OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING THROUGH JAVA UNIT-IV

AWT & Its Controls PART-1

AWT: Class hierarchy, Component, Container, Panel, Window, Frame, Graphics.
AWT Controls: Labels, Button, Scrollbar, Text Components, Checkbox,
CheckboxGroup, Choice, List, Panes – ScrollPane, Dialog and Menu Bar.

AWT (Abstract Window Toolkit) is an API to develop Graphical User Interface

(GUI) or windows-based applications in Java.

Java AWT components are platform-dependent i.e. components are displayed

according to the view of operating system. AWT is heavy weight i.e. its components
are using the resources of underlying operating system (OS).

The package provides classes for AWT API such as TextField, Label,
TextArea, java.awt RadioButton, CheckBox, Choice, List etc.

AWT Class Hierarchy

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Component

All the elements like the button, text fields, scroll bars, etc. are called
components. In Java AWT, there are classes for each component as shown in above
diagram. In order to place every component in a particular position on a screen, we
need to add them to a container.

 Component is the superclass for all GUI elements in AWT, such as Button,
Label, TextField, etc.
 It provides basic behavior and properties for UI elements, including size,
position, color, font, and event handling.

Methods of Component

Method Description
setSize(int width, int height) Sets the size of the component.

Sets position and size of the

setBounds(int x, int y, int width, int height)
component.

setBackground(Color c) Sets background color.

setForeground(Color c) Sets text color.

setFont(Font f) Sets font style.

setVisible(boolean b) Shows or hides the component.

Container

The Container is a component in AWT that can contain another components

like buttons, textfields, labels etc. The classes that extends Container class are known
as container such as Frame, Dialog, and Panel.

It is basically a screen where the where the components are placed at their
specific locations. Thus it contains and controls the layout of components.

A Container is a subclass of Component that can hold multiple components

and arrange them using a layout manager.

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Hierarchy of Container
java.lang.Object
└── java.awt.Component
└── java.awt.Container

Methods of Container

Method Description
add(Component c) Adds a component to the container.
remove(Component c) Removes a component from the container.
setLayout(LayoutManager mgr) Sets the layout manager for arranging components.
removeAll() Removes all components from the container.

Types of Containers

There are four types of containers in Java AWT:

1. Window
2. Panel
3. Frame
4. Dialog

1. Window

The window is the container that have no borders and menu bars. You must use
frame, dialog or another window for creating a window. We need to create an instance
of Window class to create this container.

A Window in Java AWT is a top-level container that does not have a title bar,
menu bar, or borders. It is a subclass of Container, and other classes like Frame and
Dialog inherit from it.

Key Features of Window

 Cannot be created directly, must use subclasses (Frame, Dialog).

 Used for popup windows or custom borderless windows.

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import java.awt.*;
public class WindowEx
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Frame frame = new Frame("Main Frame");
Window window = new Window(frame);

window.setSize(200, 150);
window.setBackground(Color.YELLOW);
window.setLocation(100, 100);
window.setVisible(true);

frame.setSize(400, 300);
frame.setLayout(null);
frame.setVisible(true);
}
}

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2. Panel
The Panel is the container that doesn't contain title bar, border or menu bar. It is
generic container for holding the components. It can have other components like
button, text field etc. An instance of Panel class creates a container, in which we can
add components.

A Panel in Java AWT is a container that can hold other components, such as
buttons, labels, text fields, etc. Unlike Frame, a Panel does not have a title bar,
minimize, maximize, or close buttons.

Key Features of Panel

 It is a lightweight container that can be used inside a Frame or Applets.

 Panels are useful for organizing components in a structured way.
 A Panel can have a layout manager to arrange its components.

import java.awt.*;
public class PanelEx
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Frame frame = new Frame("Panel Example");
// Creating a panel
Panel panel = new Panel();
panel.setBounds(20, 50, 250, 100);
panel.setBackground(Color.LIGHT_GRAY);

// Adding a button to the panel

Button button = new Button("Click Me");
panel.add(button);
// Adding panel to the frame
frame.add(panel);
frame.setSize(400, 300);
frame.setLayout(null);
frame.setVisible(true);
}
}

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3. Frame
The Frame is the container that contain title bar and border and can have menu
bars. It can have other components like button, text field, scrollbar etc. Frame is most
widely used container while developing an AWT application.

A Frame is a resizable and closable window with a title bar, minimize,

maximize, and close buttons.

Key Features of Frame

 It is a subclass of Window and provides full window functionalities.
 It is used as the main application window.
 The default layout of a Frame is BorderLayout.

import java.awt.*;
public class FrameEx
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
// Creating a frame
Frame frame = new Frame("Frame Example");
// Creating a label
Label label = new Label("Hello, AWT!");
label.setBounds(50, 50, 100, 30);
// Adding components to the frame
frame.add(label);
frame.setSize(400, 300);
frame.setLayout(null);
frame.setVisible(true);
}
}

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4. Dialog

A Dialog in Java AWT (Abstract Window Toolkit) is a popup window that

appears on top of a parent window.
It is primarily used for messages, warnings, or user input dialogs.

 Requires a parent Frame to be created.

 Can be modal (blocks interaction with the parent) or non-modal (allows
interaction).
 Supports adding buttons, text fields, and other controls.

