GROUNDWATERANDHYDRAULI
CS-15CV742
Modul
e1-
INTRODUCTI
ON
Gr
oundwat
er:
Groundwateri
sthewat
erpresentbeneat
htheEart
h’ssur
facei
nsoi
l
porespacesandi
nthef
ract
uresofrockformat
ion.
Gr
oundwat
erhy
drol
ogy
:
Gr
oundwat erhy
drol
ogymaybedefi
nedast
hesci
enceofoccur
rence,
di
str
ibut
ionandmovementofwat
erbel
owthesur
faceofear
th.
Gl
obal
wat
erdi
str
ibut
ion:
97.2%Waterisfoundintheoceans(saltwater)
2.
8%asf r
eshwat er.
Outofthi
s2.8%,about2.2%av ai
lableassurfacewat
er.
Evenoutof2.2%,2.15%isfr
eshwat eri
nglaciers.
0.
62%asgr oundwat er
.
I
mpor
tanceofgr
oundwat
er:
Groundwater
,whi
chi
saqui
fer
sbelowt hesur
faceofEar
th,
isone
oftheNat
ion’
smosti
mport
antresour
ces.
Groundwaterisani
mpor tantsourceofwatersuppl
ythroughout
theworl
d,i
tsuseinirr
igati
on,indust
ri
es,munici
pal
it
iesandr ur
al
homescont
inuestoi
ncrease.
Asthewat eri
nfi
lt
ratesthroughv ar
iousstr
ataofsoi
l,sandand
gr
avel found undergr
ound f i
lt
er out most disease-causi
ng
or
ganismsandharmf ulchemical
[Link] si
swhygroundwat ercan
beconsi
deredascleanwatersource.
Groundwaterav
oidst
hewat
erscar
cit
yfordr
inki
ngi
nar
idand
semiar
idr
egion.
Atpr
esentnear
l 5thofal
y1/ l
thewat
erusedi
nthewor
ldi
sobt
ained
fr
om gr
oundwaterresour
ces.
Agr
icul
tur
ei sthegreat
estuserofgr
oundwat
eraccount
ingf
or
80%ofallconsumpt
ion.
1 RAKSI
THAM N(
Assi
stantpr
ofessorDeptofci
vi
lEngg,
GMI
T)
Ver
ti
cal
dist
ri
but
ionofsubsur
facewat
er:
Fi
[Link]
facedi
str
ibut
ionofwat
er
Wateri
nsubsurf
acemaybedividedint
o2majorzones:
1)Waterstor
edint
heunsaturat
edzoneal
soknownasv adosezone
orzoneofaer
ati
on.
2)Waterstor
edint
hesatur
atedzoneorgr
oundwat erorgravi
tat
ional
moistur
e.
Zoneofaer ati
on:
I
nt hiszonethereisafr
eeex changeofai
randmoi
stur
e(f
oundb/
w
groundsurfaceandwat ert
able)
Dividedint
o3bel t
s,
[Link]
.
[Link]
ermediatezone(Vadose).
[Link]
lar
ywat er
.
Soi
lwat
erzone:
Wateri
nt hesoilwaterzoneexist
satlessthansat
urati
onexcepttemporari
ly
whenexcessiv
ewat erreachesthegroundsurf
aceasfrom r
ainf
all
orirr
igat
ion.
Thezoneextentsfr
om thegr oundsurf
acedownthemaj orr
ootzone.
2 RAKSI
THAM N(
Assi
stantpr
ofessorDeptofci
vi
lEngg,
GMI
T)
Int
ermediatezone:
I
ntermediatezonevadosezoneext endsfr
om theloweredgeofsoil
waterzonetot heupperl
imitofcapi
l
[Link] ingvadosewater
i
sheldinplacebyhy groscopi
candcapi ll
aryf
orces,t
emporaryexcesses
ofwatermigrateasgravit
ati
onalwater
.
Fi
[Link]
erhel
datcont
actpoi
ntsofpar
ti
clesi
ntheunsat
urat
edzone.
