UNDERSTANDING THE SELF 1

“THE SEXUAL SELF”

REVIEWER

TRUE OR FALSE

1. Behavioral methods of contraception can physically or chemically block the egg and
sperm from meeting each other.
2. Barrier methods prevent the release of an egg or ovulation.
3. Muslim men are allowed to have up to four to five wives, and Muslim women can only
have one.
4. A transsexual person is someone whose gender identity differs from that typically
associated with the sex they were assigned at birth.
5. Endorphins give a feeling of security, euphoria and peace.
6. Plateau is the increased sexual pleasure with increased stimulation and further increased
muscle tension.
7. Hypersexuals are people who don't experience sexual drives or attraction to neither sex.
8. Increased sexual behavior is not part of adolescence.
9. John Lee made up the three components of love.
10. Companionate love is the combination of passion, intimacy, and commitment.

IDENTIFICATION

1. A gel that is used to kill sperm.

2. A type of pregnancy where the fertilized egg grows outside of the uterus.
3. Small patch you stick on to your skin that releases estrogen and progestogen.
4. It is the way to determine a woman's fertile and infertile days by tracking the menstrual
cycle.
5. It is the both sexual changes that happen in the bodies of young males and females at the
start of puberty.
6. The erogenous zone is the anus in which sexual gratification is derived from defecation.
7. It is a virus that attacks cells that help the body fight infection.
8. Hormones that have been associated with mood, obsession, sex and sleep.
9. It is a long-term bond between phase partners. It is a feeling of security, comfort and
emotional union.
10. The body returns to its non-excited state.
[Link] body's physical response to sexual arousal.
12. John Lee's love style where lovers are easy to fall in and fall out of love.
13. Sexual behavior that involves more than one person
14. John Lee's love style which is characterized as a possessive and obsessive kind of love.
15. The late stage of HIV infections occurs when the body's immune system is badly
damaged.
16. It is usually called "love at first sight" and may fade quickly.
17. A psychological theory wherein when someone receives a reward from another, a
positive feeling may be experienced.
18. Couples only stay together for their children or other important reasons.
19. Described as intensely romantic or sexual desire for another person.
20. The physical distance or physical nearness between individuals.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Sexual Selfhood
● It is defined as how one thinks about himself or herself as a sexual individual. Human
sexuality is a topic that just like beauty is culturally diverse.
Sterilization
● A procedure that can make an individual permanently incapable of conceiving and
impregnating a partner.
Intrauterine Device
● A small device that is placed inside the uterus by a doctor to prevent pregnancy.
Psychological
● It involves emotions, thoughts, and beliefs.
Sexual orientation
● A person's predisposition or inclination regarding sexual behaviour, emotional
attachment or physical attraction to one or both sexes.
Chemistry of Love
● It explains how several chemical substances in the body have been found to naturally
influence the experience of love.
Orgasm
● It is the climax of the sexual response cycle.
Romantic Love
● The combination of both passion and intimacy which may be present during the first
phase of a relationship. This is characterized by emotional intensity and sexual
excitement.
Fatuous Love
● A combination of passion and commitment experienced by couples who spent a
short time in courtship and suddenly decided to get married.
Physiological Arousal Theory.
● The bodies experience a physiological change first, then people assign an emotion to
that physical sensation. It is based on the interpretation of the brain.

True or False Answer Key:

1. False ( Barrier Method instead of Behavioral Method )
2. False ( Hormonal Method instead of Barrier Method )
3. True
4. False ( Transgender instead of Transsexual )
5. True
6. True
7. False ( Assexuals instead of Hypersexuals )
8. False ( It is actually part of adolescence )
9. False ( Robert Stenberg instead of John Lee )
10. False ( There is no passion in Companionate love )
Identification Answer Key:
1. Spermicide
2. Ectopic Pregnancy
3. Patch
4. Rhythm Method or Calendar Method
5. Primary and Secondary Sexual Changes
6. Anal Stage
7. HIV / Human Immunodeficiency Viruses
8. Serotonin
9. Attachment
10. Resolution
11. Excitement
12. Eros
13. Sociocultural Behavior
14. Mania
15. AIDS / Acquire Immunodeficiency Syndrome
16. Infatuation
17. Behavioral Reinforcement Theory
18. Empry Love
19. Passion
20. Proximity