Dialog Class Hierarchy

java.lang.Object

└── java.awt.Component

└── java.awt.Container

└── java.awt.Window

└── java.awt.Dialog

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import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;

public class DialogEx

{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
// Creating a Frame (Parent Window)
Frame frame = new Frame("AWT Dialog Example");
frame.setSize(400, 300);
frame.setLayout(null);
// Creating a Button to open the Dialog
Button button = new Button("Open Dialog");
button.setBounds(130, 100, 120, 40);
// Creating a Dialog (Child Window)
Dialog dialog = new Dialog(frame, "My Dialog", true); // Modal Dialog
dialog.setSize(250, 150);
dialog.setLayout(new FlowLayout());

// Adding Label to Dialog

Label label = new Label("This is a simple dialog box.");
dialog.add(label);

// Adding Close Button to Dialog

Button closeButton = new Button("Close");
dialog.add(closeButton);

// Closing Dialog on Button Click

closeButton.addActionListener(new ActionListener() {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e)
{
dialog.setVisible(false);
}
});
// Showing Dialog on Button Click
button.addActionListener(new ActionListener() {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e)
{
dialog.setVisible(true);
}
});

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// Adding Components to Frame

frame.add(button);

// Handling Frame Closing

frame.addWindowListener(new WindowAdapter() {
public void windowClosing(WindowEvent e)
{
frame.dispose();
}
});
frame.setVisible(true);
}
}

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5. Graphics
The Graphics class in Java AWT is used for drawing shapes, text, and images
on GUI components.
Key Features of Graphics
 Provides methods like drawRect(), drawOval(), drawString(), etc.
 Used for custom drawing on components.

import java.awt.*;
public class GraphicsEx extends Frame
{
public GraphicsEx()
{
setTitle("Graphics Example");
setSize(400, 300);
setVisible(true);
}

public void paint(Graphics g)

{
// Set color and draw a rectangle
g.setColor(Color.RED);
g.fillRect(50, 50, 100, 100); // x, y, width, height

// Set color and draw an oval

g.setColor(Color.BLUE);
g.drawOval(200, 50, 100, 100); // x, y, width, height

// Draw text
g.setColor(Color.BLACK);
g.drawString("Hello, AWT Graphics!", 150, 200);
}

public static void main(String[] args)

{
new GraphicsEx();
}
}

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AWT Controls
AWT (Abstract Window Toolkit) provides a set of In-built UI components
(controls) for building Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs) in Java. These components
include labels, buttons, text fields, lists, checkboxes, menus, and more.

Types of AWT Controls

AWT controls can be categorized as follows:

1. Basic Controls
o Label
o Button
o Checkbox
o CheckboxGroup
o Choice
o List
2. Text Components
o TextField
o TextArea

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3. Scrollable Components
o Scrollbar
o ScrollPane
4. Popup Components
o Dialog
5. Menu Components
o MenuBar
o Menu
o MenuItem

1. Label
A Label in AWT (java.awt.Label) is a non-editable text component used to
display information, instructions, or status messages in a GUI application. It is
commonly used in forms, dialogs, and dashboards to provide meaningful descriptions
to users.

Key Features of Label

 Displays static text (non-editable).

 Used for instructions, titles, and messages.
 Supports alignment (LEFT, CENTER, RIGHT).
 Can be updated dynamically using setText().

Constructor of Label

The Label class provides three constructors:

Constructor Description
Label() Creates an empty label
Label(String text) Creates a label with specified text
Creates a label with text and alignment (LEFT,
Label(String text, int alignment)
CENTER, RIGHT)

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Common Methods of Label

Method Description
setText(String text) Sets new text for the label
getText() Retrieves the text of the label
Sets alignment (Label.LEFT, Label.CENTER,
setAlignment(int alignment)
Label.RIGHT)
getAlignment() Gets current alignment of label

import java.awt.*;
public class LabelEx
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
// Creating a Frame
Frame frame = new Frame("AWT Label Example");

// Creating Labels
Label label1 = new Label("Welcome to Java AWT!"); // Default alignment
label1.setBounds(50, 50, 200, 30);

Label label2 = new Label("This is a Left Aligned Label", Label.LEFT);

label2.setBounds(50, 100, 250, 30);

Label label3 = new Label("This is a Center Aligned Label", Label.CENTER);

label3.setBounds(50, 150, 250, 30);

Label label4 = new Label("This is a Right Aligned Label", Label.RIGHT);

label4.setBounds(50, 200, 250, 30);

// Adding Labels to the Frame

frame.add(label1);
frame.add(label2);
frame.add(label3);
frame.add(label4);

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// Setting Frame properties

frame.setSize(400, 300);
frame.setLayout(null); // Using absolute positioning
frame.setVisible(true);
}
}

2. Button

A Button in Java AWT (java.awt.Button) is a component that triggers an event

when clicked. It is commonly used for submitting forms, triggering actions, or
navigating between screens.

Key Features of AWT Button

 Triggers an action when clicked (e.g., submit, exit, etc.).
 Can display text or an image as a label.
 Supports event handling using ActionListener.
 Can be enabled/disabled dynamically.