Capi
l
lar
ywat
er:
Bel
owt hehy groscopiclay
eristhecapi
ll
aryf
ri
ngehel
di nthepor
es
byforceofsurfacet ensionorcapi
ll
ari
[Link]
ant
srecei
vewaterandmost
ofnutri
ent
sf r
om t hi
sfringe.
Sat
urat
edzone:
Aftersat
urat
ion,
theexcesswaterdrai
nst
hroughthesoi
lunderthe
for
ceofgr avi
tyandbuildsupt hegroundwatertabl
[Link]
onall
ya
bodyofgroundwaterwil
lbefoundaboveabedofimpervi
ousmateri
al.
OCCURRENCEI
NDI
FFERENTTYPESOFROCKSANDSOI
LS
Thevari
ousty
pesofr
ocksposses’var
iabl
ewaterbear
ingpr
oper
ti
es,
dependi
ngchi
efl
yonper
meabil
ityandporosi
ty.
1.I
gneousr
ocks:
I
ntr
usi
veI
gneousr
ocks:
Thesearegeneral
l
yv er
ycompactanddenseandhencet hesear
enon
poroustheyar
ebarrenofgroundwat erundernor
mal condit
ion.
Asa
resul
ttheyhav
enegligi
bleporosi
tyandper meabi
l
ity
.
Weather
ingandfract
uri
ngdecreaseswi
thdepth(
great
ert
han80t
o
100m)anddisappear
s,nogroundwatercanbeexpect
edi
nsuchr
ocks
atgr
eatdepths.
3 RAKSI
THAM N(
Assi
stantpr
ofessorDeptofci
vi
lEngg,
GMI
T)
E.
[Link]
ani
te,
dol
eri
te,
syeni
teet
c. .
.
4 RAKSI
THAM N(
Assi
stantpr
ofessorDeptofci
vi
lEngg,
GMI
T)
Ext
rusi
veI
gneousr
ocks:
Theserocksar
egener
all
yri
chi
ncav
iti
esandcontract
ioncracksand
assuchmaybecomepermeabl
eandsourceofundergroundwater
.
E.
[Link]
cani
crocks,
basal
tet
c..
.
SEDI
MENTARYROCKS:
Amongsedi
mentaryrocksgr
avelpossest
hehi
ghestwat
err
etai
ning
aswel
laswatery
ieldi
ngcapaci
ti
es.
Ingeneralnexttogravel
,theothersedi
mentaryrocksi
ntheir
successiv
eor derofdecreasi
ngcapacit
yareloosesand,sandst
one,
l
imest oneetc..
.
SANDSTONE:
Waterbear
ingcapacit
ydependsmuchuponthei
rtextur
eandnat
ureof
cementi
ngmaterial
,coar
segrai
nedsandst
onemaybegoodaquifer
,fi
ne
grai
nedsandst
onemaypr ovetobethepoor
estaquif
ers.
LI
MESTONES:
Thedenseandfi
negrainedli
mestone,t
heyhavenopri
mar yporosi
ty,
butsol
uti
oncav
iti
esandchannelsarecommoni nthem which
someti
mesmaket heserockshi
ghlyporous.
5 RAKSI
THAM N(
Assi
stantpr
ofessorDeptofci
vi
lEngg,
GMI
T)
METAMORPHI
CROCKS:
Foliat
edand/orlineat
ion,i
fpresentandwelldevel
oped,maycontr
ibute
somepor osit
yt omet amorphicr [Link] ocksareformed
[Link]
marypor osit
ycannotbeexpectedtobemuch
.Among t hefoli
ated form ofmet amorphicrocks;gnei
ssesarel ess
porousthanschist
.
Amongthenonf
oli
atedr
ocks,quar
tzi
tehasver
yli
tt
lepor
osi
tybyv
irt
ue
oft
hei
rcompact
nessandgranul
osetext
ure.
SOI
LS
[Link]:
Clayandcoar
sermateri
almi xedwit
hclayaregener
all
ypor
ous,but
ther
e are so smallthatt hey may be regar
ded as r
elat
ively
i
mper meabl
[Link] soil
s can provi
de smalldomesti
c wat er
suppli
esfr
om shal
l
ow,largedi amet
erwell
s.