UNDERSTANDING THE SELF 1

“THE SEXUAL SELF”
MODULE

Perspective of Human Sexuality:

Sexual Selfhood is defined as how one thinks about himself or herself as a sexual
individual. Human sexuality is a topic that just like beauty is culturally diverse. For the learner
to be able to grasp it in its totality, he should be aware of the varied ways in which it can be
understood.

1. Historical
In Ancient Greece, it is the male that assumes the dominant role. The male symbol, the
penis, was viewed as the symbol of fertility and how the male body was structured was
greatly admired. Their wives were considered as objects to be possessed just like property.
Women were forbidden to own property and had no legal and political rights. They are also
not allowed to read or write; the only purpose they have is to bear children. The Greek word
for woman is “gyne” means- bearer of children.

The Middle Ages(476-1450)

- Bore witness to the strong influence of the church, particularly in matters of sexuality.
The church decreed that all sexual acts that do not lead to procreation were
 considered evil. Women were labelled as either a temptress(like Eve) or a woman of
virtue(like the Virgin Mary)

In the Protestant Reformation Of the 16th century (1483-1546)

- Martin Luther, John Calvin and other Protestant leaders Initiated a movement
against the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church. Protestantism believed that
sexuality is a natural part of life and that priests should be able to marry and have
families. Martin Luther and John Calvin proposed that the reason for sexual intimacy
was to strengthen the physical and emotional bond between husbands and wives
and not just for procreation.

By the 17th and 18th century.

- The Puritans, a Group of people who were discontented with the church of England
rallied for religious, moral and Societal Reformation. They had Positive views on
marital sex and did not condone sex outside of marriage.

In the Victorian Era (1837-1901)

Homosexuality and Prostitution were rampant and considered to be threats to social
order.
- Theory of Sigmund Freud became popular. People in this era were not comfortable
discussing breast or buttocks, they used other terms instead (like white meat or dark
meat).

2. Biological

What is the Biological Perspective of Human Sexuality?

From the perspective of biology, reproduction is the main focus. The brain starts and
regulates sexual behaviour in the nervous system. Through the process of sexual
reproduction, the next generation of human beings are created by fusion of the egg
cell and sperm cell. Changes in the bodies of young males and females at the start of
puberty are both secondary and primary sexual changes.

Secondary sexual changes are physical changes that distinguish the

males from females.

Secondary Sex Characteristics

Male Female

● Voice becomes much lower (breaks) ● Breast enlarge

● Hair growth on chest, face, ● Hair growth under arms and public
underarms, arms, legs, and pubic area
area

● Increase in muscle size ● Hip widens

 ● Skin becomes oily and pores ● Skin becomes oily and pores
enlarge enlarge

On the other hand, puberty involves sexual changes in reproductive organs, preparing male
and female bodies for procreation. Females begin producing egg cells (ova) and the male's
testicles begin producing live sperm cells (spermatozoa).

Primary Sex Characteristics

Male Female

● Testes ● Ovaries

● Penis ● Fallopian tubes

● Scrotum ● Uterus

● Seminal vesicles and prostates ● Vagina

glands

Female and Male Reproductive Organs

Fertilization occurs when a healthy, sexually mature male and female engage in
intercourse, leading to pregnancy. The genital structures of all human fetus remain identical
in the first few weeks, but the baby's gender is not yet visible until 16-18 weeks.

Chromosomes, threadlike structures in the cell nucleus, consist of genes that form the basic
unit of heredity. These DNA sequences give instructions as to how the body will be
structured and how it will function.
Human beings have 23 pairs (46) of chromosomes in their nucleus of each body cell, with 22
autosomes and 23 sex chromosomes (XX or XY). These pairs determine an individual's
gender, with females normally having XX chromosomes and males having XY (Rosenthal,
2013). In the early stages of embryonic development, both sexes have similar internal
structures.