Constructors of AWT Button

The Button class provides the following constructors:

Constructor Description
Button() Creates an empty button (without text)
Button(String text) Creates a button with specified text

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Common Methods of AWT Button

Method Description
setLabel(String text) Changes the button text
getLabel() Retrieves the button text
setEnabled(boolean status) Enables/disables the button (true/false)
isEnabled() Checks if the button is enabled
addActionListener(ActionListener l) Registers an event listener for button clicks

import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
public class ButtonEx
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
// Creating a Frame
Frame frame = new Frame("AWT Button Example");
// Creating a Button
Button button = new Button("Click Me!");
button.setBounds(150, 100, 100, 40); // Centering the button more
// Creating a Label
Label label = new Label("Click the button to see the message.");
label.setBounds(100, 50, 250, 30);
// Adding an ActionListener to the button
button.addActionListener(new ActionListener() {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e)
{
label.setText("Button Clicked!"); // Update the label
}
});

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// Adding WindowListener to Close the Frame Properly

frame.addWindowListener(new WindowAdapter() {
public void windowClosing(WindowEvent e)
{
frame.dispose(); // Close the frame properly
}
});

// Adding Components to the Frame

frame.add(button);
frame.add(label);

// Setting Frame properties

frame.setSize(450, 300);
frame.setLayout(null);
frame.setVisible(true);
}
}

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3. Checkbox
 Allows single or multiple selections.
 Can be checked (selected) or unchecked (deselected).
 Can have labels to describe the choice.
 Can be enabled or disabled dynamically.
 Supports event handling for selection changes.

Constructors of AWT Checkbox

The Checkbox class provides several constructors:

Constructor Description
Checkbox() Creates an empty checkbox

Checkbox(String label) Creates a checkbox with specified label

Checkbox(String label, boolean state) Creates a checkbox with label and sets
initial state (true = checked, false =
unchecked)
Checkbox(String label, boolean state, Creates a checkbox with label, state, and
CheckboxGroup group) associates it with a CheckboxGroup (for
radio-button behavior)

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Common Methods of AWT Checkbox

Method Description
setLabel(String text) Changes the checkbox label
getLabel() Retrieves the label text
setState(boolean state) Checks (true) or unchecks (false) the checkbox
Returns the checkbox's state (true = checked, false
getState()
= unchecked)
Enables or disables the checkbox (true = enabled,
setEnabled(boolean status)
false = disabled)
Registers an event listener to detect checkbox
addItemListener(ItemListener l)
selection changes

import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
public class CheckboxEx
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
// Creating a Frame
Frame frame = new Frame("AWT Checkbox Example");

// Creating Checkboxes
Checkbox checkbox1 = new Checkbox("Java");
checkbox1.setBounds(50, 50, 100, 30);

Checkbox checkbox2 = new Checkbox("Python");

checkbox2.setBounds(50, 100, 100, 30);

Checkbox checkbox3 = new Checkbox("C++");

checkbox3.setBounds(50, 150, 100, 30);

// Creating a Label to display the result

Label resultLabel = new Label("Selected Languages: ");
resultLabel.setBounds(50, 250, 300, 30);

// Creating a Submit Button

Button submitButton = new Button("Submit");
submitButton.setBounds(50, 200, 80, 30);

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// Adding ActionListener to the Button

submitButton.addActionListener(new ActionListener() {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e)
{
String selectedLanguages = "Selected Languages: ";

if (checkbox1.getState()) selectedLanguages += "Java ";

if (checkbox2.getState()) selectedLanguages += "Python ";
if (checkbox3.getState()) selectedLanguages += "C++ ";

resultLabel.setText(selectedLanguages);
}
});
// Adding WindowListener to Close the Frame
frame.addWindowListener(new WindowAdapter() {
public void windowClosing(WindowEvent e)
{
frame.dispose(); // Close the frame
}
});

// Adding Components to the Frame

frame.add(checkbox1);
frame.add(checkbox2);
frame.add(checkbox3);
frame.add(submitButton);
frame.add(resultLabel);

// Setting Frame properties

frame.setSize(400, 350);
frame.setLayout(null);
frame.setVisible(true);
}
}

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4. CheckboxGroup

CheckboxGroup is used when you want to create a set of mutually exclusive

checkboxes (similar to radio buttons). Unlike normal checkboxes (Checkbox), where
multiple options can be selected, CheckboxGroup ensures that only one checkbox is
selected at a time.

Key Features of CheckboxGroup

 It allows you to create radio button-like behavior in AWT.

 Only one checkbox can be selected at a time.
 If one checkbox is selected, the previously selected one automatically gets
deselected.
 Used for single-choice selections, such as gender selection, payment
options, and shipping methods.

import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;

public class CheckboxGroupEx

{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
// Creating a Frame
Frame frame = new Frame("AWT CheckboxGroup Example");

// Creating a Label
Label label = new Label("Select Gender:");
label.setBounds(50, 50, 100, 30);

// Creating CheckboxGroup
CheckboxGroup genderGroup = new CheckboxGroup();

// Creating Checkboxes and assigning them to CheckboxGroup

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Checkbox maleCheckbox = new Checkbox("Male", genderGroup, false);

maleCheckbox.setBounds(50, 100, 100, 30);

Checkbox femaleCheckbox = new Checkbox("Female", genderGroup, false);

femaleCheckbox.setBounds(50, 150, 100, 30);

Checkbox otherCheckbox = new Checkbox("Other", genderGroup, false);

otherCheckbox.setBounds(50, 200, 100, 30);

// Creating a Submit Button

Button submitButton = new Button("Submit");
submitButton.setBounds(50, 250, 80, 30);

// Creating a Label to display the selected option

Label resultLabel = new Label("Selected Gender: ");
resultLabel.setBounds(50, 300, 300, 30);

