# Study Notes: Data Structure Using C
## Topic: Introduction to Data Structure
### Cue Column
- What is a data structure?
- Why are data structures important?
- Types of data structures.
### Main Notes
- **Definition**: A data structure is a systematic way of organizing and storing
data in a computer so that it can be accessed and modified efficiently.
- **Importance**: Data structures are crucial for:
- Efficient data management.
- Optimizing performance of algorithms.
- Facilitating the implementation of complex data types.
- **Types**:
- **Linear Data Structures**: Arrays, Linked Lists, Stacks, Queues.
- **Non-linear Data Structures**: Trees, Graphs.
- **Hash Tables**.
---
## Topic: Efficient Use of Memory
### Cue Column
- What is memory efficiency?
- How does memory impact performance?
### Main Notes
- **Memory Efficiency**: Refers to the optimal usage of memory resources to improve
performance and reduce waste.
- **Impact on Performance**:
- Directly affects speed (access time).
- Influences the ability to handle larger datasets.
- **Techniques**:
- Use of dynamic memory allocation (malloc, calloc).
- Implementing space-efficient data structures (e.g., linked lists vs. arrays).
---
## Topic: Elementary Data Organization
### Cue Column
- What are the basic data organizations?
- Examples of data organization.
### Main Notes
- **Basic Organizations**:
- **Arrays**: Fixed-size, contiguous block of memory.
- **Linked Lists**: Dynamic size, nodes containing data and pointers.
- **Examples**:
- **Arrays**: Used for static data storage, such as a list of student grades.
- **Linked Lists**: Used for dynamic data, such as a playlist of songs where
items can be added/removed efficiently.
---
## Topic: Structure Operations
### Cue Column
- What operations are performed on data structures?
- Examples of operations.
### Main Notes
- **Common Operations**:
- **Insertion**: Adding data to a structure.
- **Deletion**: Removing data from a structure.
- **Traversal**: Accessing each element in a structure.
- **Searching**: Finding an element in a structure.
- **Examples**:
- Inserting a new student record in a linked list.
- Deleting an element from an array.
---
## Topic: Time and Space Complexity of Algorithms
### Cue Column
- What is time complexity?
- What is space complexity?
### Main Notes
- **Time Complexity**: Measures the time taken by an algorithm to run as a function
of the length of the input.
- **Space Complexity**: Measures the total amount of memory space required by the
algorithm as a function of the input size.
- **Asymptotic Notations**:
- **Big O Notation (O)**: Upper bound on time complexity.
- **Theta Notation (Θ)**: Tight bound on time complexity.
- **Omega Notation (Ω)**: Lower bound on time complexity.
- **Example**:
- O(n) for linear search, O(log n) for binary search.
---
## Topic: Array Definition and Representation
### Cue Column
- What is an array?
- How is an array represented in C?
### Main Notes
- **Definition**: An array is a collection of items stored at contiguous memory
locations.
- **Representation in C**:
- Declared using the syntax `data_type array_name[size];`
- Example: `int arr[10];` creates an array of 10 integers.
---
## Topic: Single and Multidimensional Arrays
### Cue Column
- What are single-dimensional arrays?
- What are multidimensional arrays?
### Main Notes
- **Single-dimensional Arrays**:
- A linear list of elements.
- Accessed using a single index.
- Example: `int arr[5] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};`
- **Multidimensional Arrays**:
- Arrays of arrays (e.g., 2D arrays).
- Accessed using multiple indices.
- Example: `int matrix[3][3];` for a 3x3 matrix.
---
## Topic: Address Calculation
### Cue Column
- How is the address of an array element calculated?
### Main Notes
- **Address Calculation**:
- The address of an element in an array can be calculated using the formula:
\[
\text{Address}(A[i]) = \text{Base Address} + (i \times \text{Size of each
element})
\]
- **Example**:
- For an array of integers `arr