3. Sociobiological/Evolutionary
This perspective studies how evolutionary forces affect sexual behavior. According to
sociobiological theory, natural selection is a process by which organisms that are
best suited for their environment are most likely to survive. Traits that lead to
reproductive advantage tent to be passed on, whereas maladaptive traits are lost. On
the basis of human sexual behaviour, it all begins with physical attraction.

4. Psychological

Rosenthal (2013) highlights that sexuality is not a physical response but rather a
combination of emotions, thoughts, and beliefs. Sigmund Freud's theories explain
sexuality through two forces: sex instinct (libido) and death (aggressive instinct).
Sex instinct encompasses pleasure and can be triggered by various actions, leading
to human behaviour aimed at satisfying these forces. A person's libido, or sexual
energy, is located in an area of the body at different psychosexual [Link]
areas of pleasure are called erogenous zones, such as the mouth, anus, and
genitals.

There are five stages in Freud’s Psychosexual Stages of Development: the oral
stage, anal stage, phallic stage, latency stage, and genital stage.

a. Oral stage, the child erogenous zone is the mouth which receives gratification
through eating and sucking.

b. Anal stage the erogenous zone is the anus in which sexual gratification is
derived from defecation.
 c. Phallic stage erogenous zone is the genitals. Here the child experiences
sexual attraction towards the opposite sex parent. Oedipus complex (sexual
attraction of the boy child toward the mother) and electra complex (sexual
attraction of the girl child towards the father).

d. Latency stage, sexual impulses lie dormant as the child is occupied by social
activities such as going to school and playing.

e. Genital stage where the erogenous zone is again the genitals. At this time, the
sexual attraction is directed towards others, usually one of the opposite sex.

Freud viewed personality as composed of three structures: Id, Ego, and Superego. Id
seeks pleasure and aggression, following the pleasure principle, while Ego represents
morality. The superego represents a person's sense of morality.

The ego, developed through teaching children the difference between right and wrong,
restricts the demands of the Id. It follows the analytical principle, analyzing the need of the Id
and its consequences, as dictated by the superego, and devising acceptable ways to satisfy
the need in an acceptable manner.

5. Religious

Judaism views marriage as blessed by God and pleasurable for both men and
women, offering spirituality and transcendence. Islam prioritizes family and prohibits
celibacy within marriage.

Muslim men can have up to four wives, while women can only have one. Sex is
allowed within marriage, and extramarital sex is penalized. Taoism, originating in
China, views sex as a sacred union for physical, mental, and spiritual well-being,
while Hinduism views sexuality as a spiritual force, and ritual lovemaking celebrates
and transcends the physical.

The Roman Catholic Church views marriage as a form of intercourse and

procreation, with Pope John Paul II confirming this in 1995. They believe homosexual
orientation is not sinful but immoral and sinful. They oppose birth control but
support natural family planning and prohibit abortion. (Rosenthal, 2013).

Clarifying Sexual Terminologies

The word sex is derived from the word secare which means "to divide" while the word
sexuality means "to unite". (Rosenthal, 2013)

According to the contemporary psychologist, Shirly Feldman, sexual arousal has emerged
as a new phenomenon in adolescence and that it is important that sexuality be viewed as a
normal aspect of adolescent's development and identity.
An adolescent's sexual identity includes sexual orientation (either homosexual or
heterosexual), his ability to manage sexual feelings (such as sexual arousal and attraction,
activities, interest and style of behaviour) and his capacity to regulate his sexual behaviour
to avoid undesirable consequences.

Moreover, gender (according to Santrock, 2014) refers to the characteristics of people as

males or females. It is the lived role of a boy or girl, man or woman. A set of expectations
that prescribes how females and males should think, feel and act refers to gender roles.

● Gender assignment (natal gender) refers to the initial assignment as male or

female which usually occurs at birth.
● Gender reassignment denotes an official and usually legal change of gender
● Gender identity refers to one's identification as male, female, or some category
other than male and female. It is also the subjective sense of being a man or woman.