// Adding ActionListener to the button

submitButton.addActionListener(new ActionListener() {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e)
{
// Getting the selected checkbox
Checkbox selectedCheckbox = genderGroup.getSelectedCheckbox();
if (selectedCheckbox != null)
{
resultLabel.setText("Selected Gender: " + selectedCheckbox.getLabel());
}
}
});

// Adding WindowListener to Close the Frame Properly

frame.addWindowListener(new WindowAdapter() {
public void windowClosing(WindowEvent e)
{
frame.dispose(); // Close the frame properly
}
});

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// Adding Components to Frame

frame.add(label);
frame.add(maleCheckbox);
frame.add(femaleCheckbox);
frame.add(otherCheckbox);
frame.add(submitButton);
frame.add(resultLabel);

// Setting Frame properties

frame.setSize(400, 400);
frame.setLayout(null);
frame.setVisible(true);
}
}

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5. Choice

The Choice class in Java AWT (Abstract Window Toolkit) is a drop-down

list that allows users to select one option from multiple choices. It is similar to a
ComboBox in Swing or an HTML <select> element.

Key Features of AWT Choice

 Drop-down menu format – Displays multiple items in a compact UI.

Single selection – The user can only select one item at a time.
 Efficient for limited options – Best used when the number of choices is fixed
and small.
 Event handling – Detects selection changes using ItemListener.

import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;

public class ChoiceEx

{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
// Creating a Frame
Frame frame = new Frame("AWT Choice Example");

// Creating a Label
Label label = new Label("Select a Country:");
label.setBounds(50, 50, 150, 30);

// Creating a Choice (Dropdown List)

Choice countryChoice = new Choice();
countryChoice.setBounds(50, 100, 150, 30);

// Adding Items to Choice

countryChoice.add("USA");
countryChoice.add("UK");
countryChoice.add("India");
countryChoice.add("Canada");
countryChoice.add("Australia");

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// Creating a Label to Display Selected Item

Label resultLabel = new Label("Selected Country: ");
resultLabel.setBounds(50, 200, 200, 30);

// Adding ItemListener to Detect Selection Change

countryChoice.addItemListener(new ItemListener() {
public void itemStateChanged(ItemEvent e)
{
resultLabel.setText("Selected Country: " +countryChoice.getSelectedItem());
}
});

// Adding WindowListener to Close the Frame Properly

frame.addWindowListener(new WindowAdapter() {
public void windowClosing(WindowEvent e)
{
frame.dispose(); // Close the frame properly
}
});
// Adding Components to the Frame
frame.add(label);
frame.add(countryChoice);
frame.add(resultLabel);
// Setting Frame properties
frame.setSize(400, 300);
frame.setLayout(null);
frame.setVisible(true);
}
}

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6. List
List class is used to create a scrollable list of items where users can select one
or multiple items. It is similar to an HTML <select> element with the multiple
attribute enabled.
Key Features of AWT List
 Multi-selection support – Allows users to select one or multiple items.
 Scrollable list – If the number of items exceeds the visible area, a scrollbar is
automatically added.
 Event handling – Detects selection changes using ItemListener.
 Useful for large datasets – More user-friendly than dropdowns (Choice) for
multiple selections.

import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
public class ListEx
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
// Creating a Frame
Frame frame = new Frame("AWT List Example");
// Creating a Label
Label label = new Label("Select Fruits:");
label.setBounds(50, 50, 100, 30);

// Creating a List (with 4 visible items, allowing multiple selection)

List fruitList = new List(4, true);
fruitList.setBounds(50, 100, 150, 100);

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// Adding Items to List

fruitList.add("Apple");
fruitList.add("Banana");
fruitList.add("Mango");
fruitList.add("Orange");
fruitList.add("Grapes");
// Creating a Label to Display Selected Items
Label resultLabel = new Label("Selected: ");
resultLabel.setBounds(50, 250, 250, 30);

// Creating a Button to Confirm Selection

Button selectButton = new Button("Show Selection");
selectButton.setBounds(50, 220, 120, 30);

// Adding ActionListener to Button

selectButton.addActionListener(new ActionListener() {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e)
{
// Get selected items from the list
String selectedItems = "";
for (String item : fruitList.getSelectedItems())
{
selectedItems += item + " ";
}
resultLabel.setText("Selected: " + selectedItems);
}
});

// Adding WindowListener to Close the Frame Properly

frame.addWindowListener(new WindowAdapter() {
public void windowClosing(WindowEvent e)
{
frame.dispose(); // Close the frame properly
}
});

// Adding Components to Frame

frame.add(label);
frame.add(fruitList);
frame.add(selectButton);
frame.add(resultLabel);

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// Setting Frame properties

frame.setSize(400, 350);
frame.setLayout(null);
frame.setVisible(true);
}
}

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7. TextField and TextArea

TextField and TextArea components allow users to enter and edit text.

 TextField → A single-line text input field (like an HTML <input

type="text">).
 TextArea → A multi-line text input field (like an HTML <textarea>).

1. TextField – Single Line Input

Features of TextField

 Allows single-line text input.

 Supports copy, cut, paste operations.
 Can have password mode using setEchoChar().
 Supports event handling (ActionListener, TextListener).

Syntax for Creating a TextField

TextField textField = new TextField("Enter Name"); // Default text

textField.setBounds(50, 50, 200, 30);

 First argument (optional) – Sets initial text.

 Bounds – Defines the position and size (x, y, width, height).

