14-09-2025
What is a spectrogram ?
SPECTROGRAM
A quality control toll for spinner
Periodic variation & drafting wave are easily &
clearly seen in spectrogram
Dr. Ashvani Goyal Horizontal axis-
Associate Professor wavelength of irregularity on a logarithmic scale
T.I.T.S, Bhiwani Vertical Axis
Amplitude in linear scale
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Information from a Spectrogram Information continue…
Spectrogram is a Fourier analysis of variations
present in the materials.
Random variation indicated by ‘hill’ and periodic
variation indicated by peak or ‘chimney’ in a
spectrogram
Hump due to drafting wave for:
Cotton yarns has at 6 – 8 cms
A-Periodic irregularities Woollen yarns has at 20 cms
OE yarns has at less length than ring because fibres are
B-Drafting wave
curled with hooks leading to a lower projected length on
yarn axis.
C-Random irregularity(Ideal spectrum)
D-Imperfection in drafting system
Ashvani Goyal, TITS, Bhiwani Ashvani Goyal, TITS, Bhiwani
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14-09-2025
Spectrogram of Ideal yarns Periodic fault in a spectrogram
When height of chimney ’P’ is greater than
or equal to B/2, (P>=B/2) The appearance
of the fabrics begins to be negatively
affected
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Periodic fault continue… Drafting wave in a spectrogram
Wavelength ‘’ Show up as ’humps’
For eccentric m/c part extending over a range
= Dx3.14xDelivery rate of wavelength
Surface Sp. Of eccent. part Wavelength is 2.5 - 3.0
For drafting roll times mean weight
Dx3.14xDraft bet. Defective
biased fibre length
and front roll Highest elevation at
approx. 2-3 inch
Figs. shows drafting
wave from 1.5 – 6 inch
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14-09-2025
Example-1: Mechanical fault in combed yarn
Wavelength
3-4 inch i.e circumference
of roller
Causes
Irregularities at different stages
Eccentric front roller
Defective bearing
of spinning in a spectrogram
Worn or non homogeneous
covering
Flutes not suitable
1A:Insignificant effect
2B:Appearance of fabric
affected
3C:Disturbing fabric effect &
reduced yarn breaking strength
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Example-2: Mechanical fault in yarn Example-3:Drafting wave in combed yarn
Magnitude of D.W.
Same as last slide
=ratio of highest elevation of
One component each DW to faultless trace i.e X/Y
3A: Ratio 1.1-1.2 which is
shows up in two
practically insignificant
neighbouring channel 3B: Ratio 1.5 would have
in lower amplitude noticeable influence in fabric
3C: Ratio 1.7 produce weak
Wavelength lies
yarn & poor fabric
between two channel
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14-09-2025
Example-5:Drafting wave in yarn due to
Example-4:Drafting wave in carded yarn roving frame
Stronger DW than combed DW due to main drafting
yarn zone of roving frame
4A: Ratio 1.3 insignificant 5A: For 10 X
4B: Ratio 1.7, Average 5B: For 20 X
4C: Ratio 2.0, Bad 5C: For 40 X
(X=Draft ratio at ringframe)
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Example-6:Mechanical and drafting wave
Yarn fault continue.. fault in roving
Wavelength 16 inch-3yd Wavelength 2in.-1 yd : A-.75”, B-4”, C-18” First peak is caused by
Due to Due to A: caused by bad meshing eccentric front roller
Faulty pinion/meshing or or flutes
Unsuitable condensor in
Second peak is due to
back drafting zone or flutes of bottom roll on s/f B: Eccentric front roller defective gears, distorted
unsuitable break draft Not seen on S/f as too short C: Defective gears, distorted bosses, outsize bores,
Main darft in roving frame wavelength bosses, outsize bores,
damaged or missing teeth
damaged or missing teeth
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Roving fault continue.. Roving fault continue..
1:Drafting wave from front
zone of S/F
2,3:Drafting wave from
intermediate & back zone of
S/F
4:Mechanical fault from S/F
5: Drafting wave from front
A: Due to eccentric pinion of Drafting wave from back or zone of D/F
third roll intermediate drafting zone or 6,7:Drafting wave from 2nd
from previous process & 3rd zone of D/f
B: Drafting wave from back Reason may be roll pressure,
or intermediate drafting zone roll setting, break draft,
unsuitable condensor
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Example-7: Mechanical fault in drawframe sliver Other mechanical fault on drawframe..
Defects in weighting system such as
weight hooks elongated or bent and rubbing on steel roll
Adjustable weight hangers too long & rest on weight release
bars.
Worn roll stands, broken stands & scored roll necks.
Roll bent by driving gears off and on
A: Caused by eccentric front A & B are gear fault Gears beat up and with broken teeth
roll (rarely observed as draft C : Fault due to comber
Flattened top roll with worn out covering
is very low) sliver. increase by draft.
By doubling amp. reduce but
B: Gear fault fault still remain prominent
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14-09-2025
Example-8: Mechanical fault in comber sliver Example-9: Mechanical fault in card sliver
=1.25 – 2.5” = 8 – 20 ”
Caused by doffer being oval or eccentric, or by card clothing
Caused by bad setting of the Caused by fault of individual being damaged, badly ground or too loosely fitted.
combing action sliver or unsuitable drawbox
‘Harm’ is a harmonic
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Drafting wave at each stage Spectrogram of OE rotor yarn
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OE rotor yarn continue…. OE rotor yarn continue….
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OE rotor yarn continue…. Spectrogram from UT-3 tester
12 bobbins spectrogram
are shown in one diagram.
Periodic var. at 15cm due
to ringframe drafting
element.
P.V at 120 mts due to
eccentric front roller at
first passage drawframe
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14-09-2025
Wavelength range of machine’s faults
USTER® TESTER 5
USTER® Fancy Yarn Profile
• Three types of spectrograms
are now available
- Normal spectrogram
- Only slubs
- Slubs removed
Ashvani Goyal, TITS, Bhiwani Ashvani Goyal, TITS, Bhiwani
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USTER® TESTER 5 USTER® TESTER 5
USTER® Fancy Yarn Profile USTER® Fancy Yarn Profile
• For the first time it is possible to show a spectrogram with Spectrogram analysis is a must for the daily quality control.
removed slubs to properly analyze yarn also for periodical Now for the first time ever it is possible to show a spectrogram
faults for a base yarn separate from the desired slubs.
Periodical faults
This allows periodical mechanical faults to be eliminated.
Slubs only
Analysis of base yarn
for periodic faults Slubs removed
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14-09-2025
Improvement in yarn evenness 1957 – 2007
50% line of the USTER® STATISTICS
Thank you
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