enterprise of
the Bureau of Education questionable character;

d. Far Eastern University I shall work and act in a strict spirit of fairness
• 1961: Started its School of Medical to employer, clients, contractors, employees
Technology, which was later and in a spirit of personal helpfulness and
fraternity toward other members of the
formally approved by the Bureau of
profession;
Education
I shall use only honorable means of
e. Saint Louis University competition for professional employment or
• 1966: SLU started offering Bachelor services and shall refrain from unfairly
of Science in Medical Technology injuring, directly or indirectly, the
professional reputation, projects or business
• 1970: The Imelda R. Marcos Clinical of a fellow medical technologist; I shall
Laboratory (now SLU Clinical accept employment from more than one
Laboratories opened to offer employer only when there is no conflict of
training for SLU medical technology interest;
interns
I shall perform professional work in a manner
• 1971: BSMT was recognized and
that merits full confidence and trust carried
approved by MECS (Ministry of
out with absolute reliability, accuracy,
Education, Culture, and Sports)
fairness and honesty; I shall review the
professional work of other medical
THE MODERN FILIPINO MEDICAL
technologists, when requested, fairly and in
TECHNOLOGIST
confidence whether they are subordinates or
employees, authors of proposals for grants
Roles and Responsibilities of Medical
or contracts, authors of technical papers or
Technology Professionals:
other publications or involved in litigation;
1. Perform clinical laboratory testing
I shall advance the profession by exchanging
general information and experience with
fellow medical technologists and other
professionals and by contributing to the work
of professional organizations;

I shall restrict my praises, criticisms, views

and opinions within constructive limits and
shall not use the knowledge I know for selfish
ends; I shall treat any information I acquired
about individuals in the course of my work as
strictly confidential, and may be divulged
only to authorized persons or entities or with
consent of the individual when necessary;

I shall report any infractions of these

principles of professional conduct to the
authorities responsible of enforcement of
applicable laws or regulations, or to the
Ethics Committee of the Philippine
Association of Medical Technologists as may
be appropriate.

To these principles, I hereby subscribe and

pledge to conduct myself at all times in a
manner befitting the dignity of my profession.

THE MEDICAL TECHNOLOGIST IN THE NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL SETTING

NATIONAL PROFESSIONAL more dignified level and standardize the

ORGANIZATIONS AND BODIES laboratory practice.

1. Philippine Association of Medical • Birth of PAMET: 10:00 A.M. on

Technologists (PAMET) September 15, 1963 at the Manila
Public Health Laboratory in Sta.
- The only accredited professional Cruz, Manila
organization for Filipino Medical *Note: At the same time, Mrs. Belen
Technologists Siasco-Jose planned to establish a
similar organization but failed.
Historical Notes of PAMET
• First national convention and
election of officers were held on
• Crisanto G. Almario
September 20, 1964 in Far Eastern
- "Father of PAMET'
University wherein Charlemagne
- Graduated from Manila College of
Tamondong became the first
Pharmacy, now called the Manila
president.
Central University
- Licensed pharmacist who worked
Core Values:
as a laboratory technician at the San
✓ Excellence: Adherence to high
Lazaro Hospital where he felt the
standards of practice
need to uplift the profession to a
 ✓ Professionalism: Moral standards Official Logo
and responsibility. • Circle
✓ Commitment: Commitment to -Continuous involvement
selflessness, dedication, where practice and education
initiativeness, creativity and must always be integrated
resourcefulness. • Triangle
✓ Unity: Linkages and support among -Refers to the trilogy of
other professional organizations love, respect, and integrity.
advocating the achievement of a • Green color
common goal. -Health
• Microscope and the snake
-Science and profession
of medical technology
• 1964
-Time of the first PAMET
election
Presidents:
Term President Legacy Highlights
1963-1967 Charlemagne T. "Emergence of Public acceptance and recognition of
Tamondong the PAMET
Profession"
1967-1970 Nardito D. "Professional Approval of R.A. 5527
Moraleta Recognition" "Currently, SB 2722 (Medical Technology Act of
2011) by Senator Edgardo Angara is being
worked out as potential replacement

SEC registration of PAMET

1st Board of Examiners and first MT Board
Exam

1970-1971, Felix E. Asprer "Legislative Approval of PD 498 (first amendment to RA 5527 during
1973-1977 Agenda" martial law)