2. TextArea – Multi-line Input

Features of TextArea
 Allows multi-line text input.
 Supports word wrap (setLineWrap(true)).
 Can be editable or read-only (setEditable(false)).
 Detects text changes using TextListener.

Syntax for Creating a TextArea

TextArea textArea = new TextArea("Write your message here", 5, 30);

textArea.setBounds(50, 100, 300, 100);

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import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
public class TextComponents
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
// Creating a Frame
Frame frame = new Frame("AWT TextField & TextArea Example");

// Creating a Label for Name

Label nameLabel = new Label("Enter Name:");
nameLabel.setBounds(50, 50, 100, 30);
// Creating a TextField
TextField nameField = new TextField();
nameField.setBounds(150, 50, 200, 30);

// Creating a Label for Message

Label messageLabel = new Label("Enter Message:");
messageLabel.setBounds(50, 100, 100, 30);

// Creating a TextArea
TextArea messageArea = new TextArea();
messageArea.setBounds(150, 100, 300, 100);

// Creating a Button
Button submitButton = new Button("Submit");
submitButton.setBounds(150, 220, 80, 30);

// Creating a Label to Display Output

Label outputLabel = new Label();
outputLabel.setBounds(50, 270, 400, 30);

// Adding ActionListener to Button

submitButton.addActionListener(new ActionListener() {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e)
{
String name = nameField.getText(); // Get text from TextField
String message = messageArea.getText(); // Get text from TextArea
outputLabel.setText("Name: " + name + " | Message: " + message);
}
});

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// Adding WindowListener to Close the Frame Properly

frame.addWindowListener(new WindowAdapter() {
public void windowClosing(WindowEvent e)
{
frame.dispose();
}
});
// Adding Components to Frame
frame.add(nameLabel);
frame.add(nameField);
frame.add(messageLabel);
frame.add(messageArea);
frame.add(submitButton);
frame.add(outputLabel);

// Setting Frame properties

frame.setSize(500, 350);
frame.setLayout(null);
frame.setVisible(true);
}
}

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8. ScrollBar

In Java AWT (Abstract Window Toolkit), scrolling components allow users

to navigate through content that exceeds the visible area.
Java provides two key components for scrolling:

1. ScrollBar – A standalone vertical or horizontal scrollbar.

2. ScrollPane – A container that automatically provides scrolling for its child

components.

1. ScrollBar (Standalone Scroll Control)

Features of ScrollBar

 Supports horizontal and vertical scrolling.

 Can be used independently or inside containers.
 Allows adjusting scroll range, page increment, and block increment.
 Supports event handling (AdjustmentListener) to detect changes.

Syntax for Creating a ScrollBar

ScrollBar sb = new ScrollBar(Scrollbar.VERTICAL, 0, 10, 0, 100);

sb.setBounds(50, 50, 20, 150);

 First Parameter: Scrollbar.VERTICAL or Scrollbar.HORIZONTAL.

 Second Parameter: Initial scrollbar value.
 Third Parameter: Thumb size (size of the moving part).
 Fourth & Fifth Parameters: Minimum and maximum values.

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import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
public class ScrollBarEx
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
// Creating a Frame
Frame frame = new Frame("AWT ScrollBar Example");

// Creating a Label to Display ScrollBar Value

Label label = new Label("Value: 0");
label.setBounds(100, 50, 150, 30);

// Creating a Vertical ScrollBar

Scrollbar scrollbar = new Scrollbar(Scrollbar.VERTICAL, 0, 10, 0, 100);
scrollbar.setBounds(50, 50, 20, 150);

// Adding AdjustmentListener to detect ScrollBar changes

scrollbar.addAdjustmentListener(new AdjustmentListener() {
public void adjustmentValueChanged(AdjustmentEvent e)
{
label.setText("Value: " + scrollbar.getValue());
}
});
// Adding Components to Frame
frame.add(scrollbar);
frame.add(label);
// Setting Frame properties
frame.setSize(400, 350);
frame.setLayout(null);
frame.setVisible(true);

// Closing the Frame Properly

frame.addWindowListener(new WindowAdapter() {
public void windowClosing(WindowEvent e)
{
frame.dispose();
}
});
}
}

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9. ScrollPane (Scrollable Container)

Features of ScrollPane

 Automatically provides scrollbars for child components.

 Scrollbars appear only when necessary (AUTO mode).
 Useful for large images, text areas, or tables.
 Scrolls horizontally and vertically.

Syntax for Creating a ScrollPane

ScrollPane sp = new ScrollPane();

sp.add(new TextArea("Write here...")); // Adding component
sp.setBounds(50, 50, 300, 200);

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import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;

public class ScrollPaneEx

{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
// Creating a Frame
Frame frame = new Frame("AWT ScrollPane Example");

// Creating a ScrollPane (Auto Scrollbars)

ScrollPane scrollPane = new ScrollPane();
scrollPane.setBounds(50, 50, 300, 200);

// Creating a Large TextArea (Content for ScrollPane)

TextArea textArea = new TextArea("This is a long text...\nScroll down to read
more...\nMore content here...");
textArea.setBounds(0, 0, 500, 500); // Larger than ScrollPane

// Adding TextArea to ScrollPane

scrollPane.add(textArea);

// Adding ScrollPane to Frame

frame.add(scrollPane);
// Setting Frame properties
frame.setSize(400, 350);
frame.setLayout(null);
frame.setVisible(true);

// Closing the Frame Properly

frame.addWindowListener(new WindowAdapter() {
public void windowClosing(WindowEvent e)
{
frame.dispose();
}
});
}
}

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10. Dialog
A Dialog in Java AWT (Abstract Window Toolkit) is a popup window that
appears on top of a parent window.
It is primarily used for messages, warnings, or user input dialogs.

