Composite and Prime Numbers

Prime Numbers
1. A prime number has exactly two factors → 1 and itself.
(e.g., 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, …)
2. 2 is the only even prime number.
3. 1 is neither prime nor composite.
4. All other even numbers (greater than 2) are composite.
5. Common small primes to memorize:
2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29…
Composite Numbers
1. A composite number has more than two factors.
(e.g., 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12…)
2. The smallest composite number is 4.
3. Every composite number can be expressed as a product of prime numbers (prime
factorization).
Tricks for Quick Identification
1. Divisibility Rules help test primality:
o If a number ends with 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 → divisible by 2 (so composite unless it’s 2).
o If sum of digits is divisible by 3 → divisible by 3 (so composite unless it’s 3).
o If last digit is 0 or 5 → divisible by 5 (so composite unless it’s 5).

QUESTIONS:
1. Write the first 10 prime numbers.
2. Write the first 10 composite numbers.
3. Which of these are prime: 2, 9, 11, 21, 31?
4. Which of these are composite: 4, 13, 19, 25, 27?
5. Write all prime numbers between 30 and 50.
6. Is 97 prime or composite?
7. Is 51 prime or composite?
8. What is the smallest prime number?
9. What is the smallest composite number?
10. Is 1 prime, composite, or neither?
11. Write the smallest even prime number.
12. Write the smallest odd prime number.
13. Write all even prime numbers.
14. Which two numbers are neither prime nor composite?
15. 2 is the only even prime number. (True/False)

16. 9 is a prime number. (True/False)

17. 15 is a composite number. (True/False)
18. Which of the following is NOT a prime?
(a) 19 (b) 23 (c) 25 (d) 29
19. Which of the following is a composite?
(a) 31 (b) 37 (c) 41 (d) 39
20. 1 is a prime number. (True/False)
21. The largest prime number less than 20 is:
(a) 17 (b) 19 (c) 20 (d) 23
22. Which of these is prime?
(a) 49 (b) 53 (c) 51 (d) 55
23. The smallest composite number is:
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
24. 91 is prime. (True/False)
25. Write all factors of 12. Is it prime or composite?

26. Write all factors of 17. Is it prime or composite?

27. Write all factors of 21. Is it prime or composite?
28. Write all factors of 29. Is it prime or composite?
29. Write all factors of 36. Is it prime or composite?
30. Write all factors of 47. Is it prime or composite?
31. Write all factors of 51. Is it prime or composite?
32. Write all factors of 71. Is it prime or composite?
33. Write all factors of 89. Is it prime or composite?
34. Write all factors of 97. Is it prime or composite?
35. The sum of two prime numbers is 20. Find the numbers.

36. The difference between two prime numbers is 2. Find one pair.
37. The product of two prime numbers is 77. Find the numbers.
38. Find two prime numbers whose sum is 30.
39. Find all prime numbers less than 30.
40. Write prime factorization of 45.
41. Write prime factorization of 72.
42. Write prime factorization of 100.
 43. Find the prime numbers between 50 and 70.
44. If p × q=19, where p and q are whole numbers, find p + q.

45. If a × b=29, and a, b are whole numbers, find a + b.

46. If x × y=49, where x and y are whole numbers, find (x + y)/2.
47. If m × n=73, and both are whole numbers, what is m + n?
48. If p × q=99, with whole numbers p, q what is (p + q) /2?
49. The sum of two prime numbers is 24. Find the possible pairs.

50. The difference between two prime numbers is 4. Find one such pair.
51. The product of two prime numbers is 143. Find the numbers.
52. If n (n + 30) is a prime number, find the value of n.