[Link]
uvialdeposi
ts
Watercoursesconsi
stofthealluv
ium t
hatformsandunderli
nes
st
ream channel
,aswellasf
ormingthefl
oodplai
[Link]
lsl
ocatedin
hi
ghlypermeablest
rat
aborderi
ngst r
eamsproducel
argequantit
y
6 RAKSI
THAM N(
Assi
stantpr
ofessorDeptofci
vi
lEngg,
GMI
T)
ofwat
er.
7 RAKSI
THAM N(
Assi
stantpr
ofessorDeptofci
vi
lEngg,
GMI
T)
Aqui
fer
s:
Aquifersmaybedefi
nedasaf or
mat i
onofper
meabl
emat er
ialwhi
chi
s
capabletoyiel
dappr
eciablequanti
tyofgr
oundwat
erunderthefor
ceof
gravit
y.
(Highlypor
ousandhighlypermeable)
E.
[Link]
i
dat
eddeposi
tsofsandandgr
avel
for
m goodaqui
fer
s.
Aquiclude:
Ageol ogical
for
mationwhi
chcanabsorbwaterbutcannott
ransmi
t
signi
fi
cantamountofwatercal
l
edaquicl
udes.
(Essenti
all
yimpermeabl
e)
E.
[Link]
ay
Aquifuge:
Ageol ogi
calformati
onwi thi
nterconnectedpor
esandhencenei
ther
absorbnortransmitwatercal
ledaquifuge.
(Neit
herporousnorpermeable)
[Link]
te,
basalt
, r
hyol
iteet
c...
Aquitar
d:
A geol ogi
calformat
iont
hroughwhi
ch onl
y seepagei
s possi
ble,y
iel
d
i
nsignif
icant
.
(Part
lypermeable)
[Link]
TYPESOFAQUI
FERS
Aquifersvaryi
ndept
h,l
ater
alext
entandthi
ckness: butingener
al
aqui
fersfall
int
ooneofthetwocategor
iesi
.[Link]
ined
aqui
fers.
[Link]
NEDAQUI
FERS:
Unconf
inedaquif
ersareal
socal
lednonar
tesianaqui
fersandar
e
thetopmostwaterbeari
ngstrat
ahavi
ngnoconfi
nedi mpermeabl
e
overbur
denlayerovert
hem.
Theordi
narygravi
tywellof2to5m di
ameter
,whichareexcavat
ed
8 RAKSI
THAM N(
Assi
stantpr
ofessorDeptofci
vi
lEngg,
GMI
T)
t
hroughsucht
opmostaqui
fer
s,ar
eknownasunconf
inedwel
l
[Link]
waterl
evel
inwat
er
9 RAKSI
THAM N(
Assi
stantpr
ofessorDeptofci
vi
lEngg,
GMI
T)
t
abl
easshowni
nfigur
[Link]
l
sther
efor
eal
soknownaswat
er
t
abl
ewel
lsorgr
avi
tywell
s.
Fi
gunconf
inedaqui
fer
[Link]
NEDAQUI
FERS:
When aqui fers are ceased on i t
s upperand undersur face by
i
mper vi
ousr ocksf ormati
on( aquiclude)andi nthisthecatchment
areaathi gherlevelforthecreationofsuf fi
ci
enthydraul
[Link]
call
edconf i
nedaqui fersorar
tesianaqui fers.
Awel lexcavatedt hroughanaqui fersyieldwaterthatoft
enflowsout
automaticall
y,undert hehydr
ostaticpressur e.
10 RAKSI
THAM N(
Assi
stantpr
ofessorDeptofci
vi
lEngg,
GMI
T)
Therear
eatleastf
ourgeologi
cal
requi
rement
swhichareessenti
alt
obe
ful
fi
ll
edfort
hedevelopmentofar
tesi
ancondi
ti
onsinagiv
enr egi
onthey
are:
Aquifersencl
osedb/ wtwoi mpervi
ousbeds.
Exposureoft heri
m oftheaquiferi
ntheupperr
eachesof
catchmentarea,soast oenabletheaquif
ertor
eceiveconstant
rechargeforthesuccessfulsuppl
y.
Adequat erai
nfal
lint
hecat chment.