 Requires a parent Frame to be created.

 Can be modal (blocks interaction with the parent) or non-modal (allows
interaction).
 Supports adding buttons, text fields, and other controls.

Dialog Class Hierarchy

java.lang.Object
└── java.awt.Component
└── java.awt.Container
└── java.awt.Window
└── java.awt.Dialog

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import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;

public class DialogEx

{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
// Creating a Frame (Parent Window)
Frame frame = new Frame("AWT Dialog Example");
frame.setSize(400, 300);
frame.setLayout(null);

// Creating a Button to open the Dialog

Button button = new Button("Open Dialog");
button.setBounds(130, 100, 120, 40);

// Creating a Dialog (Child Window)

Dialog dialog = new Dialog(frame, "My Dialog", true); // Modal Dialog
dialog.setSize(250, 150);
dialog.setLayout(new FlowLayout());

// Adding Label to Dialog

Label label = new Label("This is a simple dialog box.");
dialog.add(label);

// Adding Close Button to Dialog

Button closeButton = new Button("Close");
dialog.add(closeButton);

// Closing Dialog on Button Click

closeButton.addActionListener(new ActionListener() {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e)
{
dialog.setVisible(false);
}
});

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// Showing Dialog on Button Click

button.addActionListener(new ActionListener() {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e)
{
dialog.setVisible(true);
}
});

// Adding Components to Frame

frame.add(button);

// Handling Frame Closing

frame.addWindowListener(new WindowAdapter() {
public void windowClosing(WindowEvent e)
{
frame.dispose();
}
});

frame.setVisible(true);
}
}

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11. MenuBar
In Java AWT (Abstract Window Toolkit), a Menu is used to create drop-
down menu bars, which contain various menu items (options) to enhance user
interaction.

Main Components of AWT Menu

Component Description
MenuBar Represents the top-level menu bar in a window.
Menu A drop-down menu inside the MenuBar.
MenuItem Individual clickable items inside a Menu.
CheckboxMenuItem A checkbox-style menu item (e.g., "Show Toolbar").

AWT Menu Class Hierarchy

java.lang.Object

└── java.awt.Component

└── java.awt.MenuComponent

├── java.awt.MenuBar

├── java.awt.Menu

├── java.awt.MenuItem

├── java.awt.CheckboxMenuItem

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import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;

public class MenuEx

{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
// Creating a Frame
Frame frame = new Frame("AWT Menu Example");
frame.setSize(450, 350);

// Creating a MenuBar
MenuBar menuBar = new MenuBar();

// Creating Menus
Menu fileMenu = new Menu("File");
Menu editMenu = new Menu("Edit");

// Creating Menu Items for File Menu

MenuItem newItem = new MenuItem("New");
MenuItem openItem = new MenuItem("Open");
MenuItem saveItem = new MenuItem("Save");
MenuItem exitItem = new MenuItem("Exit");

// Adding ActionListener to Exit Item

exitItem.addActionListener(new ActionListener() {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e)
{
System.exit(0); // Closes the application
}
});
// Adding Menu Items to File Menu
fileMenu.add(newItem);
fileMenu.add(openItem);
fileMenu.add(saveItem);
fileMenu.addSeparator(); // Adds a separator line
fileMenu.add(exitItem);

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// Creating Menu Items for Edit Menu

MenuItem cutItem = new MenuItem("Cut");
MenuItem copyItem = new MenuItem("Copy");
MenuItem pasteItem = new MenuItem("Paste");

// Adding Menu Items to Edit Menu

editMenu.add(cutItem);
editMenu.add(copyItem);
editMenu.add(pasteItem);

// Adding Menus to MenuBar

menuBar.add(fileMenu);
menuBar.add(editMenu);

// Setting MenuBar to Frame

frame.setMenuBar(menuBar);

// Handling Window Closing

frame.addWindowListener(new WindowAdapter() {
public void windowClosing(WindowEvent e)
{
frame.dispose();
}
});

// Making Frame Visible

frame.setVisible(true);
}
}

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Event Handling PART-2

Events, Event sources, Event classes, Event Listeners, Delegation event model,
handling mouse and keyboard events, Adapter classes.

Event Handling
Java provides a powerful event-handling mechanism to create interactive GUI
applications. The Delegation Event Model in Java AWT (Abstract Window Toolkit)
is used to manage events efficiently.

Event: Change in the state of an object is known as event i.e. event describes the
change in state of source. Events are generated as result of user interaction with the
graphical user interface components.

An event is an action performed by the user, such as:

✅Clicking a button
✅Moving the mouse
✅Pressing a key
✅Closing a window

When an event occurs, the Java runtime system notifies the application, and the
appropriate response is executed.

Types of Event
The events can be broadly classified into two categories:

1. Foreground Events: Those events which require the direct interaction of user.
They are generated as consequences of a person interacting with the graphical
components in Graphical User Interface. For example, clicking on a button,
moving the mouse, entering a character through keyboard, selecting an item
from list, scrolling the page etc.

2. Background Events: Those events that require the interaction of end user are
known as background events. Operating system interrupts, hardware or software
failure, timer expires, an operation completion are the example of background
events.