Masculinity refers to the qualities and behaviours judged by a particular culture to be ideally
associated with or especially appropriate to men and/or boys. Whereas, femininity are
qualities and behaviours judged by a particular culture to be ideally associated with or
especially appropriate to women and/or girls.

There are also those who have both masculine and feminine traits, feelings and qualities
which are referred to as androgyny. Asexuals are the people who don't experience sexual
drives or attraction to either sex while hypersexual are people with ah excessive interest in
sex to the point where it can cause problems in one's life.

The Phases of Human Sexual Response

Masters and Johnson categorized the human erotic response into four stages which they
called the Human Sexual Response Cycle(HSRC)
Add Headings (Format > Paragraph styles) and they will appear in your table of contents.

Stage Description

Excitement ● This is the body's physical response

to sexual arousal. It is characterized
by an increase in heart rate and
blood pressure as well as
heightened muscle tone.

Plateau ● This is the period of Sexual

excitement prior to orgasm. It is
characterized by intensification of
the changes begun during the
excitement phase.

Orgasm ● This is characterized by waves of

intense pleasure (climax) often
associated with vaginal contractions
 in females and ejaculation in males .

Resolution ● In this phase of the body returns to

its non-excited state.

The Chemistry of Lust, Love and Attachment

Attraction is a characteristic that causes pleasure or interest by appealing to a person's

desires or tastes, and causes one to be drawn to the other. Human societies greatly value
physical beauty. A desire for beauty lies within the brain.

Criteria of beauty are subjective and vary over time in different cultures.

1. Kayan Tribe on the 2. Maori Tribe of New 3. Chai and Tirma tribes
border of Burma and Zealand in Africa
Thailand

Love: Emotion or Drive?:

Most romantic relationships begin with two individuals falling in love with each other.
The singer Robert Palmer compares love with an addiction.

Also, Fisher et al. (2006) concluded that, rather than defining love as an emotion,
"being in love" can be considered a strong motivation-an addictive craving to be with
the other person (Hewstone et al., 2015).

Three Phases of Romantic Love

STAGE CHARACTERISTICS HORMONES AND

NEURAL PATHWAYS
INVOLVED
 LUST PHASE This is described as an intense Androgen and
craving for sexual contact. estrogen, pheromones
and senses.

ATTRACTION It is the period of time during which High dopamine,

PHASE couples are infatuated and pursue norepinephrine and
a relationship. The energy and low serotonin.
attention is focused on one
particular person.

ATTACHMENT It is a long-term bond between Oxytocin, vasopressin

PHASE phase

partners. It is a feeling of security,

comfort and emotional union.

(According to Fisher et al. 1996)

Love can be characterised by concern for other's well-being, a desire for physical
presence and emotional support. In a study of Tennov in 1979, though sex is an
important component of romantic love, 95% of women and 91% of male respondents
did not agree with the statement that "the best thing about love is sex.

John Lee’s Love Style:

1. Eros (eh-ros). Love is based on a strong sexual and emotional component. This
type of love creates the initial excitement of a new relationship. A romantic and
passionate love which emphasizes physical attraction and sexual desire however,
this kind of relationship seldom lasts long or forever because Eros lovers tend to be
quick to fall in and out of love.
 2. Agape (ah-gah-pay). This is altruistic and selfless love. The person shows his love
without expecting to receive the same in return and he considers the needs and
wishes of his partner as more important than his own. This type of love is usually
more acceptable to women than men.

3. Storge (store-gay). This is love-related friendship and based on nonsexual affection.

The person experiences love as gradual and slow process. Storgic lovers don't
suddenly fall in love with an idealized lover and commitment, stability and comfort are
their goals.

4. Ludus. For Ludic lovers, love is just a game, something for fun or entertainment.
They don't experience jealousy and don't value commitment or intimacy. They also
manipulate their partners by lying, cheating and deceiving.

5. Mania. This is characterized by an intense feeling which may lead to obsessive and
possessive love towards the loved one. They easily get jealous and are likely out of
control.