Noot hermeansf ortheescapeorleakageofwaterexceptt
he
proposal wel
lsuchasspring.
Di
ff
erentt
ypesofwat
eront
hebasi
sofav
ail
abi
l
ity:
1)Vadosewat
er
Vadosewat eri
ssubsurf
acewaterbetweenthelandsur
faceandt he
sat
uratedbelow t
hewat ert
abl
[Link] adose(orunsat
urated)zone
i
ncludessoi
l wat
er,whi
chisi
mmediatel
yav ai
l
abl
et ot
hebiospher
e.
Fi
g:Vadosewat
er
2)JUVENI
LEWATERORMAGMATI
CWATER
JUVENI
LEWATERi
sthewatert
hatexi
stswit
hin,andi
nequil
ibr
ium
wit
hamagmaorwat err
ichvol
ati
l
ef l
uidsthatareder
ived f
rom
magma.
Thi smagmat i
cwateri
srel
easedtotheatmospher eduri
ngavolcanic
eruptionMagmati
cwatermayalsobereleasedashy drot
her
malf l
uids
duringt helat
estagesofmagmat i
ccry st
all
izat
ionorsolidi
fi
cati
on
withintheeart
hcr
ust.
11 RAKSI
THAM N(
Assi
stantpr
ofessorDeptofci
vi
lEngg,
GMI
T)
Thecr ystall
izati
onofHy droxylbear
ingamphi boleandmi cami ner
als
actstocont ainpartofthemagmat i
cwat erwithi
nasol i
dif
iedi
gneous
rockUl t
imat esour ceoft hismagmat i
cwat erincl
udeswat erand
hydrous mi neral
si nr ocks melted during subduct
ion as wellas
pri
mor di
al waterbroughtupt hedeepmant l
e.
3)Connat
ewat
er
Connatewateroccursasaf i
lm ofwat eraroundeachgr ai
nofsandi ngr
anular
reser
voirr
ockandishel di
nplacebycapi llar
yattr
action.
Becausemostpetroleum wasinit
iall
yf or
medf rom mat t
ersettl
i
ngtotheocean
fl
oor,somesaltwaterremainsintherockpor [Link] eri
scall
edconnat
e
water.
Connatewateriswaterwhichistrappedi nrockpores.
Fi
g:Connat
ewat
er
4)Met
eor
icwat
er
Meteor i
cwateri
st hewaterder
ivedfr
om pr
eci
pit
ati
on(snowandrai
n).
Thi
si ncl
udes waterf r
om lakes,ri
ver
s,and ice mel
ts,whi
ch all
ori
ginatefr
om precipi
tat
ioni
ndir
ectl
y.
Thebul kofrainwaterormel twaterfrom snow andicereachesthe
seat hr
oughsur facefl
ow,aconsi derabl
epor ti
onofmet eor
icwater
gradual
lyinf
il
trat
esi nt
ot [Link]
l
trati
ngwaterconti
nues
i
tsdownwar dj ourneytot hezoneofsaturati
ontobecomeapar tof
thegroundwaterinaquifer
s.
Not
e:
Wat
ert
abl
e
Wat er tabl
e,also cal
l
edGroundwat
er Tabl
e,upper l
evelof an
underground surf
ace i
n whi
ch thesoi
lorrocks ar
e per
manentl
y
saturat
edwi t
hwater.
12 RAKSI
THAM N(
Assi
stantpr
ofessorDeptofci
vi
lEngg,
GMI
T)
Thewatertableseparat
est hegr
oundwaterzonethatl
i
esbel
ow i
t
fr
om t
hecapil
lar
yfr
inge,orzoneofaer
ati
on,thatl
i
esabov
eit
.
Thewat ertablefl
uctuatesbothwiththeseasonsandf r
om yeart o
yearbecausei tisaf
fectedbycli
maticv
ariati
onsandbyt heamountof
preci
pitati
onusedbyv eget
ati
[Link]
soi saffect
edbywi t
hdr
awi ng
excessive amount s ofwat erfrom wells orby rechargi
ng them
arti
fi
cial
ly.
13 RAKSI
THAM N(
Assi
stantpr
ofessorDeptofci
vi
lEngg,
GMI
T)