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Event Handling
Event Handling is the mechanism that controls the event and decides what
should happen if an event occurs. This mechanism has the code which is known as
event handler that is executed when an event occurs. Java Uses the Delegation Event
Model to handle the events. This model defines the standard mechanism to generate
and handle the events. Let’s have a brief introduction to this model.

Delegation Event Model

Java follows the Delegation Event Model, which has two key components:

1. Event Source → Generates an event

2. Event Listener → Handles the event

Instead of components handling their own events, a separate listener class is

assigned to listen and respond to events.

Steps in Delegation Event Model

1. A component (source) generates an event.

2. The event is passed to an event listener.
3. The event listener executes the callback method.

Example:

button.addActionListener(new MyListener()); // Registers the listener

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1. Source - The source is an object on which event occurs. Source is responsible for
providing information of the occurred event to it's handler. Java provide as with classes
for source object.

Event Sources

An Event Source is a GUI component that triggers events. Examples:

 Button (click event)

 TextField (text input event)
 Window (window closing event)
 Checkbox (checked/unchecked event)

Each Event Source registers a listener using addXXXListener().

Example:
button.addActionListener(new MyActionListener());
This registers MyActionListener to listen for button clicks.

2. Event Classes (Event Objects)

Java provides predefined event classes that store information about an event.
Event Class Description Generated By

ActionEvent Button Click, Menu Item Click Button, MenuItem

MouseEvent Mouse Click, Movement Mouse, Panel

KeyEvent Key Press, Release Keyboard, TextField

ItemEvent Checkbox, Choice Selection Checkbox, Choice

TextEvent Text Change Event TextField, TextArea

WindowEvent Window Open, Close, Minimize Frame, Dialog

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3. Listener Interface - It is also known as event handler. Listener is responsible for

generating response to an event. From java implementation point of view the listener is
also an object. Listener waits until it receives an event. Once the event is received, the
listener process the event and then returns.

An Event Listener is an interface with a method that handles events.

Listener Interface Method to Implement Used For

Button Click,
ActionListener actionPerformed(ActionEvent e)
Menu Click

mouseClicked, mousePressed,
MouseListener mouseReleased, mouseEntered, Mouse Events
mouseExited

KeyListener keyPressed, keyReleased, keyTyped Keyboard Input

windowClosing, windowOpened,
WindowListener Window Events
windowClosed, etc.

Checkbox,
ItemListener itemStateChanged(ItemEvent e)
Choice Selection

TextListener textValueChanged(TextEvent e) Text Changes

Each listener is registered using addXXXListener() methods.

import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
public class ButtonEx
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
// Creating a Frame
Frame frame = new Frame("AWT Button Example");
// Creating a Button
Button button = new Button("Click Me!");
button.setBounds(150, 100, 100, 40); // Centering the button

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// Creating a Label
Label label = new Label("Click the button to see the message.");
label.setBounds(100, 50, 250, 30);
// Adding an ActionListener to the button
button.addActionListener(new ActionListener() {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e)
{
label.setText("Button Clicked!"); // Update the label
}
});
// Adding WindowListener to Close the Frame Properly
frame.addWindowListener(new WindowAdapter() {
public void windowClosing(WindowEvent e)
{
frame.dispose(); // Close the frame properly
}
});
// Adding Components to the Frame
frame.add(button);
frame.add(label);
// Setting Frame properties
frame.setSize(450, 300);
frame.setLayout(null);
frame.setVisible(true);
}
}

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Handling Keyboard Events

Keyboard events are triggered when a user interacts with the keyboard, such as

A keyboard event occurs when:

 A key is pressed (keyPressed)

 A key is released (keyReleased)
 A key is typed (keyTyped)

These events can be handled using the KeyListener interface.

Common Methods in KeyEvent Class

Method Description
getKeyChar() Returns the character of the key that was typed.
Returns the keycode of the key that was pressed or
getKeyCode()
released.
getKeyText(int keyCode) Returns the text description of the key.
Checks if the key is a special action key (e.g., arrow
isActionKey()
keys).

Common Methods in KeyListener Interface

Method Description
keyPressed(KeyEvent e) Called when a key is pressed.
keyReleased(KeyEvent e) Called when a key is released.
Called when a key is typed (only for characters, not
keyTyped(KeyEvent e)
special keys).

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OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING THROUGH JAVA UNIT-IV

Program to illustrate Event Handling for Keyboard Events

// importing awt libraries

import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;

public class AWTKeyboardEvent extends Frame implements KeyListener

{
Label l;
AWTKeyboardEvent()
{
// creating the label
l = new Label();
// setting the location of the label in frame
l.setBounds (20, 50, 100, 20);
// creating the text area
TextArea area = new TextArea();
// setting the location of text area
area.setBounds (20, 80, 300, 300);
// adding the KeyListener to the text area
area.addKeyListener(this);
// adding the label and text area to the frame
add(l);
add(area);
// setting the size, layout and visibility of frame
setSize (400, 400);
setLayout (null);
setVisible (true);
addWindowListener(new WindowAdapter()
{
public void windowClosing(WindowEvent we)
{
System.exit(0); // Close the application
}
});
}

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OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING THROUGH JAVA UNIT-IV

// overriding the keyPressed() method of KeyListener interface

public void keyPressed (KeyEvent e)
{
l.setText ("Key Pressed");
int keyCode = e.getKeyCode();
System.out.println("Key Pressed: " + KeyEvent.getKeyText(keyCode));