PAMET was recognized by PRC as an official accredited

professional organization
1971-1973 Bernardo T. "Celebration of Amendments to the Teves Law (salaries of medical
Tabaosares the Practice" professionals)

Third week of September as the

Philippine Medical Technology Week
1973 (Jan - Angelina R. Jose “Career Upgrading of the Medical Technnology profession
Sep) Advocacy” (back then, she pushed the professional code from
number 20 to number 3)

1977-1982 Venerable C.V. “Educational Monthly seminars for the continuing professional
Oca Enhancement” education of medical technologists

Monthly medical missions offering free laboratory

services to the poor and less fortunate

Monthly quiz contests participated in by different MT

schools
1982-1992 Carmenata P. Acedera “Image Building”
Awards to deserving chapters and members

Standardization of salary grade 13 to 22

Hazard pay equivalent to 25%

Aggressive and relevant CPE for
competence sustenance with
corresponding units

Sportsfest and inter-collegiate quiz show in

the Medical Technology Week celebration

1992-1996 Marilyn R. Abenza “Proactivism” Closer coordination between PAMET and

PASMETH

Approval of the PAMET constitution and by-

laws (1992)

1997-2001 Norma N. Chang “International 1997 Code of Ethics of the Medical

Leadership” Technology Profession

Registration Of the Philippine Journal Of

Medical Technology in the International
Library of Congress with a corresponding
ISSN number

Philippine Council for Quality Assurance in

Clinical Laboratories (PCQACL)

2001-2002 Agnes B. Medenilla “Organizational Job fairs for newly registered MT

2005-2006 Dyanism”
PAMET as recipient of the Most
Outstanding Professional Organization by
CHAP in 2001
“Alagang Safeguard, Alagang Nanay” ad
campaign with Procter & Gamble
2002-2005 Shirley I. Fabian Cruzada “Interdiciplinary "Dagdag Karunungan, Kinabukasan Thesis/
Networking” Dissertation Grant

Collaborative activities: PAMET website

Research fund for PAMET members
Student research forum during the Medical
Technology Week celebration.

2006- 2013 Leila M. Florento “Beyond CPE for MT

Expectations”
Collaboration with P&G: "Limang Hakbang
Tungo sa Kalusugan" — a joint effort by
PAMET and PNRC

Research-related activities
2013 - 2015 Romeo Joseph J. “Golden V.O.I.C.E. : Visibility, Oneness, Integrity,
Ignazcio Celebration” Commitment, & Excellence
“Soar Higher
through
V.O.I.C.E”
2015 - 2020 Ronaldo E. Puno “Empowerment” Empowering Medical Technologists towards
Global Advancement

2020 - present Rommel F. Sacada

2. Philippine Association of - Primary aim: Establish
Schools of Medical Technology camaraderie among students via
and Public Health (PASMETH) activities centered on social and
- National organization of all cultural developments, community
registered schools of medical outreach programs, and leadership
technology in the Philippines training/ seminars.
- Aim: Maintain the highest
standards of medical technology/ INTERNATIONAL BODIES RELATED
public health education and to
TO THE PROFESSION OF MEDICAL
foster closer relations among these
LABORATORY SCIENCE
schools