6. Pragma. This is a practical and business-like love. Pragmatic lovers may plan the
best time to get married, have children and other future plans. This is a kind of love
that based on what's appropriate.

The Triangular Theory of Love

According to psychologist Robert Stenberg, love is made up of three components:

1. Intimacy
— This includes the desire to give and receive emotional closeness, support, caring
and sharing.

2. Passion
— This is the hot component of love which can be described as intensely romantic or
sexual desire for another person usually accompanied by physical attraction and
physiological arousal.

3. Commitment
 — This is the cold component of love. It is the decision to maintain the relationship
through good times and bad times.

Stenberg also describe several types of love based on the above components:

1. Liking (intimacy)
— This only involves emotional intimacy and has no passionate intention for
long-term commitment. It is just a friendly relationship.

2. Infatuation (passion)
— This is associated with a high degree of physiological arousal. There is only
passion without intimacy or commitment. It is usually called "love at first sight" and
may fade quickly.

3. Empty love (commitment)

— This involves only commitment. A relationship with no intimacy and passion.
Couples only stay together for their children or other important reasons.

4. Romantic love (passion and intimacy)

— It is a combination of both passion and intimacy which may be present during the
first phase of a relationship. This is characterized by emotional intensity and sexual
excitement. The experience of passionate love may be positive and negative.

5. Companionate love (intimacy and commitment)

— The components are both intimacy and commitment which is experienced in long
deeply committed friendships or marriage where passion has faded. It is more
durable than romantic love and may grow over time.

6. Fatuous love (passion and commitment)

— A combination of passion and commitment experienced by couples who spent a
short time in courtship and suddenly decided to get married.

7. Consummate love (passion, intimacy and commitment)

— There exists a healthy balance of passion, intimacy and commitment shared by
couples considered to be ideal for each other.
The Chemistry of Love

The Chemistry of Love explains how several chemical substances in the body have been
found to naturally influence the experience of love:

1. Dopamine (DA) and Norepinephrine (NE) - are neurotransmitters that are involved in
mood, motivation, attention and excitement.

2. Serotonin - is a neurotransmitter that has been associated with mood, obsession, sex
and sleep.

3. Phenylethylamine (PEA) - is a neurochemical that can increase the levels of DA and NE

especially in the pathways involving mood and pleasure. This has been called the "love
drug" because high levels of this substance has been associated with love and orgasm and
to people who are happy with their relationship.

4. Oxytocin and vasopressin

-are neuropeptides released from the pituitary gland. The oxytocin causes the uterus to
contract during childbirth and allows the release of breast milk. It is also important in trusting
empathy, emotional accessibility, pair bonding and close relationships. It also promotes
positive judgments.

5. Endorphins
- It gives a feeling of security, euphoria and peace. Being separated from the beloved can
make you lovesick like an addict who needs drugs to maintain the feeling of euphoria.

Psychological Theories Why People Fall in Love

The psychology of love shows that there are psychological theories that would explain
why people fall in love.

1. Behavioral Reinforcement Theory. When someone receives a reward such

as a free ride or other favours from another, a positive feeling may be
experienced. The better the feelings associated with the behaviour of a person,
the more likely it is for the behaviour to be repeated.
 2. Physiological Arousal Theory. This explains the most acceptable theories
about emotions: the bodies experience a physiological change first, then people
assign an emotion to that physical sensation. It is based on the interpretation of
the brain.

3. Evolutionary Theories. This explains that love arose due to some

sociobiological need. Males tend to look for young, healthy female mates to carry
their offspring. Females prefer males who have the resources to support them
and their offspring.

