MATHS DADDY
Grade 12
Topic: Relations and Functions
RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS
“Relations and Functions” are the most important topics in algebra. Relations
and functions – these are the two different words having different meanings
mathematically. You might get confused about their difference. Before we go
deeper, let’s understand the difference between both with a simple example.
An ordered pair is represented as (INPUT, OUTPUT):
The relation shows the relationship between INPUT and OUTPUT. Whereas,
a function is a relation which derives one OUTPUT for each given INPUT.
Note: All functions are relations, but not all relations are functions.
In this section, you will find the basics of the topic – definition of functions and
relations, special functions, different types of relations and some of the solved
examples.
What is a Function?
A function is a relation which describes that there should be only one output for
each input (or) we can say that a special kind of relation (a set of ordered pairs),
which follows a rule i.e every X-value should be associated with only one y-
value is called a function.
For example:
Domain Range
-1 -3
3 9
MATHS DADDY
Grade 12
Topic: Relations and Functions
Let us also look at the definition of Domain and Range of a function.
It is a collection of the first values in the ordered pair (Set of all input
Domain
(x) values).
It is a collection of the second values in the ordered pair (Set of all
Range
output (y) values).
Example:
In the relation, {(-2, 3), {4, 5), (6, -5), (-2, 3)},
The domain is {-2, 4, 6} and range is {-5, 3, 5}.
Note: Don’t consider duplicates while writing the domain and range and also
write it in increasing order.
Types of Functions
In terms of relations, we can define the types of functions as:
One to one function or Injective function: A function f: P → Q is said
to be one to one if for each element of P there is a distinct element of Q.
Many to one function: A function which maps two or more elements of
P to the same element of set Q.
Onto Function or Surjective function: A function for which every
element of set Q there is pre-image in set P
One-one correspondence or Bijective function: The function f matches
with each element of P with a discrete element of Q and every element of
Q has a pre-image in P.
Relation Representation
There are other ways too to write the relation, apart from set notation such as
through tables, plotting it on XY- axis or through mapping diagram.
MATHS DADDY
Grade 12
Topic: Relations and Functions
Types of Relations
Different types of relations are as follows:
Empty Relations
Universal Relations
Identity Relations
Inverse Relations
Reflexive Relations
Symmetric Relations
Transitive Relations
Questions
1. Show that the Signum Function f: R → R, given by
[4 marks]
2. Let A = R {3} and B = R – {1}. Consider the function f: A →B defined by
f (x) = (x- 2)/(x -3). Is f one-one and onto? Justify your answer.
[4 marks]
2
3. Is f : N → N given by f(x) = x is one-one? Give reason.
[2 marks]
4. If f : R → A, given by f(x) = x2 – 2x + 2 is onto function, find set A.
[2 marks]
MATHS DADDY
Grade 12
Topic: Relations and Functions
5. Let R be the relation on set A = {x : x ∈ Z, 0 ≤ x ≤ 10} given by R = {(a,
b) : (a – b) is multiple of 4}, is an equivalence relation. Also, write all
elements related to 4. [4
marks]
6. Let f : R → R is defined by f (x) = | x |. Is function f onto? Give a reason.
[2 marks]
7. Prove that f : R → R given by f(x) = x3 + 1 is one-one function.
[4 marks]
8. State whether the function is one – one, onto or bijective f: R à R defined
by f(x) = 1+ x2 [4 marks]
9. State whether the function is one – one, onto or bijective f: R à R defined
by f(x) = 3 – 4x [4 marks]
10. Let f: R à R be define as f(x) = x4 check whether the given function is one –
one onto,or other. [2 marks]
11. Let T be the set of all triangles in a plane with R a relation in T given byR
= {(T1, T2): T1 is congruent to T2}.Show that R is an equivalence
relation.Let f: R à R be define as f(x) = x4 check whether the given function
is one – one onto,or other.
[4 marks]
12. Show that the relation R in the set Z of integers given byR={(a, b) : 2
divides a-b}. is equivalence relation. [4 marks]
13. Check whether the relation R defined in the set {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} as R = {(a,
b): b = a+1} is reflexive, symmetric or transitive. . [4 marks]
14. Examine whether the function f
is onto, one – one or bijective
[4 marks]
15. Let A = R – {3} and B = R- {1}. Consider the function of f: A à B defined
byf(x) = is f one – one and onto.
[4 marks]
