VETERINARY ANATOMY

The Regional Gross Anatomy of Domestic Animals

Vitthal R. Bhamburkar
Ex. Dean
Nagpur Veterinary College
Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences University
Seminary Hills, Nagpur - 440006
Maharashtra

Illustrations by
Sanjay B. Banubakode
Head
Department Veterinary Anatomy and Histology
Nagpur Veterinary College
Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences University
Seminary Hills, Nagpur - 440006
Maharashtra

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 Section-A: Musculo-Skeletal / Comparative Anatomy of Skeleton of Head 121

towards the nasal septum. Two pairs of projections extend from the caudoventral
part of the base. Of these the medial pair extends directly towards the incisive
bone while the lateral pair forms a base for the accessory nasal cartilage. The
lateral surface of the rostral bone forms the medial wall of the nostrils.
Amongst the sinuses, the maxillary sinus is well developed and extends to
zygomatic, lacrimal, ethmoid and ventral turbinate bones. The maxillary sinus
opens into nasal cavity through an aperture called the nasomaxillary opening.
The frontal sinus is the largest and most complicated amongst the paranasal
sinuses in pig. It excavates the the frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal bones.
It has two parts, the rostral and caudal. The rostral frontal sinus communicates
with the nasal cavity through the ethmoidal meatus while the caudal frontal
sinus opens directly into the nasal cavity. The lacrimal sinus is developed
separately in pig. In some cases it may join the rostral frontal sinus to open into
the nasal cavity. The sphenoid sinus is more complex in pig than in other species.
It extends into the basisphenoid, basi occipital and the temporal bones. It
communicates caudally with the fundus of the nasal cavity via the ventral
ethmoidal meatus. In addition to these there are small independent excavations
into the bones surrounding the lateral masses (labyrinths) of the ethmoid bone.
These are called the ethmoidal cells. The conchal sinuses open directly in the
nasal cavity.

Fowl
The skull of fowl is small and conical. Its rostral extremity is elongated. Generally
it has most of the elements those are present in the mammalian skull. The
constitution of head, placement of different segments of bones and their relations
with the adjacent bones are almost same. Even then it is the most highly
specialized skull amongst the vertebrate animals. The prominent features of
the skull of fowl include the absence of teeth and paranasal sinuses, absence of
sutures between different bones due to fusion of most of these bones of skull,
pneumatisation of the bones by extension of air sacs, and above all these, the
skull of fowl is kinetic in which the upper jaw is movable. It swings up and
down and articulates with the cranium by a movable nasofrontal hinge joint.
The quadrate bone, that is placed between the temporal above and mandible
below articulates with these bones in diorthroidal joints. It also assists in the
kinetic mechanism of the skull.
The cranium is composed of all the bones except the interparietal. The orbital
fossae are relatively large and those of the opposite side are closer to each
other . These are separated by a thin interorbital septum formed by the sphenoid
and ethmoid bones. The bony rim of the orbit is comparatively small. The large
optic foramen is placed at the caudal border of the septum.
206 Veterinary Anatomy

Eruption time of teeth in ox

Class of teeth Position (number) Age of animal

Deciduous Permanent
Incisor 1 }
st
Birth to 18 month
2nd } 2 weeks 2 years
3rd } 3 years
4th } 3-4 years
Premolars 1st } 1-4 weeks 1 year
2nd } 1 and half to 2 years
3rd } 2 and half to 3 years
Molars 1st } 18 months
2 nd } 1 to 1 and half years
3rd} 2 to 2 and half years

Isthmus faucium
The isthmus faucium is a wide tubular aperture through which the mouth cavity
communicates with the pharynx. It extends from the rostral pillars of the soft
palate to the epiglottis. It is bound dorsally by soft palate, ventrally by the dorsum
of the tongue and on either side by the rostral pillars of the soft palate. The
passage is small except during deglutition when it dilates enough to allow large
boluses to pass from mouth to the pharynx. During this act much of the increased
capacity of the isthmus faucium is due to elevation of the soft palate which
simultaneously closes the respiratory passage by embracing the epiglottis.

Salivary glands
There are three pairs of large glands situated on the sides of the face and
adjacent part of the neck. These are named as parotid, mandibular and sublingual
salivary glands. Their ducts open in to the mouth.
The parotid salivary gland is situated in the space between the ramus of the
mandible and the wing of the atlas vertebra, overlapping the caudal part of the
masseter muscle. It is roughly triangular in shape with its base directed dorsally
and the apex ventrally. Its external (lateral) surface is covered by fascia and
the parotido auricularis muscle. It is crossed obliquely by the external jugular
vein at its lower part. The internal (medial) surface is uneven and is related to
several structures. These include the great cornu of hyoid bone, the masseter,
digastricus and occipitohyoideus muscles, the tendons of brachiocephalicus and
sternocephalicus muscles, the external carotid artery and its branches, the facial
nerve and its branches and the pharyngeal lymph node and the mandibular
salivary gland. The rostral border is closely attached to the masseter muscle
and partly covers the parotid lymph node. The caudal border is concave and is
460 Veterinary Anatomy

apertures are in the floor of the abdominal cavity and these are the left and
right inguinal apertures (openings) through which pass the spermatic cord
in the male and the external pudendal vessels and nerves in the female. In
foetus, there is an additional opening called the umbilical opening in the floor of the
abdominal cavity.

Pelvic cavity
The pelvic cavity is the smallest of the three visceral cavities. It is continuous in
front with the abdominal cavity. The line of demarcation between the abdominal
and pelvic cavities is the pelvic inlet. The dorsal wall or roof of the cavity is
formed by the sacrum and first three coccygeal vertebrae. The ventral wall
or floor is formed by the pubic and ischial bones of the pelvis and the lateral
walls are formed by parts of ilia and the sacrosciatic ligaments. The pelvic
inlet is bounded by base of the sacrum dorsally, the iliopectineal lines laterally
and the cranial borders of the pubic bones ventrally. The pelvic outlet is
formed by the third coccygeal vertebra dorsally, the ischial arch ventrally and the
caudal edges of the sacrotuberal ligament and the semimembranosus muscles
laterally. The outlet is closed by the perineal fascia consisting of the superficial
and deep layers attached to the margin of the pelvic outlet, the anus and its
muscles and the vulva in female and root of penis in male. The organs contained in
the pelvic cavity include rectum, parts of urinary and genital organs, muscles
vessels and nerves.

Peritoneum
The peritoneum is a serous membrane which lines the abdominal cavity and
to some extent the pelvic cavity and covers the organs contained in them. In
the male it is a completely closed sac but in female it has two small openings
the abdominal openings of the oviduct or the fallopian tubes. The peritoneal
cavity is a potential space formed between two layers, parietal and visceral
which are normally in contact with each other. It contains a thin film of serous
membrane. The parietal layer lines the boundaries of the wall of the cavity and
then reflects over the organs contained in it forming the visceral layer. The
double folds of peritoneum thus passing from the walls of the visceral cavity
to the organs contained in it constitutes a pathway for the vessels and nerves
supplying to the concerned organs. The folds that connect the stomach to
other viscera is called omentum, the one that passes from the dorsal wall to
the intestine is called the mesentery while the folds which are attached to the
organs other than those of the gastro-intestinal tract (gut tube) are called as
ligaments. However, these folds i.e. ligaments except the broad ligament of uterus
does not transmit vessels and nerves.