Based on social psychological data, the factors that woulddetermine with whom
people fall in love are (Rosenthal, 2013):

1. Physical attractiveness
Physical appearance is the main factor in determining romantic attraction.
People are more drawn to partners who they think are physically beautiful.
According to the Matching Hypothesis, people tend to pick partners who are
about equal in level of attractiveness to themselves.
2. Reciprocity
People tend to like an individual who also likes them. In Social Exchange
Theory, individuals tend to reciprocate helping behaviors; this tendency should
extend to the reciprocation of other benefits, such as liking.
3. Proximity
Proximity is the physical distance or physical nearness between individuals.
According to the Mere Exposure Effect, people tend to find each other more
appealing when they are closer to one another.
4. Similarities
People also tend to pick partners who are similar to themselves in
characteristics such as age, race, religion, socio-economic class, personality,
education, intelligence, and attitude. This similarity is seen not only between
romantic partners but also between friends. This phenomenon is known as the
Matching Hypothesis (Feingold, 1988; Mckillip & Redel, 1983).
Diversity of Sexual Behaviour

Adolescence is not only a time of physical changes. It is also the period of increased
sexual behavior such as preoccupation with sexual curiosity, fantasies, masturbation and
sexual experimentation. These sexual desires may lead to poor social judgements, high risk
behaviors and lack of discreteness. (Rosenthal, 2013)

Human sexual behavior is any activity that can be solitary, by pair, or by group which
induces sexual arousal. It can be classified according to the gender and the number of
participants.

Not all sexual arousal could lead to sexual activity. Humans are constantly exposed to
sexual stimuli when seeing attractive persons or seeing advertisements with sexual themes
through mass media. The response to such visual and other stimuli should be regulated.

Thus, one of the necessary tasks of growing up is learning to cope with one's sexual
arousal and to achieve some balance between when and where to properly express and
suppress it.

1). Sociosexual Behavior - a sexual behavior involving more than one person and
generally expressed in heterosexual or homosexual behavior.

2). Solitary Behavior - self-masturbation or self-stimulation with the intention of causing

sexual arousal, a feeling of pleasure and often results in orgasm.

Masturbation

Many myths persist that masturbation is physically harmful and a sign of immature
behavior but the psychological significance of it depends on how the individual regards it and
his thoughts before, during and after it is done.

According to Rosenthal (2013), masturbation or self-stimulation have therapeutic

benefits to health where aside from producing sexual pleasure, it may relieve stress, lower
blood pressure, improves men's fertility and lowers a man's chance of getting prostate
cancer.

There are historical beliefs that masturbation is dangerous and sinful. It was once
thought to lead to impaired morals, depression, social failure, epilepsy, tuberculosis,
blindness, insanity, sterility and early death.

Sexual Orientations
Rosenthal (2013) defined sexual orientation as a person's predisposition or inclination
regarding sexual behaviour, emotional attachment or physical attraction to one or both
sexes. The phrase sexual orientation is preferred over sexual preference which implies a
conscious or deliberate choice of a sexual partner.

The following are types of sexual orientations

 1. Homosexual refers to a person whose sexual orientation is toward another of the
same sex.
a. Lesbian is a term used to describe a woman whose sexual and romantic
attraction is toward women.
a. Gay is a man whose sexual and romantic attraction is towards other men.

2. Heterosexual is a person whose sexual orientation is toward others of the opposite

sex.

3. Bisexual is a person who may be sexually oriented to both men and women.

4. Pansexual is a new sexual orientation of persons who are sexually attracted to

people regardless of their sex or gender identity. The word "pan" is a Greek word for
"all or every". They are attracted to all gender categories .

5. A transgender person is someone whose gender identity differs from that typically
associated with the sex they were assigned at birth. Transsexual denotes an
individual who seeks, or has undergone, a social transition from male to female or
female to male, which in many, but not all, cases also involve a somatic transition by
cross-sex hormone and genital surgery (sex reassignment surgery)

Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)

Sexually transmitted infections are diseases that are contracted primanty through sexual
contact with an infected individual. It is an increasing health problem.

The following are some examples of STIs.

1. HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is a virus that attacks cells that help the body
fight infection, making a person more vulnerable to other infections and diseases. If
left untreated, HIV can lead to the disease AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome). AIDS is the late stage of HIV infection that occurs when the body’s
immune system is badly damaged because of the virus.

2. Genital Herpes This is a sexually transmitted infection caused by a large family of

viruses of different strains. These strains produce other non-sexually transmitted
diseases such as chicken pox and mononucleosis.
 [Link] Warts This is an STI caused by the human papillomavirus: genital warts are very
contagious and are the most commonly acquired STI in the United States in the 15 to 24
year old age group.