// overriding the keyReleased() method of KeyListener interface

public void keyReleased (KeyEvent e)
{
l.setText ("Key Released");
int keyCode = e.getKeyCode();
System.out.println("Key Released: " + KeyEvent.getKeyText(keyCode));

// overriding the keyTyped() method of KeyListener interface

public void keyTyped (KeyEvent e)
{
l.setText ("Key Typed");
char keyChar = e.getKeyChar();
System.out.println("Key Typed: " + keyChar);
}

// main method
public static void main(String[] args)
{
new AWTKeyboardEvent();
}
}

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OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING THROUGH JAVA UNIT-IV

Output:

Handling Mouse Events

Mouse Events are triggered when a user interacts with the mouse such as,

A mouse event occurs when:

 The mouse is clicked (mouseClicked)

 A mouse button is pressed (mousePressed)
 A mouse button is released (mouseReleased)
 The mouse enters a component (mouseEntered)
 The mouse exits a component (mouseExited)
 The mouse moves (mouseMoved)
 The mouse drags (mouseDragged)

These events can be handled using two interfaces:

1. MouseListener → Handles button clicks and entry/exit events.

2. MouseMotionListener → Handles mouse movement and dragging.

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1. MouseEvent Class

The MouseEvent class provides methods to detect mouse actions.

Common Methods in MouseEvent Class

Method Description
getX() Returns the X coordinate of the mouse pointer.
getY() Returns the Y coordinate of the mouse pointer.
getPoint() Returns the mouse pointer position as a Point object.
getClickCount() Returns the number of times the mouse was clicked.
isMetaDown() Checks if the right mouse button was pressed.
isAltDown() Checks if the Alt key was pressed while clicking.

2. MouseListener Interface

The MouseListener interface has five methods:

Method Description
mouseClicked(MouseEvent e) Called when the mouse is clicked.
mousePressed(MouseEvent e) Called when a mouse button is pressed.
mouseReleased(MouseEvent e) Called when a mouse button is released.
mouseEntered(MouseEvent e) Called when the mouse enters a component.
mouseExited(MouseEvent e) Called when the mouse exits a component.

3. MouseMotionListener Interface

Method Description
mouseMoved(MouseEvent e) Called when the mouse is moved.

Called when the mouse is dragged (moved while a

mouseDragged(MouseEvent e)
button is pressed).

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Program to illustrate Event Handling for Mouse Events

import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
public class AWTMouseEvent extends Frame implements MouseListener
{
Label l;
AWTMouseEvent()
{
addMouseListener(this);

l=new Label();
l.setBounds(20,50,100,20);
add(l);
setSize(300,300);
setLayout(null);
setVisible(true);
addWindowListener(new WindowAdapter(){
public void windowClosing(WindowEvent we)
{
System.exit(0); // Close the application
}
});
}
public void mouseEntered(MouseEvent e)
{
l.setText("Mouse Entered");
System.out.println("Mouse Entered the component");
}
public void mouseExited(MouseEvent e)
{
l.setText("Mouse Exited");
System.out.println("Mouse Exited the component");
}

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OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING THROUGH JAVA UNIT-IV

public void mousePressed(MouseEvent e)

{
l.setText("Mouse Pressed");
System.out.println("Mouse Pressed at: (" + e.getX() + ", " + e.getY() + ")");
}
public void mouseReleased(MouseEvent e)
{
l.setText("Mouse Released");
System.out.println("Mouse Released at: (" + e.getX() + ", " + e.getY() + ")");
}
public void mouseClicked(MouseEvent e)
{
l.setText("Mouse Clicked");
System.out.println("Mouse Clicked at: (" + e.getX() + ", " + e.getY() + ")");
}

public static void main(String[] args)

{
new AWTMouseEvent();
}
}

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Adapter Classes
An Adapter Class is a class that provides empty implementations of methods
in an Event Listener Interface. These adapter classes help in handling only the
required methods instead of implementing all methods from an interface.

Use of Adapter Classes

 When using event listeners, all methods of an interface must be implemented,

even if they are not needed.
 Adapter classes provide default (empty) implementations, allowing you to
override only the methods you need.
 This makes the code cleaner and more readable.

1. List of Adapter Classes in Java AWT

Implements This
Adapter Class Purpose
Interface
Handles window events
WindowAdapter WindowListener
(closing, opening, etc.).

MouseAdapter MouseListener Handles mouse button events.

Handles mouse motion

MouseMotionAdapter MouseMotionListener
(dragging/moving).

KeyAdapter KeyListener Handles keyboard events.

FocusAdapter FocusListener Handles focus events.

Handles component resize, move,

ComponentAdapter ComponentListener
or visibility changes.

Handles container events

ContainerAdapter ContainerListener
(adding/removing components).

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import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;

public class AdapterEx extends Frame

{

Label label;

public AdapterEx()
{
setTitle("Mouse Adapter Example");
setSize(400, 400);
setLayout(new FlowLayout());

label = new Label("Click inside the window!");

add(label);

// Adding MouseAdapter to handle mouse events

addMouseListener(new MouseAdapter() {
public void mouseClicked(MouseEvent e)
{
label.setText("Mouse Clicked at: (" + e.getX() + ", " + e.getY() + ")");
}
});

// Close window on exit

addWindowListener(new WindowAdapter() {
public void windowClosing(WindowEvent e)
{
dispose();
}
});

setVisible(true);
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
new AdapterEx();
}
}

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