53. If x (x + 66), find the prime number.

54. If m (m + 12) is prime, what is the value of m?
55. If p (p + 2) is prime, what is the prime number?
Prime Factorization
1. Prime Factorization means expressing a number as a product of prime numbers only.
o Example: 18 = 2 × 3 × 3
Index Notation (Exponents)
1. When a prime repeats, write it in index notation (using powers).
o Example: 18 = 2 × 3 × 3 = 2 × 3²
o Example: 72 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 = 2³ × 3²
2. Index notation is just a short form of writing repeated multiplication.
Steps for Prime Factorization
1. Divide the number by the smallest prime (2, 3, 5, 7, …) until it no longer divides.
2. Continue with the next prime number.
3. Stop when the quotient is 1.
4. Write the product of primes in index notation.
Tricks to Remember
• If a number ends in 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 → divisible by 2.
• If the sum of digits is divisible by 3 → divisible by 3.
• If the last digit is 0 or 5 → divisible by 5.
• Helps in quickly finding the first prime factor.
HCF (Highest Common Factor / Greatest Common Divisor)
1. Definition: The largest number that divides two or more numbers exactly.
o Example: HCF of 12 and 18 = 6.
 2. Methods to Find HCF:
o Prime Factorization: Take common prime factors with the smallest power.
LCM (Lowest Common Multiple)
1. Definition: The smallest number that is a multiple of two or more numbers.
o Example: LCM of 6 and 8 = 24.
2. Methods to Find LCM:
o Prime Factorization: Take all prime factors with the highest power.

HCF × LCM = Product of the numbers

Square Roots
1. A square root of a number is a value which, when multiplied by itself, gives the number.
o Example: √25=5.
2. Perfect squares: 1,4,9,16,25,36,49,64,81,100...
3. Key Point:
o To simplify: break into prime factors, take pairs.
Example: √36= √22×32= 2×3= 6.
Cube Roots
1. A cube root of a number is a value which, when multiplied by itself three times, gives the
number.
o Example:3√27=3.
2. Perfect cubes: 1,8,27,64,125,216,343,512,729,1000...
3. Key Point:
o Cube roots are found by grouping factors in triplets.
Example: 3√216=3√23×33= 2×3= 6.

QUESTIONS:
1. Write the prime factorization of 84.

2. Find the prime factorization of 360.

3. Express 980 as a product of its prime factors.
4. Which of the numbers 210 and 310 has more prime factors?
5. Using prime factorization, check if 495 is divisible by 11.
6. Find the highest power of 2 that divides 128.
7. Find the prime factorization of 1729.
8. Find the prime factorization of 1024 and state if it is a perfect square.
9. Express 462 in terms of prime factors and check whether it is divisible by 7.
10. Find the HCF of 72 and 108 by prime factorization.
11. Find the HCF of 120 and 150 using the division method.
12. Three rods of lengths 45 cm, 75 cm, and 105 cm are to be cut into equal pieces. Find the
greatest possible length of each piece.
13. Find the largest number which divides 84, 112, and 140 exactly.
14. The HCF of two numbers is 18 and their LCM is 180. If one number is 90, find the other.
15. Find the HCF of 270 and 648.
16. Find the HCF of 72, 108, and 132.
17. The product of two numbers is 2160. If their HCF is 12, find their LCM.
18. Find the HCF of 1001 and 910.
19. Find the LCM of 72 and 90 by prime factorization.

20. Find the LCM of 115, 120, and 75.

21. Find the smallest number which is exactly divisible by 42, 36, and 24.
22. The LCM of two numbers is 180 and their HCF is 15. If one number is 45, find the other.
23. Find the LCM of 18, 24, and 30.
24. Find the square root of 784 by prime factorization.

25. Find the cube root of 3375.

26. Find the smallest square number divisible by 18, 24, and 32.
27. The area of a square park is 1764 m². Find the side of the park.
28. A cube has a volume of 13824 cm³. Find its edge.
29. Two whole numbers p and q multiply to give 2556. If p<q, write all possible pairs of (p, q).

30. A rectangular field has an area of 198m². Its length and width are whole numbers greater than
1. Find all possible pairs of dimensions.
31. Sara builds a cuboid using 420, 1 cm cubes. Each side of the cuboid must be longer than 1 cm.
Find the dimensions of the cuboid.
32. A box has a volume of 1331 cm3. If it is a cube, find the length of one side.
33. A x B= 1155. One number 30 < A < 40. Find the two numbers.
34. Ali buys square tiles to cover a square floor. The area of the floor is 1521 cm2. Find the length of
one side of the square floor.
35. A rectangular hall has an area of 221m². If its length is 13 m, find its width.
36. A solid cube has a volume of 2197 cm3. Find the length of each side of the cube.