4. Gonorrhea. This is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Neisseria

gonorrhoeae which thrives in the moist mucous membranes linings of the mouth, throat,
vagina, cervix urethra, and the anal tract.

5. Syphilis This is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Treponema

pallidum, a spirochete If left untreated, syphilis may progress through four phases Primary
(chancre sores appear), Secondary (general skin rashes occurs), latent (a period that
can last for several years with no overt symptoms), and Tlertiary (cardiovascular
disease, blindness, paralysis skin ulcers, liver damage, mental problem and even
death may occur)
[Link] This is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections, named for
Chlamydia trachomatix, an organism that spreads through sexual contact and infects the
genital organs of both sexes.

Methods of Contraception (Artificial and Natural)

In 1930 the first mainstream Christian sect — the Angelican Church — officially permitted
certain forms of birth control. Nowadays some religions, including the Roman Catholic
Church, a few Protestant denominations, and many Hindus condemn the use of
contraception. Contraceptives are medicines and other devices that are used to prevent
unwanted pregnancy.

1. Hormonal method of contraception - prevents the release of an egg or ovulation.

a. Oral Contraceptives (Pills) - These are daily oral

contraceptives. Some contain estrogen and progestogen;
others are progestin only.

b. The Patch - it is a small patch you stick on to the skin

that releases estrogen and progestogen.
c. The Ring - a small plastic ring a woman inserts into her vagina every month and releases
hormones to stop ovulation.

d. Implants - small flexible rod that is place under the skin of the upper arm by a health
professional and releases progestogen to stop ovulation

e. Injectable - The contraceptive injection which is a

long-acting reversible contraception does not depend
on you taking it daily.
2. Barrier methods - methods that physically or chemically block the sperm from
reaching an egg and provide a barrier between direct skin and contact.

a. Diaphragm - a soft dome made of latex or silicon and is used with spermicide. It is
92 to 96 percent effective when used correctly.

b. Cervical caps - similar to a diaphragm though it’s always

made of silicone and also has a 92 to 96 percent effectivity
rate.

c. Condoms - male condoms are made up of

thin latex and are put over the penis to stop
sperm from entering the vagina and is 98%
effective when used properly. While female
condoms are made of thin polyurethane that
loosely lines the vagina and stops sperm from
entering that has a 95% of effectivity rate.

3. Behavioral Methods

a. Rhythm of Calendar Method - it is a way to determine a woman’s most fertile and

infertile times by charting the menstrual cycle. It is also known as natural family planning
or fertility awareness.

b. Abstinence or Celibacy - It refers to the avoidance of sexual intercourse.

c. Outercourse - It is a sexual activity that does not include the insertion of the penis into
the vagina.
d. Withdrawal (Latin - coitus interruptus) - It happens when a man removes his penis
from the vagina and ejaculates outside of the woman’s body.

4. Sterilization - procedures that make an individual permanently incapable of

conceiving or fertilizing a partner.

a. Tubal ligation/sterilization - surgery for women in which fallopian tubes are tied to
prevent eggs from traveling to the uterus so a woman cannot get pregnant.

b. Vasectomy - An operation in which the surgeon makes a small cut in the upper
part of the scrotum and then ties or blocks the vas deferens though the surgery
men can still have orgasm or ejaculation after the operation.

5. Intrauterine Device (IUD) - It is a small device that is placed in the

uterus by a doctor to prevent pregnancy.

6. Emergency Contraception (EC) - a measure that protects against

pregnancy after unprotected sex has already occurred through an
IUD or a higher dosage of pills. (IUD is some kind of insert in the uterus
that can only be made by professionals when an IUD is placed, you
can’t just pull it out on your own, it can only be pulled out if you
decided to get pregnant or switch other methods which can also only
be done by professionals.)

Prepared by:
Paglinawan, Bias, Cruz, Degoma, Doringo, Ladaño, Tayactac, and Torres of BSA 1-1 (A)