Historical notes of PASMETH 1. Clinical and Laboratory Standards

Institute (CLSI)
• May 13, 1970: Director Narciso
- Formerly known as NCCLS (National
Albarracin appointed Dr. Serafin J.
Committee for Clinical Laboratory
Juliano (FEU) and Dr. Gustavo U.
Standards)
Reyes to organize an association
- A not-for-profit membership organization
of deans/ heads of schools of MT
with the primary aim for fostering excellence
and hygiene
in laboratory medicine
• June 22, 1970: First organizational
- Develops CLINICAL LABORATORY
meeting of PASMETH at UST
TESTING STANDARDS & GUIDELINES
• October 6, 1989: Registration with
based on input from and consensus among
the SEC
industry, government, and health care
- Current president: Dean Bernard
professionals.
Ebuen
- Vision: Quality Practices for better health
- Accomplishments (Highlights):
- Mission: Develop dinical and laboratory
▪ Continuing professional
practices and promote their use worldwide
education programs for
MT faculty members o - Common publications utilized by clinical
laboratories in the perforrnance of tests:
▪ Standard curriculum for o MIOO: Performance Standards for
the B.S. Medical Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing
Technology program. o GP41: Collection of Diagnostic
Venous Blood Specimens
▪ Standard course syllabi for o GP48: Essential Elements of a
professional subjects in Phlebotomy Training Program
medical technology. o QMSOI : A Quality Management
System Model for Laboratory
▪ Annual PASMETH- Services
PAMET quiz show.
2. American Society for Clinical
3. Philippine Society of Medical Pathology (ASCP)
Technology Students - A professional association based in
(PHISMETS) Chicago, Illinois encompassing pathologists
- Organized in 2002 during the term and laboratory professionals; Advocates for
of Dean Zenaida Cajucom the recognition of pathologists and medical
- First advisers: Prof. Marilyn Bala, laboratory personnel
Prof. Nova Aida Cajucom, Prof. - ASCP Board of Certification
Zennie B. Aceron o Provides global certification for
- Reorganized on November 25. generalist and specialist medical
2006 under the umbrella of the laboratory professionals
PASMETH
3. National Instituto of Standards and o ISO 15189 "Medical Laboratories-
Technology (NIST) Requirements for Quality and
- One of the oldest physical science Competence"
laboratories; Currently under the US ▪ It provides standards for
Department of Commerce technical competence that
- Promotes innovation and industrial, are unique to medical
competitiveness by advancing laboratories.
measurement science. standards and ▪ It also provides quality
technology management system
- Contributions/roles in clinical laboratory similar to that of ISO 9001
testing: but within the context of
o Specifying Class A tolerances for the medical laboratory
laboratory glass wares such as setting.
serological pipettes, beakers, b. College of American
biurets, graduated cylinders, etc. Pathologists (CAP)
• All laboratory utensils - Member-based physician
should be Class A organization composed exclusively
whenever possible to of pathologists certified by the
maximize accuracy and American Board of Pathology
precision - Offers accreditation services to
• All NIST-certified Class A help laboratories team
glass wares (such as accreditation under ISO 15189
Class A pipets) do not Medical Laboratories
need to be recalibrated by - Laboratory Accreditation Program:
the clinical laboratory Peer-based inspection model
o Production of standards used for o Uses teams of practicing
calibration of laboratory professionals qualified
instruments through a CAP training
• E.g., NIST Class S which will perform on-site
Weights that are used for inspections every two
calibrating analytical years using CAP
balances ACCREDITATION
CHECKLISTS
4. Laboratory Accrediting Bodies
o CAP ACCREDITATION
a. International Organization for CHECKLISTS
Standardization (ISO) ▪ All Common Checklist
(COM): Contains a
An independent, non-governmental
core set of
international organization with a membership
requirements that
of 164 national standard bodies.
apply to all areas
- Develops and provides common standards performing laboratory
between nations in food safety, agriculture, tests and procedures.
and healthcare ▪ Discipline-specific
checklist: Designed
- Provides internationally-recognized for a specific working
accreditation of workplaces and industries area in the laboratory
based on standards
c. The Joint Commission
Standards applicable in the clinical
- Formerly JCAHO (Joint
laboratory setting:
Commission on Accreditation of
o ISO 9001 "Quality Management Healthcare Organizations) and
Systems-Requirements" previous to that, the Joint
 Commission on Accreditation of
Hospitals (JCAH)
- Independent, not-for-profit
organization that certifies health
care organizations and programs
across the US.

5. American Association of Blood Banks

(AABB)

- Global leader in standards

development, accreditation and
implementation of quality systems IN
TRANSFUSION MEDICINE AND
CELLULAR THERAPIES
- Has the primary vision of making
transfusion medicine and cellular
therapies safe, available, and effective
worldwide.

6. Centers for Disease Control and

Prevention (CDC)

- A public health institute under the US

Department of Health and Human
Services which has the primary aim of
protecting the public from health, safety,
and security threats.
- Provides the standard guidance for
biosafety and biosecurity practices in
laboratories across the US (and has been
widely adopted by many countries)
- Provides standards that help
laboratories manage the presence of
biohazards
o Co-authors the manual
Biosafetvin Microbioloqical and
Biomedical Laboratories (now in
its 501 Edition) in partnership with
the National Institutes of Health.